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Operational Considerations for Influenza Surveillance in the WHO European Region During COVID-19: Interim Guidance
From the Purpose of the Document: "This document outlines operational considerations for how to support the continuity of national influenza surveillance systems and public health laboratories for the epidemiological and virological surveillance for influenza in the 2020-2021 season during the ongoing COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. In addition, it describes how these systems might be used to contribute to COVID-19 surveillance. The intended audience for this document is those with national responsibility for influenza and/or COVID-19 surveillance."
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; World Health Organization
2020-10
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COVID-19 and the US Criminal Justice System: Evidence for Public Health Measures to Reduce Risk
From the Introduction: "Since its recognition as a pandemic in early 2020, novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has touched nearly every corner of US society. However, some populations and environments have been affected far more severely than others. [...] This report, from scholars at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, is intended to summarize the current state and future projections of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, detail the impact that the pandemic has already had on the US criminal justice system, and provide evidence-based recommendations on how to reduce COVID-19 risks to people in the system. This document was requested by the National Commission on COVID-19 and the Criminal Justice System to inform their discussion and deliberation on this topic."
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Health Security; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Public Health and Human Rights
Watson, Crystal R.; Warmbrod, Lane; Cicero, Anita . . .
2020-10
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Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines: Cooperation Around Research and Production Capacity is Critical
From the Abstract: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has devastated families and communities and disrupted society and the economy; it has caused over 1 million deaths globally and left a disturbing burden of chronic morbidity. The prompt availability of effective and affordable vaccines against the SARS-2-coronavirus [sic] [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] offers the most promising path out of the disease and disruption that the pandemic has wrought. [...] The rejection of technology pooling, the rise of 'vaccine nationalism', and the underfunding (and under-supply) of Covax all look set to produce highly inequitable outcomes in terms of access to vaccination, particularly during the first year or so after the first vaccine is approved. Drawing on a review of access-to-medicines debates over the last two decades, an analysis of the evolving business model of transnational pharma, and taking into account the rising call for universal health cover, we propose a policy platform to promote a more equitable roll out of vaccines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic."
Nautilus Institute; Nagasaki Daigaku. Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition; Asia Pacific Leadership Network for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament
Legge, David G.; Kim, Sun
2020-10
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Assessment of Risks of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission During Air Travel and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Reduce Risk: Phase One Report: Gate-To-Gate Travel Onboard Aircraft
From the Executive Summary: "This document summarizes the emerging scientific literature on the effectiveness of selected non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) used to control transmission of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] on board aircraft. Based on modeling of aircraft ventilation systems and current evidence about this novel coronavirus, the report presents recommendations regarding risk mitigation for airlines, airline passengers and crewmembers. The comprehensive strategy proposed incorporates layering NPI to create additive and/or synergistic benefits for reducing the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 during air travel. This layered NPI approach, with ventilation gate-to-gate, reduces the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission onboard aircraft below that of other routine activities during the pandemic, such as grocery shopping or eating out."
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
2020-10
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Effects of Absenteeism on Cognitive and Social-Emotional Outcomes: Lessons for COVID-19
From the Abstract: "In March 2020, most schools in the United States closed their doors and transitioned to distance learning in an effort to contain COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. During the transition a significant number of students did not fully engage in these learning opportunities due to resource or other constraints. An urgent question for schools around the nation is how much did the pandemic impact student academic and social-emotional development. This paper uses administrative panel data from California to approximate the impact of the pandemic by analyzing how absenteeism affects student outcomes. We show wide variation in absenteeism impacts on academic and social-emotional outcomes by grade and subgroup, as well as the cumulative effect of different degrees of absence. Student outcomes generally suffer more from absenteeism in mathematics than in ELA [English/Language Arts]. Negative effects are larger in middle school. Absences negatively affect social-emotional development, particularly in middle school, with slight differences across constructs. Our results add to the emerging literature on the impact of COVID-19 and highlight the need for student academic and social-emotional support to make up for lost time."
Annenberg Institute for School Reform
Santibáñez, Lucrecia; Guarino, Cassandra M.
