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FEMA's Community Disaster Loan Program: History, Analysis, and Issues for Congress [May 10, 2012]
"The core purpose of the Community Disaster Loan (CDL) program is to provide financial assistance to local governments that are having difficulty providing government services because of a loss in tax or other revenue following a disaster. The program assists local governments by offering federal loans to compensate for this temporary or permanent loss in local revenue. The CDL program is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). First authorized in the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288), the Community Disaster Loan program is currently codified in Section 417 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. §5184, as amended). […] This report compares and analyzes three different categories of loans issued in different time periods in the program's history: 'traditional' loans issued between 1974-2005, in 2007, and between 2009-2011 (TCDLs); 'special' (SCDLs) loans issued in 2005-2006 following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita; and loans issued under unique provisions in 2008 (2008 CDLs). As authorized by Congress and administered by FEMA, the SCDL and 2008 loan categories had different provisions than traditional loans to guide the eligibility of local governments and dollar size of the loans. SCDLs also had unique provisions that slightly altered the purpose of the loans, lowered the interest rate charged on the loans, and clarified the cancellation procedures for the loans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2012-05-10
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Congressional Primer on Major Disasters and Emergencies [May 23, 2012]
"The principles of disaster management assume a leadership role by the local and state governments with the federal government providing coordinated supplemental resources and assistance. A declaration of a major disaster or emergency must, in almost all cases, be requested by the governor, who at that point has declared that the situation is beyond the capacity of the state to respond. The governor also determines which parts of the state they will request assistance for and suggests the types of assistance programs that may be needed. The President considers the governor's request, in consultation with officials of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and makes the initial decisions on the areas to be included as well as the programs that are implemented. The immediate response to a disaster is guided by the National Response Framework (NRF), which details roles and responsibilities at various levels of government, along with cooperation from the private and non-profit sectors, for differing incidents and support functions. […] While the disaster response and recovery process is fundamentally a relationship between the federal government and the requesting state government, there are roles for congressional offices to play in providing information to the federal/state response and recovery teams in their respective states and districts. Congressional offices also serve as a valuable source of accurate and timely information to their constituents."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarthy, Francis X.; Brown, Jared T.
2012-05-23
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Congressional Primer on Major Disasters and Emergencies [August 31, 2011]
"The principles of disaster management assume a leadership role by the local and state governments with the federal government providing coordinated supplemental resources and assistance. A declaration of a major disaster or emergency must, in almost all cases, be requested by the governor, who at that point has declared that the situation is beyond the capacity of the state to respond. The governor also determines which parts of the state they will request assistance for and suggests the types of assistance programs that may be needed. The President considers the governor's request, in consultation with officials of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and makes the initial decisions on the areas to be included as well as the programs that are implemented. […] In addition to that assistance, other disaster aid is made available through programs of the Small Business Administration (which provides disaster loans to both businesses and homeowners), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) within the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (in the form of Community Development Block Grant funds being made available for unmet disaster needs). While the disaster response and recovery process is fundamentally a relationship between the federal government and the requesting state government, there are roles for congressional offices to play in providing information to the federal/state response and recovery teams in their respective states and districts. Congressional offices also serve as a valuable source of accurate and timely information to their constituents."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarthy, Francis X.; Brown, Jared T.
2011-08-31
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FY2013 Supplemental Funding for Disaster Relief: Summary and Considerations for Congress [January 23, 2013]
"In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy impacted a wide swath of the East Coast of the United States, resulting in more than 120 deaths and the major disaster declarations for 12 states plus the District of Columbia. The Administration submitted a request to Congress on December 7, 2012, for $60.4 billion in supplemental funding and legislative provisions to address both the immediate losses and damages from Hurricane Sandy, as well as to mitigate the damage from future disasters in the impacted region. […] This report analyzes the Administration's request, the House-passed legislation, and the Senate position as reflected in Senate-amended H.R. 1 from the 112th Congress. (The newly constituted Senate has not taken up legislation establishing its position on the supplemental request as of the date of publication.) It includes information on legislative provisions as well as funding levels. The report includes a list of CRS [Congressional Research Service] experts available to provide more in-depth analysis of the implications of this evolving legislation. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; Brown, Jared T.
