Advanced search Help
Searching for terms: EXACT: "Arieff, Alexis" in: author
Clear all search criteria
Only 2/3! You are seeing results from the Public Collection, not the complete Full Collection. Sign in to search everything (see eligibility).
-
Algeria [Updated July 28, 2020]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic largely halted a yearlong mass protest movement in early 2020, but questions remain about the future of Algeria's political system. Defining features have included a strong presidency and security apparatus, a state-centric economy with an oligarchic business class, and social welfare programs fueled by oil and natural gas revenues. In early 2019, then-President Abdelaziz Bouteflika was forced to abandon his reelection bid, and then to resign, amid swelling protests and a public withdrawal of support from then-chief of defense staff General Ahmed Gaïd Salah. Senate leader Abdelkader Bensalah became interim head of state pending elections for a new president, consistent with the constitution, although the vote was delayed past constitutional timelines. Gaïd Salah then appeared to consolidate influence at the expense of the powerful and sometimes rival military intelligence service (which Bouteflika had brought under the presidency's control) and of top business and ruling party figures, many of whom were prosecuted on corruption or national security grounds."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2020-07-28
-
Morocco: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated June 23, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Successive U.S. Administrations have viewed Morocco as an important regional partner on security, trade, and development. Historically warm ties expanded after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, when President George W. Bush sought the cooperation of Arab governments in countering terrorism. His Administration designated Morocco a Major Non-NATO Ally in 2004 and concluded a bilateral Free Trade Agreement the same year, which Congress authorized under P.L. 108-302. The United States has continued to build strong relations with the kingdom under President Obama and President Trump, notwithstanding occasional friction over the issue of Western Sahara, a disputed territory that Morocco claims and largely administers. High-level meetings regularly occur, including via a U.S.-Morocco Bilateral Strategic Dialogue (see 'U.S. Relations')."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2020-06-23
-
U.S. Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview [May 20, 2020]
From the Overview: "Congress authorizes, appropriates, and oversees U.S. assistance to sub-Saharan Africa ('Africa'), which received over a quarter of U.S. aid obligated in FY2018. Annual State Department- and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)-administered assistance to Africa increased more than five-fold over the past two decades, primarily due to sizable increases in global health spending and more incremental growth in economic and security assistance. State Department and USAID-administered assistance allocated to African countries from FY2019 appropriations totaled roughly $7.1 billion. This does not include considerable U.S. assistance provided to Africa via global accounts, such as emergency humanitarian aid and certain kinds of development, security, and health aid. The United States channels additional funds to Africa through multilateral bodies, such as the United Nations and World Bank."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Husted, Tomas F.; Arieff, Alexis; Blanchard, Lauren Ploch . . .
2020-05-20
-
Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact in Africa [Updated May 11, 2020]
From the Document: "As Congress considers the global impact of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], some Members may examine the implications for sub-Saharan Africa ('Africa'). Most African health systems struggle with low capacity, trailing world averages in per capita numbers of doctors, hospital beds, ventilators, and oxygen cylinders. Although lessons from past disease outbreaks (e.g., recent Ebola outbreaks) led some countries to quickly ramp up disease surveillance and behavior change campaigns, overall state capacity tends to be low. Confirmed caseloads in Africa have been relatively low to date, but may be underreported. The pandemic has disrupted efforts to prevent and contain other diseases, including polio, measles, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. [...] African economies have been severely affected. Global prices for key commodity exports (e.g., oil, natural gas, and certain minerals) have cratered. Job-rich sectors such as transportation and tourism are largely suspended, and remittances from African workers abroad have withered. Informal workers have lost meager incomes due to COVID-19 control measures, and prices for basic goods have risen. In April, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected that African economies would contract by 1.6% overall in 2020, the most severe regional recession in decades. The World Bank estimated that 23 million more Africans could fall into extreme poverty due to the pandemic."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Blanchard, Lauren Ploch; Cook, Nicolas . . .
2020-05-11
-
African Elections in 2020 [Updated April 27, 2020]
From the Document: "At the start of the year, 21 African countries were slated to hold presidential and/or parliamentary polls in 2020. Scheduled election dates are listed below. Some may be subject to change due to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic or other factors."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Collins, Sarah R.; Arieff, Alexis; Blanchard, Lauren Ploch . . .
