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FEMA's Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program: Overview and Issues [Updated August 27, 2014]
From the Program Purposes: "The purpose of the original pre-disaster hazard mitigation pilot program, known as Project Impact, as well as the successor Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program, has been to implement hazard reduction measures prior to a disaster event. Those measures are similar to those actions taken following a disaster under the authority of the Section 404 Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). The range of eligible projects might include retrofitting public buildings against hurricane-force winds or seismic damage, acquiring and relocating properties out of a flood plain, elevating structures in a flood plain, flood-proofing public buildings, managing vegetation to mitigate against wildfires, or constructing or converting public spaces into 'safe rooms' in tornado-prone areas."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; McCarthy, Francis X.
2014-08-27
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Introduction to FEMA's National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) [August 16, 2016]
"The NFIP was established by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA, 42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.), and was most recently reauthorized by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (Title II of P.L. 112-141). The general purpose of the NFIP is both to offer primary flood insurance to properties with significant flood risk, and to reduce flood risk through the adoption of floodplain management standards. Generally, communities volunteer to participate in the NFIP in order to have access to flood insurance, and in return are required to adopt minimum standards. FEMA manages a process, called Risk MAP, which conducts Flood Insurance Studies (FISs) to produce Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs). Depicted on FIRMs are Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs), which is the area exposed to a 1 in 100 or greater risk of annual flooding. FIRMs vary in age across the country, and are updated on a prioritized basis with no definitive timetable. The Risk MAP process provides extensive outreach and appeal opportunities for communities. Updating a community's FIRMs can take as long as three to five years or more. Participating communities must adopt a flood map and enact minimum floodplain standards to regulate development in the SFHA. FEMA encourages communities to enhance their floodplain standards by offering reduced premium rates through the Community Rating System (CRS). FEMA also manages a Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) grant program using NFIP revenues to further reduce comprehensive flood risk."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2016-08-16
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California Wildfires: Brief Overview of FEMA Programs and Resources [Updated November 19, 2018]
From the Introduction: "This Insight provides a brief overview of the major disaster declaration issued [hyperlink] for the ongoing wildfires in California. It also provides links to selected CRS [Congressional Research Service] products related to the disaster. As authorized under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [hyperlink], President Trump issued a major disaster declaration [hyperlink] on November 12, 2018. The major disaster declaration allows for the broadest range of assistance to be made available to state and local governments; private, nonprofit organizations; and individuals. The major disaster declaration also effectively supersedes the Fire Management Assistance Grants [hyperlink] (FMAGs) for the California Woolsey Fire [hyperlink], California Hill Fire [hyperlink], and California Camp Fire [hyperlink], as well as the emergency declaration [hyperlink] issued before the major disaster, as the major disaster declaration provides all of the forms of assistance that could be provided by an FMAG and emergency declaration, and more. The declarations trigger assistance programs that are carried out by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA released a summary of the key federal disaster aid programs [hyperlink], administered by FEMA and other federal agencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lindsay, Bruce R.; Painter, William L.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2018-11-19
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Flood Resilience and Risk Reduction: Federal Assistance and Programs [July 25, 2018]
"Recent flood disasters have raised congressional and public interest in not only reducing flood risks, but also improving flood resilience, which is the ability to adapt to, withstand, and rapidly recover from floods. Congress has established various federal programs that may be available to assist U.S. state, local, and territorial entities and tribes in reducing flood risks. Among the most significant current federal programs assisting communities with improvements to reduce their flood risks and improve their flood resilience are (1) programs that assist with infrastructure to reduce flood risks and other flood mitigation activities, and (2) programs of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) that provide incentives to reduce flood risks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Horn, Diane P.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2018-07-25
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Congressional Considerations Related to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma [Updated September 14, 2017]
From the Document: "This Insight provides a short overview of issues Congress may consider in relation to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. It is 'not' intended to provide up-to-date information on unfolding events. For storm-related updates and the current status of response efforts, see official government sources (e.g., Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and National Weather Service), congressional advisories from government sources, and/or news media."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Horn, Diane P.; Lister, Sarah A. . . .