2020-10-01
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Politics, Markets, and Pandemics: Public Education's Response to COVID-19
From the Abstract: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic presents a unique opportunity to examine how local governments respond to a public health crisis amid high levels of partisan polarization and an increasing tendency for local issues to become nationalized. As an arena that has, in recent years, been relatively separate from national partisan divides, public schools provide a useful window into these dynamics. Leveraging the fact that all of the nation's school districts had to adopt a reopening plan for the fall, we test what factors best predict whether a district chose to return students to the classroom or educate them remotely. Contrary to the conventional understanding of school districts as localized and nonpartisan actors, we find evidence that politics, far more than science, shaped school district decision-making. Mass partisanship and teacher union strength best explain how school boards approached reopening. Additionally, we find evidence that districts are sensitive to the threat of private school exit. Districts located in counties with a larger number of Catholic schools were less likely to shut down and more likely to return to in-person learning. These findings have important implications for our understanding of education policy and the functioning of American local governments."
Annenberg Institute for School Reform
Hartney, Michael T.; Finger, Leslie K.
2020-10-01
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Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Proceedings of a Workshop--in Brief
From the Website Description: "With the rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, researchers are racing to find answers to critical questions about the virus that causes the disease severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding how the virus is transmitted is among the most important questions, as it will inform efforts to stop its spread. For example, can the virus be transmitted via speech and exhaled breath? How long can aerosols containing the virus linger in the air? How far can these aerosols travel? Is the amount of virus in these aerosols enough to cause infection? These questions and more were the subject of an August 26-27, 2020, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine virtual workshop that convened experts in aerosol science and atmospheric chemistry, building engineering, epidemiology, environmental health, infectious disease, pulmonary medicine, public health, and virology to explore the evidence on airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop."
National Academies Press (U.S.)
Pavlin, Julie A.; Staudt, Amanda; Saunders, Jennifer (Development writer) . . .
2020-10
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What Happened? How the Humanitarian Response to COVID-19 Failed to Protect Women and Girls
From the Executive Summary: "As COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] spread across the globe, gender-based violence (GBV) experts and women's rights activists around the world raised the alarm that the pandemic and its ensuing movement restrictions would negatively impact the safety of women and girls. This was evidenced early on by concerning reports from feminist activists and GBV service providers in China, Italy, Spain, and Brazil, amongst others. From the first week of March, the media regularly highlighted the increased risk of violence faced by women and girls locked into homes with their abusers and the barriers they experienced in trying to access lifesaving services. This rapid recognition of the link between COVID-related restrictions and violence against women and girls (VAWG) was echoed within the humanitarian sector. At a global level, unprecedented attention was dedicated to highlighting VAWG as the 'shadow pandemic' of the COVID-19 health crisis. Most prominently, the UN Secretary General made an appeal for 'peace in homes around the world' on 6th April, demanding that 'women and girls [are put] at the centre of efforts to recover from COVID-19'."
International Rescue Committee
Abwola, Nancy; Michelis, Ilaria
2020-10
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State of the Nation: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #22: Executive Approval Update
From the Document: "Despite the headwinds confronting the country in facing COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], approval of most governors' and President Trump's COVID-19 response did not change greatly between September and October in our survey. President Trump's approval has ticked up a point to 35%, which is still problematically low approval for the most salient issue in the 2020 election by far (in 49 out of 50 states, Alaska being the one exception, COVID-19 is ranked as 'the most important problem'). More generally, after suffering a decline in the spring, the President's approval rating has been flatline around his October rating of 35%. [...] We note that the most recent survey was conducted from October 2nd to 25th. We are in the midst of a large spike of cases in the US, and with enormous geographic variation. The number of daily cases has roughly doubled since we began the survey and has increased by 15% since it concluded. Thus, the question we will address in our next executive approval report is how the current spike in cases will have affected presidential and gubernatorial approval."
Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Harvard Medical School; Rutgers University . . .
Lazer, David; Quintana, Alexi; Green, Jon . . .
