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• Women in Congress, 1917-2020: Service Dates and Committee Assignments by Member, and Lists by State and Congress [Updated January 15, 2020]

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  From the Summary: "In total 366 women have been elected or appointed to Congress, 247 Democrats and 119 Republicans. These figures include six nonvoting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and American Samoa, and two from the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as one Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico. [...] This report includes brief biographical information, committee assignments, dates of service, district information, and listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 366 women who have been elected or appointed to Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2020-01-15
• Women in Congress: Statistics and Brief Overview [Updated January 15, 2020]

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  From the Summary: "A record 131 women currently serve in the 116th Congress. There are 105 women serving in the House (including Delegates and the Resident Commissioner), 90 Democrats and 15 Republicans. There are 26 women in the Senate, 17 Democrats and 9 Republicans. [...] This report includes historical information, including the number of women in Congress over time; means of entry to Congress; comparisons to international and state legislatures; records for tenure; firsts for women in Congress; women in leadership; African American, Asian Pacific American, Hispanic, and American Indian women in Congress; as well as a brief overview of research questions related to the role and impact of women in Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2020-01-15
• Legislative Branch Agency Appointments: History, Processes, and Recent Actions [Updated September 5, 2019]

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  From the Summary: "The leaders of the legislative branch agencies and entities--the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Library of Congress (LOC), the Congressional Research Service (CRS), the Government Publishing Office (GPO, formerly Government Printing Office), the Office of the Architect of the Capitol (AOC), the U.S. Capitol Police (USCP), the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and the Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (OCWR)--are appointed in a variety of manners. [...] This report contains information on the legislative branch agency heads' appointment processes, length of tenures (if terms are set), reappointment or removal provisions (if any), salaries and benefits, and most recent appointments."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2019-09-05
• Salaries of Members of Congress: Congressional Votes, 1990-2019 [Updated January 13, 2020]

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  From the Introduction: "The automatic annual adjustment for Members of Congress is determined by a formula using a component of the Employment Cost Index (ECI), which measures rate of change in private sector pay. The adjustment automatically takes effect unless (1) Congress statutorily prohibits the adjustment; (2) Congress statutorily revises the adjustment; or (3) the annual base pay adjustment of General Schedule (GS) federal employees is established at a rate less than the scheduled increase for Members, in which case the percentage adjustment for Member pay is automatically lowered to match the percentage adjustment in GS base pay. Under the ECI formula, Members may not receive an annual pay adjustment greater than 5%."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2020-01-13
• Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables [Updated January 13, 2020]

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  From the Summary: "Congress is required by Article I, Section 6, of the Constitution to determine its own pay. In the past, Congress periodically enacted specific legislation to alter its pay; the last time this occurred affected pay in 1991. More recently, pay has been determined pursuant to laws establishing formulas for automatic adjustments."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2020-01-13
• House Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress: Structure and Procedures [Updated April 15, 2020]

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  From the Overview: "The Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress is the most recent effort of the House of Representatives to examine its internal procedures and operations through the use of a specialized committee, commission, or party conference or caucus group. The original Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress was constituted during the 79th Congress (1945-1946) for the purpose of strengthening the role of Congress and its committees in the lawmaking process. In 1965, Congress reincarnated this joint committee to suggest additional changes in how the two chambers operate, and the committee was reconstituted during the 102nd and 103rd Congresses (1991-1994). While these efforts were bicameral in nature, other examinations of congressional operations, such as that being undertaken by this panel, have been focused primarily on the House."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.; Oleszek, Mark J.