2020-04-27
-
Fostering Behavior Change During Disease Outbreaks: Insights from Ebola Response in Africa [March 27, 2020]
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease] pandemic has prompted governments worldwide to seek to change behaviors on a mass scale to stem new infections. [...] The challenges and successes of analogous efforts during the two largest Ebola outbreaks to date--in West Africa (2014-2016), and in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), starting in 2018 and now seemingly waning--may offer lessons for current efforts to contain COVID-19, even though the two viruses differ in significant ways."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Husted, Tomas F.; Cook, Nicolas
2020-03-27
-
Tunisia: In Brief [Updated March 16, 2020]
From the Summary: "As of March 15, 2020, Tunisia had initiated travel restrictions and other emergency measures in response to the COVID [coronavirus disease]-19 pandemic, having reported at least 20 confirmed domestic cases. Tunisia remains the sole country to have made a durable transition to democracy as a result of the 2011 'Arab Spring.' An elected assembly adopted a new constitution in 2014 and Tunisians have since held two competitive national elections--most recently in late 2019--resulting in peaceful transfers of power. Tunisia has also taken steps toward empowering local-level government, with landmark local elections held in 2018. Yet the economy has suffered due to domestic, regional, and global factors, driving public dissatisfaction with political leaders. High unemployment and inflation, unpopular fiscal austerity measures, and concerns about corruption have spurred protests, labor unrest, and a backlash against mainstream politicians in recent years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2020-03-16
-
Mauritania [March 3, 2020]
From the Document: "Political instability, military rule, and Islamist terrorist threats have been recurrent challenges in Mauritania. Yet the country recently underwent its first electoral transfer of power after a president completed two elected terms in office, and it is the only country in the Sahel region not to have experienced a deadly terrorist attack since 2011. U.S. engagement has expanded since the early 2000s, as regional security threats have grown, and as U.S. officials have come to see Mauritania as an able counterterrorism partner. U.S. firms also have interests in Mauritania's growing offshore natural gas production. Human rights concerns--particularly regarding the enduring practice of hereditary slavery--and military coups in 2005 and 2008 have nonetheless constrained bilateral ties. Mauritania's recent positive security trends--remarkable given the enduring crises in neighboring Mali and in Burkina Faso and Niger--may be attributable to improvements in its counterterrorism capacity, deradicalization programs, and/or a rumored non-aggression pact with regional Al Qaeda-aligned networks (see below). Mauritania may nevertheless remain vulnerable to Islamist insurgent attacks or other forms of violent unrest."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2020-03-03
-
African Elections in 2020 [Updated February 14, 2020]
This report from the Congressional Research Service provides election snapshots for individual nations in Africa in 2020.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Collins, Sarah R.; Arieff, Alexis; Blanchard, Lauren Ploch . . .
