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Heat Exposure and Cardiovascular Health: A Summary for Health Departments
From the Executive Summary: "Extreme heat events (EHEs) are a leading cause of weather-related injury and death in the United States, and under a changing climate, these meteorological episodes are predicted to increase in both frequency and intensity. Prolonged heat exposure from EHEs places an increased strain on the heart and may lead to heat-related illness if the cardiovascular system fails to properly thermoregulate internal body temperature. Every individual is susceptible to heat-related illness, however, those with reduced cardiovascular function and pre-existing cardiovascular diseases are at a greater risk for morbidity and mortality during EHEs. This document gives an overview of our current understanding of heat exposure and its impact on cardiovascular health outcomes, an overview of the medications that may exacerbate heat-related cardiovascular illness, and a summary of the interaction between extreme heat and air pollutants, and their collective impact on cardiovascular health. Additionally, this document summarizes epidemiologic evidence and identifies gaps in the extant peer-reviewed literature on the effectiveness of strategies and interventions to protect against heat-related cardiovascular disease and death. This information is intended to aid health departments and other health professionals in understanding and responding to the impacts of heat exposure on cardiovascular health."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Schramm, Paul J.; Vaidyanathan, Ambarish; Halaharvi, Harikrishna
2020-07
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Evidence on the Use of Indoor Air Filtration as an Intervention for Wildfire Smoke Pollutant Exposure: A Summary for Health Departments
From the Executive Summary: "Over the last few decades, the United States has experienced an increase in frequency of intense wildfires. Climate change has likely impacted these events through increased summer and spring temperatures, drier vegetation, decreased precipitation in some areas, and an increased probability of lightning storms. Wildfires have caused billions of dollars in property damage and contributed to an estimated 339,000 premature deaths per year globally. Wildfires are also associated with negative health outcomes. The smoke from wildfires contains gaseous pollutants and particulate matter which are associated with multiple respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses. There is evidence that certain populations are more vulnerable to the wildfire smoke exposure than others, including older adults and infants, pregnant women, people with preexisting medical conditions, and people of lower socio-economic status. Interventions that effectively decrease wildfire smoke exposures can protect these vulnerable populations as well as the health of the general public. This technical document summarizes the available peer-reviewed literature about the effectiveness of air filtration as an intervention to decrease exposure to wildfire smoke and protect health when sheltering indoors. It describes the different types of air filtering technology and metrics for measuring air quality and summarizes the literature on their effectiveness in protecting against the harmful air pollutants in wildfire smoke. Relevant federal and state resources for local health professionals are listed. This review illustrates that proper air filtration is an effective method of reducing certain wildfire smoke pollutants indoors and potentially limiting the risk of negative health impacts associated with exposure to wildfire smoke."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Center for Environmental Health (U.S.)
Joseph, Gregory; Schramm, Paul J.; Vaidyanathan, Ambarish . . .
2020-07
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Heat Response Plans: Summary of Evidence and Strategies for Collaboration and Implementation
From the Executive Summary: "Extreme heat is a major public health concern in the United States. Temperatures are increasing across the country, with more frequent and severe heat waves in many regions. This trend is projected to continue. Exposure to heat may increase the risk of illness particularly among sensitive groups such as people who do not have access to air conditioning, older adults, young children, people working outdoors, athletes, the socially isolated, people with existing chronic conditions, and some communities of color. Health departments, their partners, and other government agencies have undertaken a variety of strategies to protect the public from high temperatures. One potential strategy is a heat response plan - a coordinated plan that describes and organizes activities to prevent heat-related morbidity and mortality in a community. Health departments at all levels (state, local, Tribal, and territorial) and their partners can develop and implement a response to protect their community and vulnerable populations. There is evidence that heat response plans can protect health, but mixed evidence on the effectiveness of individual components of a heat response plan and the degree of overall health protection. This document is intended to give a summary of extreme heat, the health burden of heat exposure, the impacts of climate change, and components and effectiveness of heat response plans with a focus on relevant peer-reviewed literature and existing heat response plans. Resources and examples of successful implementation and potential collaborative efforts are included."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Center for Environmental Health (U.S.)
Abbinett, Jessica; Schramm, Paul J.; Widerynski, Stasia . . .
2020-01-31?
