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Impacts of Health Crises on Women & Girls: How Historical Evidence Can Inform Assessment and Recovery Through a Gender Lens
From the Introduction: "'This paper presents a conceptual framework on the effects of health crises on women and girls with an eye toward understanding the growing evidence base for the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic.' When health crises like COVID-19 emerge, the simultaneous shocks to economic, social, and health systems can have different implications for women and girls. Research on the impacts of past regional and global crises sheds light on how women's and girls' experiences and outcomes have differed from those of men and boys--both immediately following the onset of a crisis and as time progresses--as a result of entrenched gender inequalities and discrimination. The framework draws upon the historical evidence, including from SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome], Ebola, Zika, and dengue fever outbreaks, as well as existing frameworks for examining indirect effects of health crises. It is meant to serve as a tool to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic may be adversely affecting the wellbeing and opportunities of women and girls, in order to identify data gaps and shape analyses, inform ongoing pandemic response efforts, and identify important points of intervention for recovery efforts and future resilience."
Center for Global Development
O'Donnell, Megan; Buvinić, Mayra; Krubiner, Carleigh B. . . .
2021-04
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Gendered Dimensions of Social Protection in the COVID-19 Context
From the Document: "In this policy brief, we summarize the findings of a CGD [Center for Global Development] working paper, 'The Gendered Dimensions of Social Protection in the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Context'. We explore the role of social protection, with an emphasis on social assistance policies and programs, in addressing increasing poverty, food insecurity, unpaid care work, and gender-based violence-- all exacerbated by the onset of the crisis and associated containment measures. We document these trends and how they disproportionately impact women and girls, as well as the extent to which governments and donors are integrating a gender lens into their social protection efforts and make recommendations to ensure that future efforts effectively reach and benefit women and girls."
Center for Global Development
O'Donnell, Megan; Buvinić, Mayra; Bourgault, Shelby . . .
2021-04
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Persistent Gender Gaps in Business Profits in Indonesia: Implications for COVID-19 Recovery Policies
From the Abstract: "This paper analyzes a rich pre-pandemic data set on both men and women business owners from 401 mainly rural villages in five regencies (kabupaten) of East Java province, Indonesia. There are some similarities but mostly large gender differences in characteristics and resources in this random sample of Indonesian businesswomen and businessmen. Similarities include years worked in the business and cognitive ability of businesspeople. Large differences include proportionately more women business owners operating 'consumer facing' restaurants and retail shops hard hit by the Covid-19 pandemic and sharp gender gaps favoring men in the total value of business capital and savings and in all sources of monthly earned income. Multivariate analysis (propensity score matching) finds that much of the observed gender gaps in earned income and savings remain after business owners are effectively matched on the basis of their pre-existing characteristics and resources (endowments) suggesting that underlying discrimination may be an important driver. The findings further suggest that discrimination by customers and gender rigidities in women's work time allocation likely contribute to gender inequalities in business outcomes. In the absence of effective interventions, there is a risk of a vicious cycle in which women's low earnings lead to low savings (unexplained by gender differences in saving behavior), limited capital formation and risk-taking, and to even lower earnings. The paper uses these and other findings to discuss ways for gender-informed economic recovery programs to strengthen micro and small businesses, especially by addressing household and community factors that tilt business environments in favor of men."
Center for Global Development
Buvinić, Mayra; Knowles, James C.; Witoelar, Firman
2021-12
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Promoting Women's Economic Empowerment in the COVID-19 Context
From the Introduction: "As donor institutions and governments seek to provide relief and support recovery from the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic and global recession, CGD's [Center for Global Development's] new COVID-19 Gender and Development Initiative [hyperlink] aims to ensure that their policy and investment decisions equitably benefit women and girls. Through the initiative we seek to deepen decision-makers' understanding of the gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and recession and the containment, economic, and social policy responses to them, as well as propose evidence-based solutions to support an inclusive recovery. Recognizing that the academic and policy dialogue around gender inequality in the COVID-19 context has largely emphasized challenges facing women and girls in high-income settings, our analysis centers on women and girls in low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs). In this paper, we examine the impact of the COVID-19 global recession on women's formal and informal work and employment in low- and middle-income countries, including entrepreneurship, wage and salaried work, work in subsistence and commercial agriculture, and unpaid housework and care work, and make recommendations to promote women's economic opportunities and empowerment. We begin with a brief summary of a conceptual framework developed by drawing on evidence of past crises' gendered impacts and women's and girls' coping strategies in response to crisis."
Center for Global Development
O'Donnell, Megan; Buvinić, Mayra; Kenny, Charles . . .
2021-04
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