2013-01-23
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Summary Report: Congressional Action on the FY2013 Disaster Supplemental [January 22, 2013]
"In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy impacted a wide swath of the East Coast of the United States, resulting in more than 120 deaths and the major disaster declarations for 12 states plus the District of Columbia. The Administration submitted a request to Congress on December 7, 2012, for $60.4 billion in supplemental funding and legislative provisions to address both the immediate losses and damages from Hurricane Sandy, as well as to mitigate the damage from future disasters in the impacted region. On January 15, 2012, the House of Representatives [H.R.] passed H.R. 152, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013. This bill included $50.7 billion in disaster assistance. This was the third piece of disaster legislation considered by the House in the 113th Congress. H.R. 41, which passed the House and Senate on January 4, 2013, and was signed into law two days later as P.L. [Public Law] 113-1, provided $9.7 billion in additional borrowing authority for the National Flood Insurance Program. On Janaury [sic] 14, the House passed H.R. 219, legislation making changes to disaster assistance programs. The rule for consideration of H.R. 152 combined the text of H.R. 219 with H.R. 152 upon its engrossment, to send them to the Senate as a single package. […] This summary report analyzes the Administration's request, the House-passed legislation, and the Senate position as reflected in Senate-amended H.R. 1 from the 112th Congress. The newly constituted Senate has not taken up legislation establishing its position on the supplemental request as of the date of publication."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Painter, William L.
2013-01-22
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FY2013 Supplemental Funding for Disaster Relief [February 19, 2013]
"On January 29, 2013, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013, a $50.7 billion package of disaster assistance largely focused on responding to Hurricane Sandy, was enacted as P.L. [Public Law] 113-2. In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy impacted a wide swath of the East Coast of the United States, resulting in more than 120 deaths and the major disaster declarations for 12 states plus the District of Columbia. The Administration submitted a request to Congress on December 7, 2012, for $60.4 billion in supplemental funding and legislative provisions to address both the immediate losses and damages from Hurricane Sandy, as well as to mitigate the damage from future disasters in the impacted region.[...] This report analyzes the Administration's request, the initial Senate position from the 112th Congress, and H.R. 152, the legislative package developed in the House that was ultimately enacted as P.L. 113-2. It includes information on legislative provisions as well as funding levels. The report also includes a list of CRS [Congressional Research Service] experts available to provide more in-depth analysis of the implications of the legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; Brown, Jared T.
2013-02-19
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Presidential Policy Directive 8 and the National Preparedness System: Background and Issues for Congress [October 21, 2011]
"Presidential Policy Directive 8: National Preparedness (PPD-8) was signed and released by President Barack Obama on March 30, 2011. PPD-8 and its component policies intend to guide how the nation, from the federal level to private citizens, can 'prevent, protect against, mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover from those threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation.' These threats include terrorist acts, natural disasters, and other man-made incidents. PPD-8 evolves from, and supersedes, Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8, which was released under President George W. Bush. PPD-8 is intended to meet many requirements of Subtitle C of the Post-Katrina Emergency Reform Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-295, 6 U.S.C. §741- 764). [...] Congress may wish to oversee how the Administration creates and implements the many elements of PPD-8. This report discusses several potential issues and challenges that may arise in the development and implementation of each National Planning Framework. These issues and challenges include evaluating: how PPD-8 policies conform with statute; how federal roles and responsibilities have been assigned to implement and execute PPD-8 policies; how non-federal resources and stakeholders will be impacted by national preparedness guidance; and how the overall federal budget may be reprioritized by a new national preparedness goal. However, it may be difficult to ascertain the full impact of PPD-8 on national preparedness until its provisions are fully operationalized and tested during real world hazards."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2011-10-21
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Navy Biofuel Initiative Under the Defense Production Act [June 13, 2012]
"During the spring of 2011, the Secretaries of Energy, Agriculture, and the Navy entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to 'assist the development and support of a sustainable commercial biofuels industry.' The objective is the 'construction or retrofit of multiple domestic commercial or pre-commercial scale advanced drop-in biofuel plants and refineries.' The refineries would have the capability to produce advanced biofuels as 'drop-in' replacements for petroleum-based fuels. Drop-in fuels would be able to substitute for standard petroleum products without alteration to ship or aircraft engines, meet military specifications at a price competitive with petroleum, be readily accessible at geographically diverse locations, and have no significant impact on the supply of agricultural commodities for the production of food. Through this and other undertakings, the Navy intends to demonstrate that it can reduce its dependence on petroleum-based fuels. In accordance with the MOU, the Navy proposes to use some of the authorities of the Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 (50 U.S.C. Appx §2061 et seq.), as amended, to develop a domestic industrial capacity and supply of biofuel. The Navy plans a feasibility demonstration of drop-in biofuels with a 'Green Strike Group' fleet exercise by the end of 2012 composed of nuclear vessels and ships powered in part by biofuel, followed by a 2016 'Great Green Fleet' exercise composed of nuclear ships, and surface combatants and aircraft powered in part by biofuel."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Andrews, Anthony; Bracmort, Kelsi; Brown, Jared T.