  2020-04-15
• Salaries of Members of Congress: Congressional Votes, 1990-2014 [October 27, 2014]

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  "The U.S. Constitution, in Article I, Section 6, authorizes compensation for Members of Congress 'ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.' Throughout American history, Congress has relied on three different methods in adjusting salaries for Members. Specific legislation was last used to provide increases in 1990 and 1991. It was the only method used by Congress for many years. The second method, under which annual adjustments took effect automatically unless disapproved by Congress, was established in 1975. From 1975 to 1989, these annual adjustments were based on the rate of annual comparability increases given to the General Schedule federal employees. This method was changed by the 1989 Ethics Act to require that the annual adjustment be determined by a formula based on certain elements of the Employment Cost Index (ECI). Under this revised process, annual adjustments were accepted 13 times […]. A third method for adjusting Member pay is congressional action pursuant to recommendations from the President, based on the recommendations of the Citizens' Commission on Public Service and Compensation established in the 1989 Ethics Reform Act. Although the Citizens' Commission should have convened in 1993, it did not and has not met since then."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2014-10-27
• Salaries of Members of Congress: Congressional Votes, 1990-2015 [June 8, 2015]

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  "The U.S. Constitution, in Article I, Section 6, authorizes compensation for Members of Congress 'ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.' Throughout American history, Congress has relied on three different methods in adjusting salaries for Members. Specific legislation was last used to provide increases in 1990 and 1991. It was the only method used by Congress for many years. The second method, under which annual adjustments took effect automatically unless disapproved by Congress, was established in 1975. From 1975 to 1989, these annual adjustments were based on the rate of annual comparability increases given to the General Schedule federal employees. […]A third method for adjusting Member pay is congressional action pursuant to recommendations from the President, based on the recommendations of the Citizens' Commission on Public Service and Compensation established in the 1989 Ethics Reform Act. Although the Citizens' Commission was to have convened in 1993, it did not and has not met since then. In recent Congresses, bills have been introduced to alter the adjustment procedure, reduce the pay of Members of Congress, extend the current pay freeze, prohibit pay during a government shutdown, and apply any sequester to Member pay. This report contains information on actions taken affecting each pay year since the establishment of the Ethics Reform Act adjustment procedure. It also provides information on other floor action related to pay for Members of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2015-06-08
• Women in Congress, 1917-2015: Biographical and Committee Assignment Information, and Listings by State and Congress [April 27, 2015]

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  "One hundred eight women currently serve in the 114th Congress: 88 in the House, including four Delegates (65 Democrats and 23 Republicans), and 20 in the Senate (14 Democrats and 6 Republicans). This is higher than the previous record from the 113th Congress (101 women initially sworn in, and 1 House Member subsequently resigned and 3 were elected) The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for one day. A total of 313 women have been elected or appointed to Congress, 202 Democrats and 111 Republicans. Of these women, 267 (173 Democrats, 94 Republicans) have been elected only to the House of Representatives; 35 (21 Democrats, 14 Republicans) have been elected or appointed only to the Senate; and 11 (8 Democrats, 3 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include six non-voting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and American Samoa, and two from the U.S. Virgin Islands. Of the 46 women who have been elected or appointed to the Senate, 14 were first appointed and 5 were first elected to fill unexpired terms."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2015-04-27
• Women in Congress: Historical Overview, Tables, and Discussion [April 29, 2015]

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  "This report includes a discussion of the impact of women in Congress as well as historical information, including the number and percentage of women in Congress over time, means of entry to Congress, comparisons to international and state legislatures, records for tenure, firsts for women in Congress, women in leadership, and African American, Asian Pacific American, and Hispanic women in Congress. The report may reflect data at the beginning or end of each Congress, or changes during a Congress. See the notes throughout the report for information on the currency of the data."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2015-04-29
• Women in Congress, 1917-2019: Service Dates and Committee Assignments by Member, and Lists by State and Congress [Updated April 9, 2019]

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  From the Document: "In total 365 women have been elected or appointed to Congress, 247 Democrats and 118 Republicans. These figures include six nonvoting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and American Samoa, and two from the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as one Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico. [...] This report includes brief biographical information, committee assignments, dates of service, district information, and listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 365 women who have been elected or appointed to Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2019-04-09
• Women in Congress: Statistics and Brief Overview [Updated April 9, 2019]

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  From the Document: "This report includes historical information, including the number of women in Congress over time; means of entry to Congress; comparisons to international and state legislatures; records for tenure; firsts for women in Congress; women in leadership; African American, Asian Pacific American, Hispanic, and American Indian women in Congress; as well as a brief overview of research questions related to the role and impact of women in Congress. The Appendix provides details on the total number of women who have served in each Congress, including information on changes within a Congress. The numbers in the report may be affected by the time periods used when tallying any particular number. The text and notes throughout the report provide details on time periods used for the tallies and the currency of the information."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2019-04-09
• Women in the United States Congress: Historical Overview, Tables, and Discussion [September 26, 2013]

