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Exploring the Frontiers of Innovation to Tackle Microbial Threats
From the Website Description: "On December 4-5, 2019, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 1.5-day public workshop titled Exploring the Frontiers of Innovation to Tackle Microbial Threats. The workshop participants examined major advances in scientific, technological, and social innovations against microbial threats. Such innovations include diagnostics, vaccines (both development and production), and antimicrobials, as well as nonpharmaceutical interventions and changes in surveillance. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop."
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)
Buckley, Gillian J.; Pavlin, Julie A.; Nicholson, Anna . . .
2020
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Demystifying the Math of the Coronavirus
From the Abstract: "We provide an elementary mathematical description of the spread of the coronavirus. We explain two fundamental relationships: How the rate of growth in new infections is determined by the 'effective reproductive number'; and how the effective reproductive number is affected by social distancing. By making a key approximation, we are able to formulate these relationships very simply and thereby avoid complicated mathematics. The same approximation leads to an elementary method for estimating the effective reproductive number."
Harvard Business School. Press
Kohlberg, Elon; Neyman, Abraham
2020
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Roadmap to Responsibly Reopen America
From the Executive Summary: "America is confronting two crises: an economic crisis laying waste to our livelihoods and a health crisis threatening our lives. The twin crises are deeply intertwined: our economy cannot be reopened without credibly addressing fears of infection and resurgence. The immediate reaction, a national lockdown, was successful in slowing the virus. We must now shift to a plan that balances the need to protect our health and reopen our economy by locking down only those who are infectious. This paper presents a simple, scalable, and credible solution: introduce a comprehensive 'test and isolate' policy, making it safe for Americans to return to work and keeping the infection rate below 5% of the population. Until a vaccine is developed and deployed, the simplest and safest path to this outcome is a national testing strategy that marshals our existing resources to test everyone in the U.S. once every two weeks and isolates all those who test positive. It does not rely on any new technologies, is far less disruptive and costly than our current policy, and will work even in a worst-case scenario. Below is a roadmap to a future in which the American people are confident that their health and our economy's future are protected against this virus."
Romer, Paul Michael, 1955-
2020?
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Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children
From the Summary: "Several countries affected by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic recently reported cases of children that were hospitalised in intensive care due to a rare paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS). The presenting signs and symptoms are a mix of the ones for Kawasaki disease (KD) and toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and are characterised, among others, by fever, abdominal pain and cardiac involvement. A possible temporal association with SARS-COV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] infection has been hypothesised because some of the children that were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection were either positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or serology. In total, about 230 suspected cases of this new paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (PIMS-TS) have been reported in EU/EEA countries and the UK in 2020, including two fatalities, one in the UK and one in France. These cases are being further investigated. So far, epidemiological studies have shown that children appear to be less affected by COVID-19. Only 2.1% of all laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases reported to The European Surveillance System (TESSy) were in the age group between 0 and 14 years of age."
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2020
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COVID-19 Pandemic and U.S. National Security
From the Document: "The unprecedented COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak has every nation in the world scrambling to address the current threat and reconsidering future priorities. Many aspects of the U.S. government's response to COVID-19 merit scrutiny. There will be a thorough review of policies and procedures that might have slowed the spread of the virus, but the primary focus should be on stopping the spread of the disease and caring for those who have contracted it. Policymakers must also consider how this crisis will shape Americans' collective understanding about present and future threats and how to address them effectively."
Cato Institute
2020?
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Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Opportunities for the Health Care System
From the Description: "Social isolation and loneliness are serious yet underappreciated public health risks that affect a significant portion of the older adult population. Approximately one-quarter of community-dwelling Americans aged 65 and older are considered to be socially isolated, and a significant proportion of adults in the United States report feeling lonely. People who are 50 years of age or older are more likely to experience many of the risk factors that can cause or exacerbate social isolation or loneliness, such as living alone, the loss of family or friends, chronic illness, and sensory impairments. Over a life course, social isolation and loneliness may be episodic or chronic, depending upon an individual's circumstances and perceptions. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that social isolation presents a major risk for premature mortality, comparable to other risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, or obesity. As older adults are particularly high-volume and high-frequency users of the health care system, there is an opportunity for health care professionals to identify, prevent, and mitigate the adverse health impacts of social isolation and loneliness in older adults."
National Academies Press (U.S.)
2020
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Timeline: The Federal Reserve Responds to the Threat of Coronavirus
From the Executive Summary: "[1] On Sunday, March 15, the Federal Reserve embarked on a large-scale program employing emergency powers in order to stabilize a tumultuous economy under pressure from the novel coronavirus COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. [2] Chief among these emergency actions are cutting interest rates effectively to zero and a $700 billion round of quantitative easing. [3] Despite these actions, stock prices on Monday took their steepest dive since 1987's Black Monday, and it remains to be seen whether enough liquidity has been injected into the market to prevent the financial system from widespread failures."