2012-06-13
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FEMA's Community Disaster Loan Program: History, Analysis, and Issues for Congress [July 3, 2012]
"The core purpose of the Community Disaster Loan (CDL) program is to provide financial assistance to local governments that are having difficulty providing government services because of a loss in tax or other revenue following a disaster. The program assists local governments by offering federal loans to compensate for this temporary or permanent loss in local revenue. The CDL program is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). First authorized in the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288), the Community Disaster Loan program is currently codified in Section 417 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. §5184, as amended). […] This report compares and analyzes three different categories of loans issued in different time periods in the program's history: 'traditional' loans issued between 1974-2005, in 2007, and between 2009 and June 2012 (TCDLs); 'special' (SCDLs) loans issued in 2005-2006 following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita; and loans issued under unique provisions in 2008 (2008 CDLs). As authorized by Congress and administered by FEMA, the SCDL and 2008 loan categories had different provisions than traditional loans to guide the eligibility of local governments and dollar size of the loans. SCDLs also had unique provisions that slightly altered the purpose of the loans, lowered the interest rate charged on the loans, and clarified the cancellation procedures for the loans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2012-07-03
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Navy Biofuel Initiative Under the Defense Production Act [June 22, 2012]
"Domestic crude oil production in the United States has increased over the past few years, reversing a decline that began in 1986. The United States is now a net exporter of refined petroleum products. Over the next 10 years, continued development of unconventional oil resources, in combination with the ongoing development of offshore resources in the Gulf of Mexico may push domestic crude oil production to a level not seen since 1994, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. An important policy question for Congress may be whether a domestic biofuel industry is necessary for national defense, and whether proceeding under the authority of the DPA [Defense Production Act of 1950] offers the necessary stimulus. A domestic biofuel industry may satisfy concerns for a secure, domestic, alternative fuel source independent of unstable foreign petroleum suppliers. However, adding biofuel to the military's supply chain does not relieve logistical issues with delivering fuel to forward operating areas, where fuel supply issues have been more about vulnerability than availability."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Andrews, Anthony; Bracmort, Kelsi; Brown, Jared T.
2012-06-22
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Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Reauthorization [June 14, 2013]
From the Document: "The Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 (P.L. 81-774, 50 U.S.C. Appx § 2061 et seq.), as amended, confers upon the President a broad set of authorities to influence domestic industry in the interest of national defense. The authorities can be used across the federal government to shape the domestic industrial base so that, when called upon, it is capable of providing essential materials and goods needed for the national defense. Though initially passed in response to the Korean War, the DPA is historically based on the War Powers Acts of World War II. Gradually, Congress has expanded the term 'national defense', as defined in the DPA, so that it now includes activities related to homeland security and domestic emergency management. The scope of DPA authorities extends beyond shaping U.S. military preparedness and capabilities, as the authorities may also be used to enhance and support domestic preparedness, response, and recovery from natural hazards, terrorist attacks, and other national emergencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Else, Daniel H.
2013-06-14
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Analysis of the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 [March 11, 2013]
From the Introduction: "Given its size, strength, location and the enormity of its impact, Hurricane Sandy was a storm of historic proportions and importance. The damage inflicted by this huge storm rivaled the damages of the Gulf Coast storms during the summer of 2005, particularly due to the population density and overall development of the areas that received the brunt of the storm's impact. As with other major natural disaster events, Members of Congress responded to Hurricane Sandy by holding a series of hearings, visiting the affected region, and introducing and acting on legislation. […] This report examines the potential effect of the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 on disaster assistance procedures and programs. Part of the legislative intent of the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 is to streamline administrative procedures and improve the effectiveness of several disaster assistance programs authorized by the Stafford Act, namely the Public Assistance Program, the Individual Assistance Program, and the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program. The law reforms the Stafford Act in part by reauthorizing several 'pilot' programs established previously in Title VI of P.L. 109-295, the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 (PKEMRA). P.L. 113-2 also authorizes tribes to request a declaration of an emergency or major disaster, as was previously only allowed for states. It also directs FEMA to establish procedures for arbitrating disputes relating to disaster assistance, and directs FEMA to create a national strategy for mitigating the cost of future disasters. In the context of overall supplemental funding for disaster relief being debated by the Congress, the disaster assistance programs modified by the law are funded by the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF). More detailed explanations of the modifications enacted by the law are provided below."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; McCarthy, Francis X.; Liu, Edward C.