2020-10
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Generation COVID: Emerging Work and Education Inequalities
From the Introduction: "The purpose of this brief paper is to present initial findings from the recently collected LSE-CEP [London School of Economics and Political Science. Centre for Economic Performance] Social Mobility survey, which was undertaken as part of our UKRI [UK Research and Innovation] project 'Generation COVID and Social Mobility: Evidence and Policy'. These are the first results from a project that is producing a detailed assessment of COVID-19's [coronavirus disease 2019] impact on education and economic inequalities and offering an assessment for the longer term consequences for social mobility in the UK. The emerging findings come from a representative random sample of 10,010 individuals aged 16 to 65 who were surveyed between 14 September and 12 October 2020. [...] Alongside the survey findings, we have also analysed economic and education outcomes of individuals in April 2020 in the Understanding Society (USoc) national household panel data. Understanding Society is a Household Longitudinal Study tracking outcomes of 40,000 households across the UK involving approximately 100,000 individuals. Before the pandemic, younger generations were already facing declining absolute social mobility and real wage decline (Elliot Major and Machin, 2018, 2020a). Education inequalities were also widening. Here we present new findings on inequalities in the workplace and the classroom that have emerged following the pandemic." This document includes charts, tables, and graphs to illustrate the text.
London School of Economics and Political Science. Centre for Economic Performance; UK Research and Innovation (Agency)
Major, Lee Elliot; Eyles, Andrew; Machin, Stephen
2020-10
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Legal Challenges to State COVID-19 Orders
From the Document: "Scores of lawsuits have been filed across the country challenging the use of state executive authority in response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The lawsuits are being brought in both state and federal courts and make claims based on both state and federal law. Two noteworthy categories of lawsuits have emerged. The first category is lawsuits based on state law claims alleging an overreach or misuse of state executive power. The second category is lawsuits accusing state executives of violating civil liberties and other rights protected by the United States Constitution and federal law."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2020-10
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Dashboard for a New Economy: Towards a New Compass for the Post-COVID Recovery
From the Document: "'Under the umbrella of the World Economic Forum's Great Reset initiative, this report outlines a general framework for macroeconomic targets beyond GDP [gross domestic product] growth - a Dashboard for a New Economy - to serve as a guide for the post-COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] economic recovery and as a starting point for further debate and convergence of targets and approaches among governments and economic policy-makers globally. Building on findings from the World Economic Forum's regular Chief Economists Survey, the report demonstrates the practical relevance of the framework by assessing the current state of the economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and policy action based on the proposed dimensions of the Dashboard. The report builds on the latest economic policy research as well as extensive consultations with the World Economic Forum's Global Future Council on the New Economic Agenda and a growing community of more than 40 leading chief economists from both the public and private sectors, organized by the World Economic Forum's Platform for Shaping the Future of the New Economy and Society.'"
World Economic Forum
2020-10
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From Anti-Vaxxers to Antisemitism: Conspiracy Theory in the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Background: "As the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic forced countries into lockdown, several medical research laboratories began expedited clinical trials in a race to develop a COVID-19 vaccine that would limit the infection rate, death tolls and allow societies and economies to return to some normalcy. More than 150 coronavirus vaccines are in development across the world, including in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Germany, China, Brazil, Australia, Russia and Israel. For many governments and populations, the ability to vaccinate against COVID-19 would be considered a celebration for public health. Whilst clinical trials usually take between ten and fifteen years to bring a vaccine into public circulation, the global spread of COVID-19 has required vaccine manufacturers to speed up their clinical trial process, before the vaccines are sent to health regulatory agencies such as NICE [National Institute for Health and Care Excellence] for approval. Whilst many remain hopeful for the development of a functioning vaccine, decisions to compress the clinical process by running trial phases simultaneously has generated anxiety about the vaccine's safety among segments of the population. Country-wide and regional lockdowns have exacerbated some individual's levels of anxiety, mental health issues and loneliness, in addition to an increasing amount of time spent on the internet and social media. For many with concerns about public health measures, Facebook groups promoting conspiracy theories provide easy answers to users desiring certainty."