American Action Forum
Wade, Thomas
2020
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COVID-19 and the State of K-12 Schools: Results and Technical Documentation from the Spring 2020 American Educator Panels COVID-19 Surveys
From the Document: "This report provides additional information about the sample, survey instrument, and resultant data for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surveys that were administered to principals and teachers in spring 2020 via the RAND Corporation's American Educator Panels (AEP). The results are intended to inform policy and education practice related to educators' and students' needs during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic."
RAND Corporation
Hamilton, Laura S.; Grant, David; Kaufman, Julia . . .
2020
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Strategic Crisis Leadership in COVID-19
From the Document: "When unimaginable crises, such as COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], become a reality, leaders initially struggle to understand cause and consequence in an information-poor environment, which makes for a challenging decision-making domain. Crises require adept public leadership and communication to ensure that political consequences are acceptable. A well-managed crisis not only limits the impact of a crisis, it restores public trust in government. Several crisis scholars propose that crisis leaders in particular, must master six key capabilities to be effective."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Canyon, Deon
2020?
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Disease Outbreaks in the Pacific: The Samoa Measles Outbreak
From the Document: "From the World Health Organization (WHO): Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and is normally passed through direct contact and through the air. The virus infects the respiratory tract, then spreads throughout the body. The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure, and lasts 4 to 7 days. In the initial stage, a runny nose, a cough, red and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and upper neck. Over about 3 days, the rash spreads, reaching the hands and feet. The rash lasts for 5 to 6 days, and on average, the rash occurs 14 days after exposure to the virus. Most measles-related deaths are caused by complications and serious complications are more common in children under the age of 5, or adults over the age of 30."
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
2020?
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COVID-19 Reopening Plan Yellowstone National Park
From the Background: "Yellowstone has been closed to visitors since March 24, 2020 due to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The decision to close was based largely on requests and recommendations from local health officers in surrounding counties, governors, and communities. Over the course of the closure, the park has maintained very close contact with these partners. The adjustments to certain COVID-19 restrictions in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho are indicators that the timing is appropriate to begin evaluating a phased reopening of Yellowstone. This plan articulates a phased reopening sequence that is focused on protecting the Yellowstone team, its partners, and the public. Visitor service operations will start conservatively with the ability to expand if conditions are favorable, or contract if necessary."
United States. National Park Service
2020?
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Pandemic COVID-19 Continuity of Operations Annex Template
From the Template Instructions: "This template provides guidance to assist organizations in developing a Pandemic COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Continuity of Operations plan or, if the organization already has a continuity plan, a Pandemic COVID-19 Annex. General guidance and sample information is provided for reference and organizations are encouraged to tailor Pandemic COVID-19 Continuity plans to meet specific organizational needs and requirements. The template contains all elements of a viable continuity plan and allows organizations to insert information as deemed appropriate."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2020?
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Helping Children with Traumatic Separation or Traumatic Grief Related to COVID-19
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has resulted in thousands of children being separated from loved ones who require isolation and/ or hospitalization due to a loved one testing positive for COVID-19 or because of potential exposure for essential workers. For some children, the separation may result in distress or in a traumatic reaction. If a loved one dies from the virus, a child may experience traumatic grief due the sudden nature of the death and being unable to say goodbye or observe cultural or religious mourning rituals. This tip sheet is for caregivers or other adults supporting children with traumatic separation or traumatic grief related to COVID-19. Especially in stressful times, in addition to the suggestions here, all children benefit from caregivers listening to and validating their different feelings."
National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Cohen, Judith A.; Goodman, Robin F.; Epstein, Carrie . . .
2020
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COVID-19 Response Planning Preparedness Considerations: Comprehensive Decision-Making Tool Kit
From the Letter to Our Readers: "The content of this Tool Kit has been designed and prepared as a resource for clients and industry peers to have information and insight on risk exposures and human capital concerns emanating from an infectious disease event or outbreak. Given the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic event which is currently unfolding, this Tool Kit can be even more important. [...] Infectious disease, by its very epidemiology, is an evolving topic. As such statements made in this Tool Kit are situational to the current level and impact of the outbreak in a particular region."
Aon Corporation
2020
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Rapid Expert Consultations on the COVID-19 Pandemic: March 14, 2020-April 18, 2020
From the Description: "In response to a request from the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a standing committee of experts to help inform the federal government on critical science and policy issues related to emerging infectious diseases and other 21st century health threats. This set of Rapid Expert Consultations are the first of their kind and represent the best evidence available to the Committee at the time each publication was released. The science on these issues is continually evolving, and the scientific consensus the Committee reaches on these topics will likely evolve with it. The standing committee includes members with expertise in emerging infectious diseases, public health, public health preparedness and response, biological sciences, clinical care and crisis standards of care, risk communication, and regulatory issues."