2013-03-11
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Congressional Primer on Responding to Major Disasters and Emergencies [May 24, 2013]
"The principles of disaster management assume a leadership role by the local, tribal, and state governments with the federal government providing coordinated supplemental resources and assistance, if requested and approved. The immediate response to a disaster is guided by the National Response Framework (NRF), which details roles and responsibilities at various levels of government, along with cooperation from the private and non-profit sectors, for differing incidents and support functions. [...] The majority of federal aid is made available from FEMA [Federal Emergency Management Agency] under the authority of the Stafford Act. In addition to that assistance, other disaster aid is made available through programs of the Small Business Administration (which provides disaster loans to both businesses and homeowners), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) within the Department of Transportation (DOT), and, in some instances, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (in the form of Community Development Block Grant funds being made available for unmet disaster needs). While the disaster response and recovery process is fundamentally a relationship between the federal government and the requesting state or tribal government, there are roles for congressional offices to play in providing information to the federal response and recovery teams in their respective states and districts. Congressional offices also serve as a valuable source of accurate and timely information to their constituents."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarthy, Francis X.; Brown, Jared T.
2013-05-24
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Congressional Primer on Responding to Major Disasters and Emergencies [April 30, 2014]
"The principles of disaster management assume a leadership role by the local, tribal, and state governments with the federal government providing coordinated supplemental resources and assistance, if requested and approved. The immediate response to a disaster is guided by the National Response Framework (NRF), which details roles and responsibilities at various levels of government, along with cooperation from the private and nonprofit sectors, for differing incidents and support functions. A declaration of a major disaster or emergency under the authority of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, P.L. [Public Law] 93-288, must, in almost all cases, be requested by the governor of a state or the chief executive of an affected Indian tribal government, who at that point has declared that the situation is beyond the capacity of the state or tribe to respond. The governor/chief also determines which parts of the state/tribal territory they will request assistance for and suggests the types of assistance programs that may be needed. The President considers the request, in consultation with officials of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and makes the initial decisions on the areas to be included as well as the programs that are implemented. The majority of federal aid is made available from FEMA under the authority of the Stafford Act."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarthy, Francis X.; Brown, Jared T.
2014-04-30
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Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Reauthorization [July 30, 2014]
From the Document: "The Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 (P.L. 81-774, 50 U.S.C. Appx §2061 et seq.), as amended, confers upon the President a broad set of authorities to influence domestic industry in the interest of national defense. The authorities can be used across the federal government to shape the domestic industrial base so that, when called upon, it is capable of providing essential materials and goods needed for the national defense. Though initially passed in response to the Korean War, the DPA is historically based on the War Powers Acts of World War II. Gradually, Congress has expanded the term 'national defense', as defined in the DPA, so that it now includes activities related to homeland security and domestic emergency management. The scope of DPA authorities extends beyond shaping U.S. military preparedness and capabilities, as the authorities may also be used to enhance and support domestic preparedness, response, and recovery from natural hazards, terrorist attacks, and other national emergencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Else, Daniel H.