Great Britain. HM Government
Arthurton, Lewis
2020-10
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Adrift: COVID-19 and the Safety of Seafarers
From the Document: "Seafarers--the essential workers of the global trading system--are facing significant risks. The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has spurred a crew change crisis, in which employers have enacted strict leave policies and longer contracts, and port states have refused to allow mariners to disembark. As a result, more than 400,000 seafarers remain stuck on their ships. Since March, seafarers and advocates have raised alarms about the mental and physical burden of these long watches. But as the pandemic approaches its first anniversary, the mounting toll on mariners is stretching beyond personal exhaustion and deeper into society and the entire blue economy. This policy paper, based on ongoing CNA analysis, surveys the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 on seafarers, examines the follow-on effects on society, and recommends global solutions to protect maritime workers."
CNA Corporation
Tallis, Joshua, 1991-; Overfield, Cornell; Rosenblum, Cherie . . .
2020-10
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Special Report on Cybersecure Remote Working During COVID-19
From the Introduction: "When the world changes, people find ways to adapt. In March 2020, when the reality of the impact of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] virus was becoming apparent, businesses were forced to quickly, and with little warning, completely alter their operations, in many cases suspending most in-person activities and shifting to operating in a virtual environment. [...] It is no surprise that cybersecurity has become a topic of increased discussion on the national stage due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has worldwide appeal for nefarious actors who have been quick to take advantage. Businesses, large and small, began to worry more about their cyber risk and vulnerabilities, and rightly so."
Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America
2020-10
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'Whoever Finds the Vaccine Must Share It': Strengthening Human Rights and Transparency Around Covid-19 Vaccines
From the Document: "Equitable access to a safe and effective Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine on a global scale could be critical to enable governments in all countries to prevent severe illness and death while protecting livelihoods, getting children back to school, and enabling economic recovery. 'Whoever Finds the Vaccine Must Share It' examines how governments are using public money to fund Covid-19 vaccines on an unprecedented scale, with some pre-booking vaccines in opaque deals with pharmaceutical companies, universities, or research institutes. This approach raises a number of questions and concerns: Will low- and middle-income countries get access to vaccines? How, when, and at what cost? This report outlines the human rights obligations of governments and urges them to maximize equitable access and affordability worldwide. To protect the global population's rights, including to life, health, and a decent standard of living, all governments should work together to ensure participation, transparency, and accountability in vaccine research, development, and manufacturing."
Human Rights Watch (Organization)
Kashyap, Aruna; Wurth, Margaret
2020-10
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'New Normal': The Future of Education After COVID-19
From the Summary: "The Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented disruption to schools and learners in England. Schools were closed from March 2020, with only the children of key workers and those identified as vulnerable being invited to attend. Most children in England were instead expected to learn remotely, with most schools providing learning materials for home use and/or digital lessons. External exams did not take place in the 2019/20 academic year and performance league tables for the year will not be published. Meanwhile, Ofsted inspections and reports were suspended throughout the pandemic. There has been significant focus on 'recovering' the existing system but there is also an opportunity to 'build back better'. There is a growing sense of urgency about the need to recover the education system and 'lost learning' among students after the pandemic. But less has been said about the pandemic as an opportunity for us to reimagine our education system going forward. England's education system undoubtedly has strengths that we must seek to retain in the future. But it also suffers from a number of longstanding weaknesses that pre-date the pandemic. The pandemic provides us with an opportunity to stand back and reflect on these weaknesses. How can we 'build back better'? What do we want the 'new normal' in schools to look like? And what do we need to do now to achieve that?"
Institute for Public Policy Research (London, England)
Quilter-Pinner, Harry; Ambrose, Anna
2020-10
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NATO's Response to COVID-19: Lessons for Resilience and Readiness
From the Executive Summary: "With the outbreak of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, for the first time in its history NATO had to face an attack against each of its member states at once. Given the backdrop of political tensions within the alliance in the past few years, there were not many reasons to be optimistic about NATO's response, especially at a moment when trans-Atlantic allies were failing to coordinate on travel restrictions and competing over supplies of medical equipment. In spite of this, NATO was able to leverage its experience in crisis management and disaster relief to provide two kinds of responses. [...] From this experience NATO could draw important lessons, from improving resilience to external threats to investing in readiness for catastrophic scenarios like a global pandemic. The fact that COVID-19 will continue disrupting the global economy and supply chains will have a negative impact on countries' defense spending and defense industries. However, given the resilience the alliance has shown so far, COVID-19 will not be the determining factor for the future of NATO. Instead, the chances for NATO to operate efficiently vis-à-vis growing global challenges will ultimately depend on a relaunch of trans-Atlantic relations."