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Coastal Flooding, Climate Change, and Your Health: What You Can Do to Prepare
From the Document: "Coastal flooding in the United States is already occurring and the risk of flooding is expected to grow in most coastal regions, in part due to climate change. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed this booklet to identify steps that you can take now to prepare for the health risks associated with coastal flooding--and to help your families, friends, and neighbors, too. This booklet answers some of the key questions about coastal flooding in a changing climate: why these events are on the rise; how it might affect your health; and what you can do before, during, and after a coastal flooding event to stay safe. Scientific information used in this document is derived from peer-reviewed synthesis and assessment products, including those published by the United States Global Change Research Program and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as well as other peer-reviewed sources and federal agency resources."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2017-11
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Use of Cooling Centers to Prevent Heat-Related Illness: Summary of Evidence and Strategies for Implementation
From the Executive Summary: "Extreme heat is a major public health concern in the United States. The trend of increasing frequency and duration of heat events ('heat waves') is expected to continue in the future. Exposure to extreme heat can cause a variety of health problems, including heat stroke and even death. Public health departments, their partners, and other government organizations have undertaken a variety of strategies to protect the public from high temperatures. The use of cooling centers, a cool site, or air-conditioned building designated as a safe location during extreme heat, is a common strategy. This document is intended to give a summary of the effectiveness of cooling centers, with a focus on highly relevant peer-reviewed literature. It also provides an overview of steps for the implementation of cooling centers."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
Widerynski, Stasia; Schramm, Paul J.; Conlon, Kathryn C. . . .
2017-08-17?
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Technical Documentation on Exposure-Response Functions for Climate-Sensitive Health Outcomes
From the Introduction: "Climate change and climate variability influence human health in a variety of ways, and it may be important for the public health sector to consider these threats. Understanding the current and future burden of climate-sensitive diseases may benefit planning and response activities. As part of the Climate-Ready States and Cities Initiative (CRSCI), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) introduced the five-step iterative Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) Framework designed to help the public health sector plan for and adapt to climate-related hazards."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
Kintziger, Kristina W.; Jagger, Meredith; Conlon, Kathryn C. . . .
2017-07-28?
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Climate and Health Intervention Assessment: Evidence on Public Health Interventions to Prevent the Negative Health Effects of Climate Change
"This guide outlines the findings of the Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) Midwest/Southeast Collaborative on the evidence of effectiveness of various interventions for reducing the negative health impacts of climate change. This is not intended to be a comprehensive guide of all potential interventions; rather it outlines the evidence found for certain interventions as part of the Midwest/Southeast Collaborative's review of the literature. The findings in this document highlight a subset of potential interventions for select potential climate-related health impacts. It is intended as a general guide, and health departments are encouraged to seek out additional literature and consult with subject matter experts before implementing interventions."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Center for Environmental Health (U.S.)
Anderson, Henry; Brown, Claudia; Cameron, Lorraine L. . . .
2017
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Projecting Climate-Related Disease Burden: A Guide for Health Departments
From the Executive Summary: "Climate change is expected to adversely affect public health through multiple pathways. Assessing the projected health burden is an important step for public health agencies to prepare for these impacts. This can be done qualitatively or quantitatively, but quantitative projections may provide more useful information about likely impacts. Many health departments are not particularly familiar with scenario-based, quantitative disease projections. To facilitate this process, the Climate and Health Program (CHP) [hyperlink] at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [hyperlink] developed the Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) [hyperlink] framework. As part of BRACE, health agencies are encouraged to produce estimates of the future burden of disease for climate-related health outcomes. These estimates can then be used to rank the health outcomes, prioritize preventive actions, and design health adaptation plans. This guide presents a starting point for health departments interested in developing climate change health impact projections and lays out a general map of the process of establishing exposure-response relationships and developing scenario-based projections. The specifics of the process used to project future disease burden will vary greatly depending on local climate impacts, underlying vulnerabilities, the disease of interest, and other factors. While there is no 'gold standard' for projecting the health impacts of climate change, our goal is to provide a digestible but thorough overview that will orient those interested in projecting climate change disease burden to facilitate public health preparedness for the challenges ahead."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Center for Environmental Health (U.S.). Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
Hess, Jeremy (Jeremy Johnson); Saha, Shubhayu; Schramm, Paul J. . . .
2016-01-01?