2014-07-30
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Deployable Federal Assets Supporting Domestic Disaster Response Operations: Summary and Considerations for Congress [May 16, 2014]
From the introduction: "This report examines a variety of deployable federal assets that can support a disaster response operation. These assets may be able to support the response to certain types of consequences from certain disasters (e.g., radiological exposure from a nuclear incident) or consequences common to all disasters (e.g., command and control support, or communications assistance). This report provides a general analysis of key concepts involving deployable federal assets, including: [1] what it means to be a deployable federal asset; [2] when the assets will be used to support response operations; [3] what the main authorities and policies are that guide the use of assets; and [4] what level of support the federal government is prepared to provide for response operations. This report also examines several issues Congress may wish to consider as it evaluates the future authorization and funding for various deployable federal assets. Issues examined in the report include the potential policy benefits and disadvantages of federal investment in deployable federal assets, the cost-effectiveness of different staffing models for the assets, the methods for financing the deployment of the assets, whether federal assets should have greater operational control in response operations, and the challenges Congress may face in its oversight of the use of the assets. This report concludes by providing summaries of examples of deployable federal assets, including available information on their authorization, funding, and past uses in disasters. Brief information on the selected assets is condensed and presented in Table 1."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2014-05-16
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Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Reauthorization [June 19, 2014]
"The Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 (P.L. 81-774, 50 U.S.C. Appx §2061 et seq.), as amended, confers upon the President a broad set of authorities to influence domestic industry in the interest of national defense. The authorities can be used across the federal government to shape the domestic industrial base so that, when called upon, it is capable of providing essential materials and goods needed for the national defense. Though initially passed in response to the Korean War, the DPA is historically based on the War Powers Acts of World War II. Gradually, Congress has expanded the term national defense, as defined in the DPA, so that it now includes activities related to homeland security and domestic emergency management. The scope of DPA authorities extends beyond shaping U.S. military preparedness and capabilities, as the authorities may also be used to enhance and support domestic preparedness, response, and recovery from natural hazards, terrorist attacks, and other national emergencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Else, Daniel H.
2014-06-19
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Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Considerations for Congress [October 23, 2014]
From the Document: "The Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (DPA), provides the President a broad set of authorities to ensure that domestic industry can meet national defense requirements. In the DPA, Congress has found that 'the security of the United States is dependent on the ability of the domestic industrial base to supply materials and services for the national defense and to prepare for and respond to military conflicts, natural or man-caused disasters, or acts of terrorism within the United States.' [...] This report examines some of the extensive history of the DPA, focusing primarily on its creation and most recent legislative reauthorization. This report also discusses the foremost active authorities of the DPA. Nevertheless, this report is not intended to evaluate all authorities of the DPA comprehensively. In discussing the major authorities of the DPA, this report explains how those authorities may have changed as a result of the most recent reauthorization of the law (P.L. 113-172, To reauthorize the Defense Production Act, to improve the Defense Production Act Committee, and for other purposes). This report also identifies relevant delegations of the President's DPA authorities made in Executive Order (E.O.) 13603, 'National Defense Resources Preparedness.' Finally, this report provides a brief overview of issues Congress may wish to consider in its oversight of executive branch use of DPA authorities, as well as the implementation of changes made in the most recent reauthorization. The report also discusses congressional considerations for expanding, restricting, or otherwise modifying the authorities provided by the DPA through new legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Else, Daniel H.; Brown, Jared T.
2014-10-23
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Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Strategy: In Brief [December 4, 2014]
"[On] January 29, 2013, Congress passed the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-2), a $50.5 billion package of disaster assistance largely focused on responding to Hurricane Sandy. The Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013, provided supplemental funding to over 66 different accounts and programs, including: (1) $16.0 billion for the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program, (2) $11.5 billion for the Disaster Relief Fund, (3) $10.9 billion for the Public Transportation Emergency Relief Program, and (4) $5.4 billion total for disaster-related activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (pre-sequester). In addition, the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 (SRIA), passed as Division B of P.L. 113-2, reformed key provisions of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act, P.L. 93-288 as amended). The supplemental appropriation also was preceded by Congress providing an additional $9.7 billion in borrowing authority for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in P.L. 113-1 on January 6, 2013. This report briefly analyzes the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Strategy (HSRS), which is the key strategic document released by the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force established by executive order. This report also discusses overarching issues for Congress that may arise during oversight of the Hurricane Sandy recovery process and how lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy can be applied to future disasters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2014-12-04
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Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Reauthorization [February 11, 2014]
From the Document: "The Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 (P.L. 81-774, 50 U.S.C. Appx §2061 et seq.), as amended, confers upon the President a broad set of authorities to influence domestic industry in the interest of national defense. The authorities can be used across the federal government to shape the domestic industrial base so that, when called upon, it is capable of providing essential materials and goods needed for the national defense. Though initially passed in response to the Korean War, the DPA is historically based on the War Powers Acts of World War II. Gradually, Congress has expanded the term national defense, as defined in the DPA, so that it now includes activities related to homeland security and domestic emergency management. The scope of DPA authorities extends beyond shaping U.S. military preparedness and capabilities, as the authorities may also be used to enhance and support domestic preparedness, response, and recovery from natural hazards, terrorist attacks, and other national emergencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Else, Daniel H.