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  "(1) The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (RMT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. Hattie Caraway (D-AR, 1931-1945) was the first Senator to succeed her husband and the first woman elected to a six-year Senate term. A total of 297 women have served in Congress, 193 Democrats and 104 Republicans. […] (2) A total of 33 African American women have served in Congress (1 in the Senate, 32 in the House), including 17 serving in the 113th Congress. Ten Hispanic women have been elected to the House; nine serve in the 113th Congress. Nine Asian Pacific American women have served in Congress (8 in the House, 1 in both the House and Senate), including seven in the 113th Congress. […] This report includes a discussion of the impact of women in Congress as well as historical information, including the number and percentage of women in Congress over time, means of entry to Congress, comparisons to international and state legislatures, records for tenure, firsts for women in Congress, women in leadership, and African American and Asian Pacific American women in Congress. The report may reflect data at the beginning or end of each Congress, or changes during a Congress. See the notes throughout the report for information on the currency of the data."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2013-09-26
• Women in the United States Congress, 1917-2013: Biographical and Committee Assignment Information, and Listings by State and Congress [December 16, 2013]

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  "One hundred two women currently serve in the 113th Congress: 82 in the House (62 Democrats and 19 Republicans) and 20 in the Senate (16 Democrats and 4 Republicans). One hundred one women were initially sworn in to the 113th Congress, one female Republican House Member has since resigned, and two Democratic House Members have been elected. This is higher than the previous record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 298 women have served in Congress, 194 Democrats and 104 Republicans. Of these women, 254 (165 Democrats, 89 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 34 (21 Democrats, 13 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 10 (8 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include four non-voting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Of the 44 women who have served in the Senate, 14 were first appointed and 5 were first elected to fill unexpired terms. […] This report includes biographical information, including the names, committee assignments, dates of service, listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 297 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2013-12-16
• Women in the United States Congress, 1917-2013: Biographical and Committee Assignment Information, and Listings by State and Congress [September 26, 2013]

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  "One hundred one women currently serve in the 113th Congress: 81 in the House (62 Democrats and 19 Republicans) and 20 in the Senate (16 Democrats and 4 Republicans). One hundred one women were initially sworn in to the 113th Congress, one female Republican House Member has since resigned, and one Democratic House Member has been elected. This is higher than the previous record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 297 women have served in Congress, 193 Democrats and 104 Republicans. Of these women, 253 (163 Democrats, 90 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 34 (21 Democrats, 13 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 10 (8 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include four non-voting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Of the 44 women who have served in the Senate, 14 were first appointed and 5 were first elected to fill unexpired terms. […] This report includes biographical information, including the names, committee assignments, dates of service, listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 297 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2013-09-26
• Women in the United States Congress: Historical Overview, Tables, and Discussion [February 18, 2014]

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  "A record 102 women currently serve in the 113th Congress: 82 in the House (63 Democrats and 19 Republicans) and 20 in the Senate (16 Democrats and 4 Republicans). One hundred one women were initially sworn in to the 113th Congress--1 female Republican House Member has since resigned, and 2 Democratic House Members have been elected. This is higher than the previous record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. (1) The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (RMT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. Hattie Caraway (D-AR, 1931-1945) was the first Senator to succeed her husband and the first woman elected to a six-year Senate term. (2) A total of 298 women have served in Congress, 194 Democrats and 104 Republicans. Of these women, 254 (165 Democrats, 89 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 34 (21 Democrats, 13 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 10 (8 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include 4 non-voting Delegates, 1 each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. (3) A total of 33 African American women have served in Congress (1 in the Senate, 32 in the House), including 17 serving in the 113th Congress. Ten Hispanic women have been elected to the House; nine serve in the 113th Congress. Nine Asian Pacific American women have served in Congress (8 in the House, 1 in both the House and Senate), including seven in the 113th Congress. (4)Nineteen women in the House, and 13 women in the Senate, have chaired committees. In the 113th Congress, 1 woman chairs a House committee, and 7 women chair Senate committees, with 1 female Senator chairing two committees."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2014-02-18
• Women in the United States Congress: Historical Overview, Tables, and Discussion [December 16, 2013]