Brookings Institution
De Maio, Giovanna
2020-10
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Democracy Under Lockdown: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Struggle for Freedom
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has fueled a crisis for democracy around the world. Since the coronavirus outbreak began, the condition of democracy and human rights has grown worse in 80 countries. Governments have responded by engaging in abuses of power, silencing their critics, and weakening or shuttering important institutions, often undermining the very systems of accountability needed to protect public health. This is the conclusion of new Freedom House research on the impact of COVID-19 on democracy and human rights. [...] The research strongly supports the hypothesis that the COVID-19 pandemic is exacerbating the 14 years of consecutive decline in freedom. Not only has democracy weakened in 80 countries, but the problem is particularly acute in struggling democracies and highly repressive states--in other words, settings that already had weak safeguards against abuse of power are suffering the most. The findings illustrate the breadth and depth of the assault on democracy. [...] The following report summarizes the results of Freedom House's research into the impact of COVID-19 on democracy and human rights from January to August 2020. It describes five aspects of accountability that have been weakened: checks against abuses of power, protection of vulnerable groups, transparency and anticorruption, free media and expression, and credible elections. It concludes with a summary of the reasons for hope and a set of recommendations, along with the report methodology."
Freedom House (U.S.)
Repucci, Sarah, 1976-; Slipowitz, Amy
2020-10
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Covid-19 Disinformation and Social Media Manipulation: Covid-19 and the Reach of Pro-Kremlin Messaging
From the Introduction: "This research investigation examines Russia's efforts to manipulate the information environment during the coronavirus crisis. It leverages data from the European External Action Service's East StratCom [Strategic Communications] Task Force, which, through its EUvsDisinfo [EU vs. Disinformation] project, tracks pro-Kremlin messages spreading in the EU and Eastern Partnership countries. The taskforce monitors media in those countries to identify and expose Russian disinformation, maintaining a regularly updated database of samples. [...] Using this open-source repository of pro-Kremlin disinformation in combination with OSINT [open-source intelligence] investigative techniques that track links between online entities, we analyse the narratives being seeded about coronavirus and map the social media accounts spreading those messages."
Australian Strategic Policy Institute
Serrato, Raymond; Wallis, Jacob
2020-10
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Re-Shaping of the Political Discourse in Times of Crises: The Italian Laboratory
From the Summary: "During the last decade, European party systems have experienced a profound overhaul. The emergence of new populist parties - in both the right and leftwing side of the political spectrum, the increasing salience of new issues and the reliance on new modes of communication have radically transformed mainstream political discourse. The Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has likewise reshuffled all previous political priorities and compelled officeholders and party leaders to calibrate their political discourse accordingly. [...] The authors present an appraisal of the discursive stance of Italy ' s main political parties through three different lenses: i) representative institutions, ii) notions of citizenship and iii) foreign policy. Crucially, this FEPS [Foundation for European Progressive Studies] Covid Response Paper elucidates how the Covid-19 pandemic has profoundly disrupted the sovereignist and nationalist discourse of populist forces in Italy at a time when issues of health and the strengthening of the state have gained prominent importance. The paper yields findings useful for the management of political communication by progressive forces across Europe. It offers recommendations on what Italy's main progressive party, the Partito Democratico, should do in order to increase its ability to determine Italy's political agenda: a better use of digital platforms, replacing neutral language with political-charged vocabulary, and the embracement of consistent frames and narratives."