2014-02-11
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Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Strategy: In Brief [February 10, 2014]
"On the evening of October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy, the second-largest Atlantic storm on record, made landfall in southern New Jersey. The consequences of the storm included at least the deaths of 159 people, over 23,000 people who required temporary shelters, 8.5 million customers who were left without power, approximately $65 billion in damages, and 650,000 homes that were damaged or destroyed. As with other major natural disaster events, some Members of Congress responded to Hurricane Sandy by holding a series of hearings to gather information and visiting the affected region to assess the damage and to confer with state and local officials. On January 29, 2013, Congress passed the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-2), a $50.5 billion package of disaster assistance largely focused on responding to Hurricane Sandy. The Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013, provided supplemental funding to over 66 different accounts and programs, including $16.0 billion for the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program, $11.5 billion for the Disaster Relief Fund, $10.9 billion for the Public Transportation Emergency Relief Program, and $5.4 billion total for disaster-related activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (pre-sequester). In addition, the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 (SRIA), passed as Division B of P.L. 113-2, reformed key provisions of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act, P.L. 93-288 as amended). The supplemental appropriation was also preceded by Congress providing an additional $9.7 billion in borrowing authority for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in P.L. 113-1 on January 6, 2013."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2014-02-10
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FEMA DRF Major Disaster Assistance: Wisconsin [January 28, 2015]
"The Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and is the primary source of funding used to provide assistance following a major disaster declaration. The authority to declare a major disaster is provided to the President under the Robert T. Stafford Emergency Relief and Disaster Assistance Act (P.L. [Public Law] 93-288). The information below includes only the funding provided as a result of a major disaster declaration, not other assistance funded through the DRF. Additionally, this information does not include other federal sources of disaster assistance, such as Small Business Administration disaster loans. FEMA administers disaster relief through regional offices around the country. Wisconsin is part of Region V, headquartered in Chicago, IL."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarthy, Francis X.; Lindsay, Bruce R.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2015-01-28
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Federal Flood Risk Management Standard (FFRMS) [May 25, 2016]
Taken from the CRS (Congressional Research Service) Insight, the following provides an introduction to the subject matter. "The Federal Flood Risk Management Standard (FFRMS) is the principal mechanism for accomplishing the flood risk management policies established by President Obama in Executive Order (E.O.) 13690. E.O. 13690 aims to improve the resilience of communities and federal assets against the impacts of flooding. The FFRMS is a flood resilience standard that is required for 'federally funded projects.' The October 2015 FFRMS defines federally funded projects as 'actions where Federal funds are used for new construction, substantial improvement, or to address substantial damage to a structure or facility.' A structure is defined as a walled or roofed building; a facility is a man-made or man-placed item other than a structure."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Brown, Jared T.; McCarthy, Francis X.
2016-05-25
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Introduction to FEMA's National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) [August 16, 2016]
"The NFIP was established by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA, 42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.), and was most recently reauthorized by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (Title II of P.L. 112-141). The general purpose of the NFIP is both to offer primary flood insurance to properties with significant flood risk, and to reduce flood risk through the adoption of floodplain management standards. Generally, communities volunteer to participate in the NFIP in order to have access to flood insurance, and in return are required to adopt minimum standards. FEMA manages a process, called Risk MAP, which conducts Flood Insurance Studies (FISs) to produce Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs). Depicted on FIRMs are Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs), which is the area exposed to a 1 in 100 or greater risk of annual flooding. FIRMs vary in age across the country, and are updated on a prioritized basis with no definitive timetable. The Risk MAP process provides extensive outreach and appeal opportunities for communities. Updating a community's FIRMs can take as long as three to five years or more. Participating communities must adopt a flood map and enact minimum floodplain standards to regulate development in the SFHA. FEMA encourages communities to enhance their floodplain standards by offering reduced premium rates through the Community Rating System (CRS). FEMA also manages a Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) grant program using NFIP revenues to further reduce comprehensive flood risk."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.