2020-02-14
-
Conflict in Mali [Updated January 17, 2020]
From the Document: "Mali has faced severe security and governance challenges since a northern separatist rebellion, an Islamist insurgency, and a military coup shook the country from 2011 to 2013. Security conditions have worsened despite a 2015 peace deal between the government and northern rebels, as an Islamist insurgency has expanded from the north into central Mali, leveraging and fomenting local tensions and resentment toward state actors. Ethnic militias--some of which appear to enjoy state backing or tacit support--have carried out large massacres, contributing to worsening insecurity. Bamako (Figure 1) has also been a target of terrorist attacks, with some targeting Western nationals. Rebel, terrorist, communal defense, and criminal networks are fluid and shifting, complicating conflict resolution."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2020-01-17
-
Algeria [Updated December 19, 2019]
From the Document: "Large peaceful protests forced Algeria's long-standing president to resign in early 2019 and continue to prompt questions about the country's political stability and future. Abdelmadjid Tebboune was declared the winner of presidential elections held on December 12, with historically low turnout of 40%. A previous cabinet minister and prime minister (for a short time in 2017), Tebboune ran as an independent and is seen by some observers as close to military leaders; Algeria's two largest political parties endorsed a rival candidate. Protesters have continued to take to the streets, decrying the election process as illegitimate, Tebboune as representing political continuity, and military leaders for steering the transition process in recent months. Dozens of protesters have been arrested since mid-2019 on various, often vague charges. Police and protesters clashed violently on election day."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-12-19
-
Statement of Alexis Arieff, Specialist in African Affairs, Before Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, U.S. House of Representatives, Hearing on 'U.S. Counterterrorism Priorities and Challenges in Africa', December 16, 2019
From the Introduction: "Islamist armed groups have proliferated and expanded their geographic presence in sub-Saharan Africa ('Africa,' unless noted) over the past decade. These groups employ terrorist tactics, and several have pledged allegiance to Al Qaeda or the Islamic State (IS, aka ISIS or ISIL) and operate across borders. Most, however, also operate as local insurgent movements that seek to attack and undermine state presence and control. Conflicts involving these groups have caused the displacement of millions of people in Africa and deepened existing development and security challenges. Local civilians and security forces have endured the overwhelming brunt of fatalities, as well as the devastating humanitarian impacts. Somalia, the Lake Chad Basin, and West Africa's Sahel region have been most affected (Figure 1). The Islamic State also has claimed attacks as far afield as eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and northern Mozambique over the past year."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-12-16
-
Tunisia: In Brief [Updated November 1, 2019]
From the Document: "Tunisia remains the sole country to have made a durable transition to democracy as a result of the 2011 'Arab Spring.' Tunisians adopted a new constitution in 2014 and have since held two competitive national elections resulting in peaceful transfers of power. At the same time, living standards have worsened for many Tunisians, increasing pressure on political leaders. High unemployment and inflation, unpopular fiscal austerity measures, and concerns about corruption have spurred protests, labor unrest, and a backlash against political elites in recent years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-11-01
-
Burkina Faso [Updated October 23, 2019]
From the Document: "Burkina Faso has become a stark symbol of worsening security trends in West Africa's Sahel region, due to an armed conflict that began in 2016. Islamist insurgents-- some of whom have ties to the conflict in neighboring Mali, and to Al Qaeda and the Islamic State--have asserted control over parts of the country and carried out several large attacks in the capital. State security forces and tacitly state-backed militia groups have been accused of severe human rights abuses during counterterrorism operations, including torture and extrajudicial killings."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-10-23
-
Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak: Democratic Republic of Congo [September 27, 2019]
From the Document: "The Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) that began in August 2018 has eluded international containment efforts and posed significant challenges to local and international policymakers. The current outbreak is the 10th and largest on record in DRC, and the world's second largest ever (after the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak). On July 17, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current DRC outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and called for increased donor funding. To date, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has announced nearly $158 million to support the response to the outbreak in DRC and neighboring countries, most of which has been funded through USAID-administered International Disaster Assistance (IDA) funds appropriated by Congress in FY2015."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji; Arieff, Alexis
2019-09-27
-
U.N. Peacekeeping Operations in Africa [September 23, 2019]
From the Document: "Many Members of Congress have demonstrated an interest in the mandates, effectiveness, and funding status of United Nations (U.N.) peacekeeping operations in Africa as an integral component of U.S. policy toward Africa and a key tool for fostering greater stability and security on the continent. [...] The United States, as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council, plays a key role in establishing, renewing, and funding U.N. peacekeeping operations, including those in Africa. For 2019, the U.N. General Assembly assessed the U.S. share of U.N. peacekeeping operation budgets at 27.89%; since the mid-1990s Congress has capped the U.S. payment at 25% due to concerns that the current assessment is too high. [...] This report focuses on U.N. peacekeeping missions in Africa; it does not address broader policy issues related to U.N. peacekeeping, the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), or the U.N. Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa; Arieff, Alexis; Blanchard, Lauren Ploch