Foundation for European Progressive Studies
Bottos, Giacomo; Desiata, Eleonora; Pareschi, Andrea
2020-10
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Recovering from the Pandemic: An Appraisal of Lessons Learned
From the Summary: "The coronavirus pandemic has taken an enormous toll on lives, health, and the economy. Even though it continues, countries around the world are planning for the post-pandemic recovery. This FEPS [Foundation for European Progressive Studies] Covid [coronavirus disease 2019] Response Paper provides observations from the failures and successes around the world in dealing with Covid-19 and its economic aftermath. Professor Stiglitz explains why, even with the best policies, the economic fall-out from Covid-19 is likely to be severe: there will not be a V-shaped recovery, but rather a U-shaped one. The real question is how deep the U will be, and how long it will take before a robust recovery. The author reviews the priorities for the recovery packages and highlights the areas in which government intervention is crucial. Lastly, Professor Stiglitz examines the latest developments of the European response to the pandemic and puts forward a set of recommendations to complete the recovery package."
Foundation for European Progressive Studies
Stiglitz, Joseph E.
2020-10
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Face Masks, Public Policies and Slowing the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Canada
From the Abstract: "We estimate the impact of mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] case growth in Canada, including regulations on businesses and gatherings, school closures, travel and self-isolation, and long-term care homes. We partially account for behavioral responses using Google mobility data. Our identification approach exploits variation in the timing of indoor face mask mandates staggered over two months in the 34 public health regions in Ontario, Canada's most populous province. We find that, in the first few weeks after implementation, mask mandates are associated with a reduction of 25 percent in the weekly number of new COVID-19 cases. Additional analysis with province-level data provides corroborating evidence. Counterfactual policy simulations suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced the weekly number of new cases in Canada by 25 to 40 percent in mid-August, which translates into 700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week."
National Bureau of Economic Research
Karaivanov, Alexander; En Lu, Shih; Shigeoka, Hitoshi . . .
2020-10
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Open Data: Agencies Need Guidance to Establish Comprehensive Data Inventories; Information on Their Progress is Limited, Report to Congressional Addresses
From the GAO (Government Accountability Office) Highlights: "Federal agencies create and collect large amounts of data in support of fulfilling their missions. Public access to open data--data that are free to use, modify, and share--holds great promise for promoting government transparency and engendering public trust. Access to open data is particularly important in the current pandemic environment as government agencies, scientists, and the public work to understand and respond to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] using data-focused approaches. The OPEN [Open, Public, Electronic and Necessary] Government Data Act includes a provision for GAO to report on federal agencies' comprehensive data inventories. This report examines the extent to which 1) OMB [Office of Management and Budget], GSA [General Services Administration], and NARA [National Archives and Records Administration] met their statutory requirements to facilitate the establishment of federal agencies' comprehensive data inventories; and 2) CFO [Chief Financial Officer] Act agencies developed data inventories in accordance with OMB guidance. GAO reviewed agencies' websites and related documentation, and interviewed OMB staff and GSA and NARA officials."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2020-10
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Fighting Inequality in the Time of COVID-19: The Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2020
From the Summary: "This is the third edition of the CRI [Commitment to Reducing Inequality] Index, which ranks 158 governments across the world on their commitment to reducing inequality. It measures government policies and actions in three areas that are proven to be directly related to reducing inequality: 1. Public services (health, education and social protection); 2. Taxation ;3. Workers' rights. While these three thematic pillars remain unchanged, the 2020 CRI Index has seen significant changes in methodology from 2018. Each pillar now contains three levels of indicator: 1. Policy commitment indicators: these measure the commitment of governments through their policies (which may not always be implemented in practice); 2. Coverage or implementation indicators: these look at who is covered (or not) as a result of policy actions, or how well a government puts policies on paper into practice; 3. Impact indicators: these measure the impact of policy actions on levels of inequality. These changes to the index's methodology mean that a straight comparison between the scores of a country in the 2020 index and those for 2018 may not give an accurate picture of that country's performance. For this reason, our analysis of change focuses on concrete policy changes since the 2018 index."