2016-08-16
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Private Flood Insurance in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) [April 25, 2016]
"The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) The NFIP was first authorized by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.), and was most recently reauthorized by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (BW-12, Title II of P.L. 112-141). In statute, Congress has found that: (1) many factors have made it uneconomic for the private insurance industry alone to make flood insurance available to those in need of such protection on reasonable terms and conditions; but (2) a program of flood insurance with large-scale participation of the Federal Government and carried out to the maximum extent practicable by the private insurance industry is feasible and can be initiated. (42 U.S.C. §4001(b))"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Webel, Baird
2016-04-25
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Summary Report: Congressional Action on the FY2013 Disaster Supplemental [February 20, 2013]
"On January 29, 2013, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013, a $50.7 billion package of disaster assistance largely focused on responding to Hurricane Sandy, was enacted as P.L. 113-2. In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy impacted a wide swath of the East Coast of the United States, resulting in more than 120 deaths and major disaster declarations for 12 states plus the District of Columbia. The Administration submitted a request to Congress on December 7, 2012, for $60.4 billion in supplemental funding and legislative provisions to address both the immediate losses and damages from Hurricane Sandy, as well as to mitigate the damage from future disasters in the impacted region. On January 15, 2013, the House of Representatives [H.R.] passed H.R. 152, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013. This bill included $50.7 billion in disaster assistance. This was the third piece of disaster legislation considered by the House in the 113th Congress. H.R. 41, which passed the House and Senate on January 4, 2013 and was signed into law two days later as P.L. [Public Law] 113-1, provided $9.7 billion in additional borrowing authority for the National Flood Insurance Program. On January 14, the House passed H.R. 219, legislation making changes to disaster assistance programs. The rule for consideration of H.R. 152 combined the text of H.R. 219 with H.R. 152 upon its engrossment, to send them to the Senate as a single package. […] This summary report analyzes the Administration's request, the initial Senate position from the 112th Congress, and H.R. 152, the legislative package developed in the House that was ultimately enacted as P.L. 113-2."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; Brown, Jared T.
2013-02-20
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FEMA's Public Assistance Grant Program: Background and Considerations for Congress [April 16, 2015]
"The Public Assistance Grant Program (PA Program) is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and combines the authorities of multiple sections of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 93-288, as amended, the Stafford Act). The PA Program is only available for states and communities that have received a major or emergency disaster declaration through the Stafford Act (and in a more limited fashion, Fire Management Assistance Grants)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Jared T.; Richardson, Daniel J.
2015-04-16
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FEMA DRF Major Disaster Assistance: California [January 28, 2015]
"The Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and is the primary source of funding used to provide assistance following a major disaster declaration. The authority to declare a major disaster is provided to the President under the Robert T. Stafford Emergency Relief and Disaster Assistance Act (P.L. [Public Law] 93-288). The information below includes only the funding provided as a result of a major disaster declaration, not other assistance funded through the DRF. Additionally, this information does not include other federal sources of disaster assistance, such as Small Business Administration disaster loans. FEMA administers disaster relief through regional offices around the country. California is part of Region IX, headquartered in Oakland, CA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarthy, Francis X.; Lindsay, Bruce R.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2015-01-28
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FEMA DRF Major Disaster Assistance: Delaware [January 28, 2015]
"The Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and is the primary source of funding used to provide assistance following a major disaster declaration. The authority to declare a major disaster is provided to the President under the Robert T. Stafford Emergency Relief and Disaster Assistance Act (P.L. [Public Law] 93-288). The information below includes only the funding provided as a result of a major disaster declaration, not other assistance funded through the DRF. Additionally, this information does not include other federal sources of disaster assistance, such as Small Business Administration disaster loans. FEMA administers disaster relief through regional offices around the country. Delaware is part of Region III, headquartered in Philadelphia, PA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Richardson, Daniel J.; King, Rawle O.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2015-01-28
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FEMA DRF Major Disaster Assistance: District of Columbia [January 28, 2015]
"The Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and is the primary source of funding used to provide assistance following a major disaster declaration. The authority to declare a major disaster is provided to the President under the Robert T. Stafford Emergency Relief and Disaster Assistance Act (P.L. [Public Law] 93-288). The information below includes only the funding provided as a result of a major disaster declaration, not other assistance funded through the DRF. Additionally, this information does not include other federal sources of disaster assistance, such as Small Business Administration disaster loans. FEMA administers disaster relief through regional offices around the country. The District of Columbia is part of Region III, headquartered in Philadelphia, PA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarthy, Francis X.; Lindsay, Bruce R.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2015-01-28