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  "A record 102 women currently serve in the 113th Congress: 82 in the House (63 Democrats and 19 Republicans) and 20 in the Senate (16 Democrats and 4 Republicans). One hundred one women were initially sworn in to the 113th Congress--1 female Republican House Member has since resigned, and 2 Democratic House Members have been elected. This is higher than the previous record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. […] This report includes a discussion of the impact of women in Congress as well as historical information, including the number and percentage of women in Congress over time, means of entry to Congress, comparisons to international and state legislatures, records for tenure, firsts for women in Congress, women in leadership, and African American and Asian Pacific American women in Congress. The report may reflect data at the beginning or end of each Congress, or changes during a Congress. See the notes throughout the report for information on the currency of the data. For additional biographical information, including the names, committee assignments, dates of service, listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 297 women who have served in Congress, see CRS Report RL30261, 'Women in the United States Congress, 1917-2013: Biographical and Committee Assignment Information, and Listings by State and Congress', by Jennifer E. Manning and Ida A. Brudnick."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-; Manning, Jennifer E.

  2013-12-16
• Women in Congress, 1917-2016: Biographical and Committee Assignment Information, and Listings by State and Congress [November 7, 2016]

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  "A total of 313 women have been elected or appointed to Congress, 202 Democrats and 111 Republicans. Of these women, 267 (173 Democrats, 94 Republicans) have been elected only to the House of Representatives; 35 (21 Democrats, 14 Republicans) have been elected or appointed only to the Senate; and 11 (8 Democrats, 3 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include six non-voting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and American Samoa, and two from the U.S. Virgin Islands. Of the 46 women who have been elected or appointed to the Senate, 14 were first appointed and 5 were first elected to fill unexpired terms. A total of 38 African American women have served in Congress (1 in the Senate, 37 in the House), including 20 serving in the 114th Congress. Eleven Hispanic women have been elected to the House; nine serve in the 114th Congress. Ten Asian Pacific American women have served in Congress (nine in the House, one in both the House and Senate), including seven in the 114th Congress. In the 114th Congress, one woman chairs a House committee, one woman chairs a Senate standing committee, and one woman chairs a Senate select committee. This report includes biographical information, including the names, committee assignments, dates of service, listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 313 women who have been elected or appointed to Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2016-11-07
• Women in Congress, 1917-2018: Service Dates and Committee Assignments by Member, and Lists by State and Congress [March 19, 2018]

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  "On November 9, 1916, Jeannette Rankin (R-MT) was elected to the House of Representatives as Montana's Representative-at-Large to the 65th Congress (1917-1919). This election win gave Representative Rankin the distinction of being the first woman elected to serve in Congress. The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for one day. Including new Members sworn into office in January 2018,2 327 women have been elected or appointed to Congress.3 These figures include six non-voting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and American Samoa, and two from the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as one Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2018-03-18
• Women in Congress, 1917-2018: Service Dates and Committee Assignments by Member, and Lists by State and Congress [February 6, 2018]

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  "On November 9, 1916, Jeannette Rankin (R-MT) was elected to the House of Representatives as Montana's Representative-at-Large to the 65th Congress (1917-1919). This election win gave Representative Rankin the distinction of being the first woman elected to serve in Congress.1 The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for one day. [...] This report includes brief biographical information, committee assignments, dates of service, listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 327 women who have been elected or appointed to Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2018-02-06
• Administration of the House of Representatives: Actions Taken During a New Congress and Following a Majority Change [November 26, 2018]

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  "During the period between the November elections and when the new Congress convenes (at noon on January 3, unless a different day is designated by law during the preceding Congress, pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution), a new incoming House majority lacks official institutional authority to implement any changes beyond procedures governing the activities of its conference or caucus. Matters relating to chamber rules, officers, staff, office space, and administrative practices remain under the direction of the outgoing majority. While a new incoming majority may lack formal authority to undertake administration of the House prior to the formal convening of the chamber, discussions related to a transition may need to occur prior to the formal assumption of majority status. Decisions about the transition may be made at various times, from the first meetings on early organization of the chamber soon after the general election through the first several weeks of a new Congress. Finally, on the first day of a new Congress, many activities and decisions are required and occur routinely, regardless of whether there was a change in party control."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.; Manning, Jennifer E.