Oxfam International; Development Finance International (Organization)
Martin, Matthew; Walker, Jo, 1976-; Lawson, Max (Policy scientist)
2020-10
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 20 Issue 40, October 1, 2020
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following sections: "White powder envelope sent to city council member contains fentanyl"; "Fire Adapted Communities can reduce firefighter fatalities and injuries"; "FEMA requests public feedback on NIMS [National Incident Management System] EMS [Emergency Medical Services] resources"; "Examining Housing and Shelter Systems in Disasters During COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]"; "FBI says hackers want to stoke doubt about the 2020 election"; "National Cybersecurity Awareness Month: #BeCyberSmart"; and "911 lines down in 14 states this week, technical cause unknown."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2020-10-01
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What Can the United States Do to Prevent Another Pandemic? Commit to Modernizing Influenza Vaccines
From the Issue: "The Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has laid bare the acute vulnerabilities in the United States' health security policies and capacities. While the Covid-19 crisis is far from over, we cannot afford to be complacent about what has long been understood to be a principal health security threat: influenza viruses. [...] To address this threat, there are concrete steps the United States should take to combat chronic challenges with influenza vaccines. The United States should strongly support universal influenza vaccine (UIV) development. Until UIV is achieved, the United States should take specific steps to embrace the modernization of seasonal influenza vaccine production, boost vaccine demand and confidence, and ensure close collaboration with partners in the global influenza system."
Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.)
Hayes, Madison
2020-10
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Race, Health, and COVID-19: The Views and Experiences of Black Americans
From the Introduction: "Racial disparities in health and health care have been longstanding and persistent in the United States. Even before the coronavirus pandemic, African Americans were experiencing lower rates of health insurance coverage, increased barriers to accessing health care, and worse health outcomes compared to their White counterparts. Black adults in the U.S. also face social and economic inequities, including higher rates of unemployment, that play a major role in shaping health. Beyond these factors, research shows that historic abuse and mistreatment of communities of color by the medical system and ongoing racism and discrimination drive disparities in health, contributing to lower quality of care, distrust of the health care system, and stress and trauma. Reflecting these experiences, KFF [Kaiser Family Foundation] surveys dating back to 1999 have documented a gap in trust of health care providers between Black and White Americans. The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has drawn new attention to and compounded these existing disparities in health and health care. [...] This work builds on KFF's long history of documenting racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care, as well as our history of using surveys to document the views and experiences of African Americans on broader issues of race, culture, and discrimination in partnership with media organizations like CNN [Cable News Network] and The Washington Post."
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation
Hamel, Liz; Muñana, Cailey; Artiga, Samantha . . .
2020-10
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Our Vote 2020: 20 Ways to Secure a Full and Fair Election During the Coronavirus Pandemic
From the Summary: "The 2020 General Election is just over a month away. As the ongoing coronavirus pandemic jeopardizes the safety of in-person voting and President Trump raises unfounded objections to absentee voting, the American promise of free and fair elections is under threat. This report outlines 20 things that individual voters, employers, local governments, and state governments can still do now to secure the upcoming election."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Oversight and Reform. Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
2020-10
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Effective Resilience and National Strategy: Lessons from the Pandemic and Requirements for Key Critical Infrastructures
From the Executive Summary: "The coronavirus pandemic has generated enormous health and economic costs to the United States and exposed significant security vulnerabilities, particularly in the cyber and biological arenas. The resilient capabilities of the health, economic, and security sectors have been inadequate to the challenges. American deaths from the pandemic have far exceeded the combined total of lives lost in the conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The economy has suffered the greatest reverses since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The long-standing US strategies of overseas engagement and forward defense have had little relevance to a pandemic that is here in the United States affecting individuals, businesses, and governance. While the National Security Strategy identifies combating pandemics and promoting resilience as strategic objectives, the costs from the coronavirus have been far higher than the United States would have expected or should tolerate. The enormous challenges presented by the virus are reflective of a broader spectrum of resilience risks facing the United States. Since the turn of the century, three converging factors--the ever-increasing reliance on information and communications technology, the globalization of supply chains, and the rise of China as a competitor--have created vulnerabilities that have put the United States at increasing risk. Along with the biological and health risks that the pandemic has exposed, these vulnerabilities call for an expanded focus on resilience as a key element of US strategy."
Atlantic Council of the United States
Kramer, Franklin D., 1945-
2020-10