2017-09-14
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Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) [April 30, 2018]
"The NFIP [National Flood Insurance Program] was established by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA, 42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.), and was most recently reauthorized to July 31, 2018, through a series of short-term reauthorizations. The general purpose of the NFIP is both to offer primary flood insurance to properties with significant flood risk, and to reduce flood risk through the adoption of floodplain management standards. Communities volunteer to participate in the NFIP in order to have access to federal flood insurance, and in return are required to adopt minimum standards. [..] Congress has provided appropriations to the NFIP for some of the cost of Risk MAP. Congress also authorizes the use of premium revenues for other NFIP costs, including administration, salaries, and other expenses. NFIP premiums also include other charges, such as a Federal Policy Fee, a Reserve Fund assessment, and a surcharge to help fund the NFIP. In October 2017, Congress cancelled $16 billion of NFIP debt, making it possible for the program to pay claims for Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. The NFIP currently owes $20.525 billion to the U.S. Treasury, leaving $9.9 billion in borrowing authority from a $30.425 billion limit in law. This debt is serviced by the NFIP and interest is paid through premium revenues. After July 31, 2018, key authorities of the NFIP, such as the authority to issue new insurance contracts, will expire if they are not reauthorized by Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.; Brown, Jared T.
2018-04-30
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Private Flood Insurance in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) [April 25, 2016]
"The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) The NFIP was first authorized by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.), and was most recently reauthorized by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (BW-12, Title II of P.L. 112-141). In statute, Congress has found that: (1) many factors have made it uneconomic for the private insurance industry alone to make flood insurance available to those in need of such protection on reasonable terms and conditions; but (2) a program of flood insurance with large-scale participation of the Federal Government and carried out to the maximum extent practicable by the private insurance industry is feasible and can be initiated. (42 U.S.C. §4001(b))"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Webel, Baird
2016-04-25
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Congressional Primer on Major Disasters and Emergencies [August 31, 2011]
"The principles of disaster management assume a leadership role by the local and state governments with the federal government providing coordinated supplemental resources and assistance. A declaration of a major disaster or emergency must, in almost all cases, be requested by the governor, who at that point has declared that the situation is beyond the capacity of the state to respond. The governor also determines which parts of the state they will request assistance for and suggests the types of assistance programs that may be needed. The President considers the governor's request, in consultation with officials of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and makes the initial decisions on the areas to be included as well as the programs that are implemented. […] In addition to that assistance, other disaster aid is made available through programs of the Small Business Administration (which provides disaster loans to both businesses and homeowners), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) within the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (in the form of Community Development Block Grant funds being made available for unmet disaster needs). While the disaster response and recovery process is fundamentally a relationship between the federal government and the requesting state government, there are roles for congressional offices to play in providing information to the federal/state response and recovery teams in their respective states and districts. Congressional offices also serve as a valuable source of accurate and timely information to their constituents."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarthy, Francis X.; Brown, Jared T.
2011-08-31
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FEMA's Community Disaster Loan Program: History, Analysis, and Issues for Congress [May 10, 2012]
"The core purpose of the Community Disaster Loan (CDL) program is to provide financial assistance to local governments that are having difficulty providing government services because of a loss in tax or other revenue following a disaster. The program assists local governments by offering federal loans to compensate for this temporary or permanent loss in local revenue. The CDL program is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). First authorized in the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288), the Community Disaster Loan program is currently codified in Section 417 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. §5184, as amended). […] This report compares and analyzes three different categories of loans issued in different time periods in the program's history: 'traditional' loans issued between 1974-2005, in 2007, and between 2009-2011 (TCDLs); 'special' (SCDLs) loans issued in 2005-2006 following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita; and loans issued under unique provisions in 2008 (2008 CDLs). As authorized by Congress and administered by FEMA, the SCDL and 2008 loan categories had different provisions than traditional loans to guide the eligibility of local governments and dollar size of the loans. SCDLs also had unique provisions that slightly altered the purpose of the loans, lowered the interest rate charged on the loans, and clarified the cancellation procedures for the loans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2012-05-10
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FY2013 Supplemental Funding for Disaster Relief: Summary and Considerations for Congress [January 23, 2013]
"In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy impacted a wide swath of the East Coast of the United States, resulting in more than 120 deaths and the major disaster declarations for 12 states plus the District of Columbia. The Administration submitted a request to Congress on December 7, 2012, for $60.4 billion in supplemental funding and legislative provisions to address both the immediate losses and damages from Hurricane Sandy, as well as to mitigate the damage from future disasters in the impacted region. […] This report analyzes the Administration's request, the House-passed legislation, and the Senate position as reflected in Senate-amended H.R. 1 from the 112th Congress. (The newly constituted Senate has not taken up legislation establishing its position on the supplemental request as of the date of publication.) It includes information on legislative provisions as well as funding levels. The report includes a list of CRS [Congressional Research Service] experts available to provide more in-depth analysis of the implications of this evolving legislation. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; Brown, Jared T.