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
2020
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China's Health System Reform and Global Health Strategy in the Context of COVID-19
This document contains "[t]estimony presented before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission on May 7, 2020."
RAND Corporation
Bouey, Jennifer
2020
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Plagues, Pandemics, and Global Political Change in a Historical Context
From the Document: "As the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) spreads across the world and ravages population much like the plagues, smallpox, and influenza outbreaks from the previous centuries, the question before us is what will be the effect on domestic and international politics. The effect of the COVID-19 is self-evident and observable in terms of the global lockdown it is initiating, but will COVID-19 instigate a political change and reorganize economic life as we know it? What is important to note is how countries have responded and mobilized in response to this outbreak. There are at least two authoritarian regimes in the cross-hairs of COVID-19: China and Iran."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Sitaraman, Srini
2020?
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COVID-19 Lockdown Easing and Restricting Color Framework for Local Government
From the Introduction: "All indications are that many local government areas around the world will experience an extended period of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] risks and protective measures. The threat imposed by the pandemic demands a systematic approach for restricting and easing a state of lockdown that balances public health, societal, and economic needs. As is typical in a complex crisis, there are no off-the-shelf solutions, and everyone is experimenting and observing others to identify optimal responses regardless of the skeptics. National strategies vary from not doing very much to isolation to Marshall Law, potentially accompanied by the abuse of citizens by enforcement officers. They are not supported or guided by a framework that caters for different sectors in a local, state, and federal context. The current stay-at-home guidelines and shelter in place orders are increasingly creating more societal and economic harm as they are not considering whole-of-society risks and consequences through a cause and effect lens."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Canyon, Deon; Coppola, Damon P.; Ryan, Benjamin
2020?
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Sending the COVID-19 Immune to Work to Prevent Economic Catastrophe
From the Document: "Widespread introduction of commercial and societal lockdown practices is helping to flatten the curve of new coronavirus cases, while simultaneously inflicting great harm on our economy and individual finances. The global pandemic continues to spread worldwide, yet business leaders are already exerting pressure on political leaders to adapt protection measures to better protect commercial interests. Crises differ significantly in their duration, but our experience tells us they are always temporary, exceptional, and unusual. Our leaders must be prepared to effectively manage the difficult task of transitioning their communities and their nations out of the crisis and into recovery with the least amount of both physical and financial suffering in the process."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Coppola, Damon P.; Ryan, Benjamin; Canyon, Deon
2020?
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Promoting Health Equity, Gender and Ethnic Equality, and Human Rights in COVID-19 Responses: Key Considerations
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic affects diverse groups of women and men differently. The risks and consequences are disproportionately felt by certain groups, especially those living in situations of vulnerability and those who experience discrimination. It is vital that country responses to COVID-19 consider equity, gender, ethnicity, and human rights perspectives to: [1] prevent the expansion of inequalities; [2] account for the everyday lived realities of different groups that may affect the success of measures."
Pan American Health Organization
2020
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Tropical Cyclone Harold and COVID-19: Lessons from the 2010 Haiti Earthquake
From the Document: "The international aid response of the United Nations to TC [tropical cyclone] Harold is being coordinated by UNICEF [United Nations Children's Fund], whose staff are meeting with Vanuatu government officials. UNICEF is providing technical support for critical water and sanitation needs, as well as health, nutrition, and shelter response plans in Vanuatu and Fiji. However, due to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] threat, the Government of Vanuatu is not allowing foreigners to enter the country, and is mandating that all humanitarian cargo undergo strict health protocols before being offloaded. While the COVID-19 pandemic has devastated some nations, causing thousands of deaths, many of the tropical Pacific islands, including Tonga and Vanuatu, have been completely spared; as of 14 April, neither has any known cases of the disease. Other islands have had only a few; Fiji has just 16 confirmed COVID-19 cases as of 14 April."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Allen, Ethan
2020?
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Incremental Community-Based Exit Strategies for Initiating and Removing COVID-19 Lockdowns
From the Document: "Many nations across the Asia-Pacific have implemented guidelines for social distancing and introduced lockdowns to control COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. However, now many leaders face the question of how they will be able to relieve their communities of the protective constraints in place. Who decides when safe is 'safe enough', or what level of residual risk is acceptable? Getting this wrong is something no leader can afford. By applying a community-based incremental approach to the easing of lockdowns, tailored to demographic and social stratifications of risk, much of the guesswork can be eliminated."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Canyon, Deon; Coppola, Damon P.; Ryan, Benjamin
2020?