  2018-11-26
• Legislative Branch Agency Appointments: History, Processes, and Recent Actions [October 19, 2015]

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  "The leaders of the legislative branch agencies and entities--the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Library of Congress (LOC), the Congressional Research Service (CRS), the Government Publishing Office (GPO, formerly Government Printing Office), the Office of the Architect of the Capitol (AOC), the U.S. Capitol Police (USCP), the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and the Office of Compliance--are appointed in a variety of manners. Four agencies are led by a person appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate; two are appointed by Congress; one is appointed by the Librarian of Congress; one is appointed by a board of directors. Congress has periodically examined the procedures used to appoint these officers with the aim of protecting the prerogatives of, and ensuring accountability to, Congress within the framework of the advice and consent appointment process established in Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution. This report contains information on the legislative branch agency heads' appointment processes, length of tenures (if terms are set), reappointment or removal provisions (if any), salaries and benefits, and most recent appointments."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2015-10-19
• Legislative Branch: FY2014 Appropriations [November 25, 2013]

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  "The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Compliance; Congressional Budget Office (CBO); Architect of the Capitol (AOC); Library of Congress (LOC), including the Congressional Research Service (CRS); Government Printing Office (GPO); Government Accountability Office (GAO); and Open World Leadership Center. […] Neither a legislative branch appropriations bill, nor a continuing appropriations resolution (CR), containing FY2014 funding was enacted prior to the beginning of the fiscal year on October 1. A funding gap, which resulted in a partial government shutdown, ensued for 16 days. […] The legislative branch budget has decreased each year since FY2010. The FY2013 act funded legislative branch accounts at the FY2012 enacted level, with some exceptions (also known as 'anomalies'), less across-the-board rescissions that applied to all appropriations in the act, and not including sequestration reductions implemented on March 1. […] The smallest of the appropriations bills, the legislative branch comprises approximately 0.4% of total discretionary budget authority."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2013-11-25
• Members' Representational Allowance: History and Usage [November 25, 2013]

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  "Members of the House of Representatives have one consolidated allowance, the Members' Representational Allowance (MRA), with which to operate their offices. The MRA was first authorized in 1996 and was made subject to regulations and adjustments of the Committee on House Administration. […] This report provides a history and overview of the MRA and examines spending patterns over three years--2005, 2006, and 2007. The data exclude non-voting Members, including Delegates and the Resident Commissioner. Members who were not in Congress for all of the first session of a Congress, whether the Member left Congress prior to the end of the year or entered any time after the beginning of the session, were also excluded. Similarly, Members who were not sworn in at the beginning of the Congress or did not remain until the end of the second session were not included in the analysis of the second session. This limitation resulted in data analyzing 431 Members for 2005, 426 for 2006, and 427 for 2007. Information is provided on total spending and spending for various categories, including personnel compensation; personnel benefits; travel; rent, utilities, and communications; printing and reproduction; other services; supplies and materials; transportation of things; equipment; and franked mail. The data collected demonstrate that, despite variations when considering all Members, many Members allocate their spending in a similar manner."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2013-11-25
• Office of the Attending Physician, U.S. Congress: Background Information and Response to Public Health Emergencies [May 14, 2020]

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  From the Document: "The Office of the Attending Physician (OAP) was established in 1928, after the House agreed to a resolution on December 5, 1928, requesting the Secretary of the Navy detail a medical officer to the House (H.Res. 253, 70th Congress). On April 7, 1930, the Senate agreed to a concurrent resolution (S.Con.Res. 14, 71st Congress) extending the services of the Attending Physician to both chambers. Although the House never considered the concurrent resolution, the OAP began serving both the House and the Senate at that time. Since the initial appointment in 1928, the Attending Physician, and other medical assistants in the office, have continued to be assigned from the Department of the Navy."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2020-05-14
• African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870-2020 [Updated June 4, 2020]