2013-01-23
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FY2013 Supplemental Funding for Disaster Relief [February 19, 2013]
"On January 29, 2013, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013, a $50.7 billion package of disaster assistance largely focused on responding to Hurricane Sandy, was enacted as P.L. [Public Law] 113-2. In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy impacted a wide swath of the East Coast of the United States, resulting in more than 120 deaths and the major disaster declarations for 12 states plus the District of Columbia. The Administration submitted a request to Congress on December 7, 2012, for $60.4 billion in supplemental funding and legislative provisions to address both the immediate losses and damages from Hurricane Sandy, as well as to mitigate the damage from future disasters in the impacted region.[...] This report analyzes the Administration's request, the initial Senate position from the 112th Congress, and H.R. 152, the legislative package developed in the House that was ultimately enacted as P.L. 113-2. It includes information on legislative provisions as well as funding levels. The report also includes a list of CRS [Congressional Research Service] experts available to provide more in-depth analysis of the implications of the legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; Brown, Jared T.
2013-02-19
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Presidential Policy Directive 8 and the National Preparedness System: Background and Issues for Congress [October 21, 2011]
"Presidential Policy Directive 8: National Preparedness (PPD-8) was signed and released by President Barack Obama on March 30, 2011. PPD-8 and its component policies intend to guide how the nation, from the federal level to private citizens, can 'prevent, protect against, mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover from those threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation.' These threats include terrorist acts, natural disasters, and other man-made incidents. PPD-8 evolves from, and supersedes, Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8, which was released under President George W. Bush. PPD-8 is intended to meet many requirements of Subtitle C of the Post-Katrina Emergency Reform Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-295, 6 U.S.C. §741- 764). [...] Congress may wish to oversee how the Administration creates and implements the many elements of PPD-8. This report discusses several potential issues and challenges that may arise in the development and implementation of each National Planning Framework. These issues and challenges include evaluating: how PPD-8 policies conform with statute; how federal roles and responsibilities have been assigned to implement and execute PPD-8 policies; how non-federal resources and stakeholders will be impacted by national preparedness guidance; and how the overall federal budget may be reprioritized by a new national preparedness goal. However, it may be difficult to ascertain the full impact of PPD-8 on national preparedness until its provisions are fully operationalized and tested during real world hazards."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2011-10-21
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Navy Biofuel Initiative Under the Defense Production Act [June 13, 2012]
"During the spring of 2011, the Secretaries of Energy, Agriculture, and the Navy entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to 'assist the development and support of a sustainable commercial biofuels industry.' The objective is the 'construction or retrofit of multiple domestic commercial or pre-commercial scale advanced drop-in biofuel plants and refineries.' The refineries would have the capability to produce advanced biofuels as 'drop-in' replacements for petroleum-based fuels. Drop-in fuels would be able to substitute for standard petroleum products without alteration to ship or aircraft engines, meet military specifications at a price competitive with petroleum, be readily accessible at geographically diverse locations, and have no significant impact on the supply of agricultural commodities for the production of food. Through this and other undertakings, the Navy intends to demonstrate that it can reduce its dependence on petroleum-based fuels. In accordance with the MOU, the Navy proposes to use some of the authorities of the Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 (50 U.S.C. Appx §2061 et seq.), as amended, to develop a domestic industrial capacity and supply of biofuel. The Navy plans a feasibility demonstration of drop-in biofuels with a 'Green Strike Group' fleet exercise by the end of 2012 composed of nuclear vessels and ships powered in part by biofuel, followed by a 2016 'Great Green Fleet' exercise composed of nuclear ships, and surface combatants and aircraft powered in part by biofuel."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Andrews, Anthony; Bracmort, Kelsi; Brown, Jared T.