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Effectiveness and Implementation of 4-Poster Deer Self-Treatment Devices for Tick-Borne Disease Prevention: A Potential Component of an Integrated Tick Management Program
From the Executive Summary: "In the last decade, the reported incidence of tick-borne disease has increased significantly in the United States. Climate change is projected to alter the geographic and seasonal distribution of existing vectors and risk of vector-borne diseases. Resilient public health preparedness efforts and climate adaptation plans could mitigate the anticipated change in tick-borne disease risk. Health departments and other local jurisdictions have a variety of options available to combat the spread of tick-borne illness. Assessing public health interventions, Step 3 of CDC's [U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) framework, is a necessary step before choosing an intervention strategy. This document seeks to provide guidance on one potential intervention activity, and provides a summary of peer-reviewed and grey literature to determine the effectiveness of the 4-Poster self-treatment bait station device for controlling tick populations among white-tailed deer '(Odocoileus virginianus)' hosts. Procedures for implementation of the 4-Poster device, occupational health and safety guidelines, and other considerations relating to 4-Poster device usage that may impact effectiveness are discussed."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Center for Environmental Health (U.S.). Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
Wong, Teresa J.; Schramm, Paul J.; Foster, Erik . . .
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Projecting Climate-Related Disease Burden: A Case Study on Methods for Projecting Respiratory Health Impacts
From the Background: "This document is a follow up to the 'Projecting Climate-Related Disease Burden' technical report that was developed by the Climate and Health Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Using case studies (completed and in development) from Climate Ready States and Cities Initiative (CRSCI) grantees utilizing the Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) framework, these guidance documents are examples of specific methodology health departments can utilize to project climate-related disease burden."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
Hsu, Wan-Hsiang; Hwang, Syni-An; Saha, Shubhayu . . .
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Evidence on the Use of Integrated Mosquito Management to Reduce the Risk of West Nile Outbreak After a Flooding Event: A Potential Component of a Post-Disaster Integrated Mosquito Management Program
From the Executive Summary: "Climate change is one factor that has contributed to the changing landscape of vector-borne diseases. Shifts in weather and climate can impact the distribution and seasonality of disease vectors. This is particularly true for diseases caused by pathogens that are vectored by mosquitoes, which respond to changing temperature, weather, and precipitation patterns in ways that are complex and difficult to predict. While there are hundreds of species of mosquitoes, 'Culex' and 'Aedes' are two that include species with public health importance because they are known to carry many types of pathogens, including Zika, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese Encephalitis and St. Louis Encephalitis viruses. Local and state health departments have worked to prepare for and address mosquito-borne diseases; however, this is not often done in the context of a changing climate. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) framework is a 5 part process that enables health departments to develop strategies in combating the effects of climate change in their area. In this paper, BRACE steps 1-3 are applied to West Nile Virus (WNV) and its vectors, 'Culex' spp mosquitoes. The impact of climate change on mosquito abundance and WNV risk are assessed, and the effectiveness of current public health interventions are investigated. There have been multiple reviews of mosquito control interventions, which have driven more sustainable and effective control of disease carrying vectors. This paper addresses the utility of such interventions in the context of an extreme flooding event, and how their effectiveness may change when implemented in these conditions."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Center for Environmental Health (U.S.)
Jackson, Christine; Conlon, Kathryn C.; Schramm, Paul J.
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Climate Models and the Use of Climate Projections: A Brief Overview for Health Departments
From the Introduction: "When assessing and preparing for the human health effects of climate change, public health practitioners will likely need to access climatological information. Projected climate data, such as future temperature and precipitation, can be used to assess vulnerability and project disease burden. However, state and local health departments often do not have the capacity to utilize climate data or climate projections. This document provides a definition for climate outlooks and climate models and describes particular outlooks and models that may be useful in anticipating the human health effects of climate change. It also includes a topic overview and some suggested initial methods for state and local health departments. This guidance is in accordance with Step 1 of CDC's [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's] Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) framework."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
Schramm, Paul J.; Uejio, Christopher K.; Hess, Jeremy J. . . .
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Assessing Health Vulnerability to Climate Change: A Guide for Health Departments
"The changing climate is linked to increases in a wide range of non-communicable and infectious diseases. There are complex ways in which climatic factors (like temperature, humidity, precipitation, extreme weather events, and sea-level rise) can directly or indirectly affect the prevalence of disease. Identification of communities and places vulnerable to these changes can help health departments assess and prevent associated adverse health impacts. The Climate and Health Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed the Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) framework to help health departments prepare for and respond to climate change. The BRACE framework is a five-step process that helps health departments to understand how climate has and will affect human health, and enables health departments to employ a systematic, evidence-based process to customize their response to local circumstances. The first step of the BRACE framework focuses on anticipating climate impacts and assessing associated health vulnerabilities. This document provides a suggested sequence of steps that health departments can undertake to assess such health vulnerabilities associated with climate change[.]"
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Center for Environmental Health (U.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
Manangan, Arie Ponce; Uejio, Christopher K.; Saha, Shubhayu . . .
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