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Online PFA Training for COVID-19
From the Description: "The Basic training in PFA [Psychological First Aid] for COVID19 [coronavirus disease 209] outbreak response package is developed in response to the urgent need for training on how to support people in distress because of the COVID-19 outbreak. It can be used by trainers around the world. Run the interactive on-line training using the accompanying PowerPoints, videos, participant's worksheet or record the training for participants to follow when it fits their schedule. The training can be translated into any language and adapted to any context."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2020
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COVID-19 Best Practice Information: Continuity of Operations
From the Background: "[1] Continuity of operations (COOP) during a pandemic requires using existing continuity plans and strategies in more adaptive ways to address unique operational requirements, to include employee health, social distancing, and widespread absenteeism. [2] The following is a list of key findings and considerations for jurisdictions and communities regarding ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) operations across the country. These are best practices for consideration and do not constitute or should be considered as guidance in any way."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2020?
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COVID-19 Crisis and the Coming Cold War
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Crisis has been a significant global event, putting stress on states in how they respond, exasperating geopolitical tensions between great powers, and impacting manufacturing and shipping. Many are scrambling to understand the long-term consequences, with Foreign Policy's recent review by 12 leading intellectuals being an obvious example. Notable predictions from them include the possible end of (economic) globalization, or at least the end of US-led globalization; other predictions include the rise of state power, diminishing individual liberties and highlighting the limitations of international organizations ('the state is back'); and others note the implicit ideological struggle between the authoritarian and democratic models of response to the virus."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Hemmings, John
2020?
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COVID-19: End of Hyper-Globalization and Start of Hyper-Localization?
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is such a path altering global pandemic, which will forever the change the way as to how we not only interact with each other at an individual and societal level because of the new rules of social distancing, but it will also determine how nation-states demonstrate resilience and how they respond to the pandemic and regenerate after the end-state of this crisis is eventually realized. COVID-19 is said to have originated in a rare animal meat market in Wuhan city in Hubei Province in Central China and then the virus hopped on the well-used routes of globalization facilitated by modern air travel and caused an explosive global contagion. COVID-19 is unique because it has successfully resisted containment, it spread invisibly and it was carried by humans to every corner of the world, thereby effectively shutting down every social, economic, and political dimension of the world. COVID-19 has challenged government preparedness and it is testing the limits of effective governance both in authoritarian and democratic states."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Sitaraman, Srini
2020?
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Mass Surveillance and Individual Privacy
From the Document: "During a crisis, governments will seek to implement technological solutions in an effort be responsive. The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is no exception--in order to contain the spread of an outbreak and to assist with contact tracing, governments are using technologies, such as facial recognition, surveillance cameras with artificial intelligence, and mobile phone apps. The use of technological solutions, however, comes at a cost to individual privacy."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Miyamoto, Inez
2020?
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COVID-19: Analysis and Policy Implications
From the Introduction: "This report discusses the implications of the current novel Coronavirus pandemic (also referred to as COVID-19) for the Department of Defense (DoD). Below, we explore epidemics from a policy perspective, focus on the immediate-term implications of the pandemic for the Department of Defense, and consider the long-term implications for the U.S. Government and DoD -- specifically with respect to funding. The novel Coronavirus first appeared in China in late 2019 in Wuhan province, and has spread rapidly across the world. Its virulence and high fatality rate -- particularly among older adults -- have created a public health crisis the likes the world has not seen in living memory. The closure of most businesses in the Western world seems destined to send both national economies and the global economy into recession. Both civil and military resources are being strained in response to this new event."
Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Washington, D.C.)
Schramm, Harrison; Chlan, Kevin; Kouretsos, Peter
2020
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Managing Conflicts and Disasters: Exploring Collaboration Between Employers' and Workers' Organizations
From the Document: "Globally, employer and business membership organizations (EBMOs) and workers' organizations contribute to achieving solutions and building social cohesion and rule of law. Partnership between social partners leads to good governance, peace and stability and can boost economic and social progress. Even when countries experience disruptive situations such as a natural disaster, conflict or social unrest, the individual and collective efforts of social partners can positively work towards improved stability and inclusive economic, social and political development. This publication looks at the role that employers and workers, through their respective organizations, play in crisis situations arising from conflict and disaster. It explores the leadership function that EBMOs have deployed to maintain an environment for continued economic activity and the key role that workers' organizations take to assist workers, in particular those who have been made vulnerable by a crisis. The report importantly examines how EBMOs and workers' organizations have collaborated through social dialogue and other means of collective action to promote peace, prevent crises, enable recovery and build resilience."
International Labour Organisation
2020
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Safety First: Serving Food and Protecting People During COVID-19
From the Summary: "Most Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] infections are thought to be caused when the virus spreads directly from one person who is infected, but may not even have any symptoms, to another person who is not infected. A far smaller number of infections are thought to be caused by contact with a contaminated surface or object. This document provides many details on how to prevent Covid-19 spread in the workplace."
Aspen Institute; World Central Kitchen; Off Their Plate . . .
2020?