2012-06-13
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Navy Biofuel Initiative Under the Defense Production Act [June 22, 2012]
"Domestic crude oil production in the United States has increased over the past few years, reversing a decline that began in 1986. The United States is now a net exporter of refined petroleum products. Over the next 10 years, continued development of unconventional oil resources, in combination with the ongoing development of offshore resources in the Gulf of Mexico may push domestic crude oil production to a level not seen since 1994, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. An important policy question for Congress may be whether a domestic biofuel industry is necessary for national defense, and whether proceeding under the authority of the DPA [Defense Production Act of 1950] offers the necessary stimulus. A domestic biofuel industry may satisfy concerns for a secure, domestic, alternative fuel source independent of unstable foreign petroleum suppliers. However, adding biofuel to the military's supply chain does not relieve logistical issues with delivering fuel to forward operating areas, where fuel supply issues have been more about vulnerability than availability."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Andrews, Anthony; Bracmort, Kelsi; Brown, Jared T.
2012-06-22
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FEMA's Community Disaster Loan Program: History, Analysis, and Issues for Congress [Updated December 14, 2012]
From the Summary: "The core purpose of the Community Disaster Loan (CDL) program is to provide financial assistance to local governments that are having difficulty providing government services because of a loss in tax or other revenue following a disaster. The program assists local governments by offering federal loans to compensate for this temporary or permanent loss in local revenue. [...] This report compares and analyzes three different categories of loans issued in different time periods in the program's history: 'traditional' loans issued between 1974 and 2005, in 2007, and between 2009 and June 2012 (TCDLs); 'special' (SCDLs) loans issued in 2005-2006 following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita; and loans issued under unique provisions in 2008 (2008 CDLs). As authorized by Congress and administered by FEMA, the SCDL and 2008 loan categories had different provisions than traditional loans to guide the eligibility of local governments and dollar size of the loans. SCDLs also had unique provisions that slightly altered the purpose of the loans, lowered the interest rate charged on the loans, and clarified the cancellation procedures for the loans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2012-12-14
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Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) [July 25, 2017]
"The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is authorized by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA, Title XIII of P.L. 90-448, as amended, 42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.), and was most recently reauthorized by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (Title II of P.L. 112-141, henceforth BW-12). Congress amended elements of BW-12, but did not extend the NFIP's authorization further in the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-89, henceforth HFIAA). The NFIP is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), through its subcomponent the Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (FIMA). As of February 2017, the NFIP had 4.99 million flood insurance policies providing approximately $1.24 trillion in coverage. The program collects about $3.5 billion in annual premium revenue. Nationally, as of April 2017, about 22,249 communities in 56 states and jurisdictions participated in the NFIP. According to FEMA, the program saves the nation an estimated $1.87 billion annually in flood losses avoided because of the NFIP's building and floodplain management regulations. This report provides introductory information on key components of the NFIP, ranging from floodplain mapping to the standard flood insurance forms. This report does not provide detail on current or future legislative issues for Congress. This report will be updated as significant revisions are made to the NFIP through legislation or administrative action. CRS also has a separate report on flood insurance and other federal disaster assistance programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.; Brown, Jared T.
2017-07-25
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Summary Report: Congressional Action on the FY2013 Disaster Supplemental [January 22, 2013]
"In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy impacted a wide swath of the East Coast of the United States, resulting in more than 120 deaths and the major disaster declarations for 12 states plus the District of Columbia. The Administration submitted a request to Congress on December 7, 2012, for $60.4 billion in supplemental funding and legislative provisions to address both the immediate losses and damages from Hurricane Sandy, as well as to mitigate the damage from future disasters in the impacted region. On January 15, 2012, the House of Representatives [H.R.] passed H.R. 152, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013. This bill included $50.7 billion in disaster assistance. This was the third piece of disaster legislation considered by the House in the 113th Congress. H.R. 41, which passed the House and Senate on January 4, 2013, and was signed into law two days later as P.L. [Public Law] 113-1, provided $9.7 billion in additional borrowing authority for the National Flood Insurance Program. On Janaury [sic] 14, the House passed H.R. 219, legislation making changes to disaster assistance programs. The rule for consideration of H.R. 152 combined the text of H.R. 219 with H.R. 152 upon its engrossment, to send them to the Senate as a single package. […] This summary report analyzes the Administration's request, the House-passed legislation, and the Senate position as reflected in Senate-amended H.R. 1 from the 112th Congress. The newly constituted Senate has not taken up legislation establishing its position on the supplemental request as of the date of publication."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Painter, William L.
2013-01-22