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  From the Summary: "In total, 162 African Americans have served in Congress. This total includes [1] 152 African Americans (146 Representatives and 6 Delegates) elected only to the House of Representatives; [2] 9 African Americans elected or appointed only to the Senate; and [3] 1 African American who has served in both chambers. The first African American Members, Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi and Representative Joseph Rainey of South Carolina, both took the oath of office in 1870. These first two Members were among the 22 African American Members (2 in the Senate, 20 in the House) who began their service in the period of time after the Civil War but prior to the start of the 20th century. After these first 22, the presence of African Americans in the membership of Congress was not continuous, and there were subsequent periods in both chambers with no African American Members. Most recently, the 116th Congress began with the highest number of African American Members ever at the start of a Congress: 57 (52 Representatives, 2 Delegates, and 3 Senators)."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.; Manning, Jennifer E.

  2020-06-04
• Women in Congress, 1917-2020: Service Dates and Committee Assignments by Member, and Lists by State and Congress [Updated June 1, 2020]

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  From the Document: "In total 366 women have been elected or appointed to Congress, 247 Democrats and 119 Republicans. These figures include six nonvoting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and American Samoa, and two from the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as one Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico. [...] This report includes brief biographical information, committee assignments, dates of service, district information, and listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 366 women who have been elected or appointed to Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2020-06-01
• Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA): History and Usage [Updated November 5, 2020]

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  From the Summary: "The Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA) is available to assist Senators in their official duties. The allowance is provided on a fiscal-year basis (i.e., October 1-September 30). Funding is provided in the annual legislative branch appropriations bills. [...] This report provides a history of the SOPOEA and overview of recent developments, including funding levels. It also analyzes actual SOPOEA spending patterns in recent years."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2020-11-05
• African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2018 [April 26, 2018]

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  "The first African American Members, Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi and Representative Joseph Rainey of South Carolina, both took the oath of office in 1870. These first two Members were among the 22 African American Members (2 in the Senate, 20 in the House) that began their service in the period of time after the Civil War but prior to the start of the 20th Century. After these first 22, the presence of African Americans in the Membership of Congress was not continuous and there were subsequent periods in both chambers with no African American Members. Most recently, the 115th Congress began with the highest number of African American Members ever at the start of a Congress: 51 (46 Representatives, 2 Delegates, and 3 Senators)."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.; Manning, Jennifer E.

  2018-04-26
• Legislative Branch: FY2014 Appropriations [July 16, 2013]

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  "The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Compliance; Congressional Budget Office (CBO); Architect of the Capitol (AOC); Library of Congress (LOC), including the Congressional Research Service (CRS); Government Printing Office (GPO); Government Accountability Office (GAO); and Open World Leadership Center. The legislative branch FY2014 budget request of $4.512 billion was submitted on April 10, 2013. By law, the President includes the requests submitted from the legislative branch in the annual budget without change. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees' Legislative Branch Subcommittees held hearings to consider the FY2014 legislative branch requests. The House subcommittee held its markup on July 9, 2013, and the Senate Appropriations Committee held a markup on July 11, 2013 (S. 1283, S.Rept. 113-70). No amendments were offered in either markup. The legislative branch budget has decreased each year since FY2010. The FY2013 act funded legislative branch accounts at the FY2012 enacted level, with some exceptions (also known as 'anomalies'), less across-the-board rescissions that applied to all appropriations in the act, and not including sequestration reductions implemented on March 1. The FY2012 level represented a decrease of $236.9 million (-5.2%) from the FY2011 level, which itself represented a $125.1 million decrease (-2.7%) from FY2010. P.L. 112-10 (enacted on April 15, 2011) provided $4.543 billion for FY2011 legislative branch operations. P.L. 111-68 (enacted on October 1, 2009) provided $4.656 billion for FY2010. The FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 111- 212) provided an additional $12.96 million for the Capitol Police. The smallest of the appropriations bills, the legislative branch comprises approximately 0.4% of total discretionary budget authority."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.

  2013-07-16