2019-09-23
-
The Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) [September 3, 2019]
From the Document: "The Republic of Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville (after its capital), is an oil-rich former French colony in central Africa. It has extensive natural resources, but poor governance and civil conflict have long hindered poverty alleviation and development. Heavily reliant on oil exports, the country is struggling to emerge from an economic crisis precipitated by the collapse of global oil prices in 2014. The price shock sent Congo into a deep recession in 2016-2017; it remains in severe debt distress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Husted, Tomas F.; Arieff, Alexis
2019-09-03
-
Conflict in Mali [Updated August 16, 2019]
From the Document: "Mali faces intertwined security and governance challenges. The government signed a peace accord with northern separatist rebels in 2015, but key provisions remain unimplemented. Signatory armed groups continue to assert territorial control in much of the vast desert north. At the same time, Islamist insurgent groups have expanded from the north into previously stable central Mali, leveraging (and fomenting) interethnic violence and local resentment toward state actors to recruit supporters. Islamist extremists have also carried out attacks in and near the capital, Bamako. In the center and northeast, civilian massacres by ethnic militias--some of which appear to have the tacit backing of state actors--have contributed to worsening insecurity. Rebel, terrorist, communal, and criminal armed networks are fluid and shifting, complicating conflict resolution. Some Malians have proposed peace talks with jihadist groups, but the idea remains controversial."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-08-16
-
Algeria: In Focus [Updated August 12, 2019]
From the Document: "Large peaceful protests in Algeria have upended the established political order since early 2019 and ushered in a new era of uncertainty. The protests first erupted in February in response to then-President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's decision to seek a fifth term despite his evident ill health and advanced age (81 at the time). Bouteflika withdrew his reelection bid in March, then stepped down on April 2 after military chief of staff General Ahmed Gaïd Salah--a onetime ally--called for his impeachment. Elections were originally scheduled for April 2019. Following Bouteflika's resignation, Algeria's parliament recognized Senate leader Abdelkader Bensalah as interim president, with elections to be held within 90 days, in line with constitutional succession provisions. In June, however, Algeria's Constitutional Council canceled elections planned for July 4 after disqualifying the only two candidates who had registered. Protesters have continued to take to the streets to demand more comprehensive political changes, albeit with few signs of consensus over process or outcome."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-08-12
-
Ebola Outbreak: Democratic Republic of Congo [Updated July 25, 2019]
From the Document: "Through annual appropriations, Congress provides funds to control infectious disease threats like Ebola. In FY2019, Congress provided $100 million to the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and $108.2 million to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to global health security and pandemic preparedness. The Trump Administration's FY2020 budget request included $90 million and $100 million for USAID and CDC global health security programs, respectively. Congress also provided over $5 billion in emergency funds in FY2015 for domestic and global efforts to contain the West Africa Ebola outbreak (P.L. 113-235). Some unspent funds are being used to fight the Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji
2019-07-25
-
Coup-Related Restrictions in U.S. Foreign Aid Appropriations [Updated July 23, 2019]
From the Document: "Events in 2019 in Sudan and Venezuela have focused renewed attention on a provision that has appeared in annual State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations legislation since 1986 that restricts U.S. foreign assistance following a coup d'état. The provision intends to discourage and express U.S. disapproval of militaries seizing control of governments."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Lawson, Marian Leonardo; Chesser, Susan G.
2019-07-23
-
Coup-Related Restrictions in U.S. Foreign Aid Appropriations [July 12, 2019]
From the Document: "Events in 2019 in Sudan and Venezuela have focused renewed attention on a provision that has appeared in annual State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations legislation since 1986 that restricts U.S. foreign assistance following a coup d'état. The provision intends to discourage and express U.S. disapproval of militaries seizing control of governments."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Lawson, Marian Leonardo; Chesser, Susan G.
2019-07-12
-
The Gambia [Updated June 10, 2019]
From the Document: "The Gambia ('Gambia') is a small West African country almost entirely surrounded by Senegal. It underwent a historic transition of power after longtime authoritarian leader Yahya Jammeh unexpectedly lost an election in December 2016. A brief political crisis over Jammeh's refusal to step down was resolved when a regional military intervention forced Jammeh into exile, enabling President-elect Adama Barrow to take office. Barrow's inauguration in early 2017 furthered a trend in which West African heads of state are increasingly chosen through elections. A political newcomer who once worked as a security guard in London, President Barrow has overseen a broad increase in political freedom and improved relations with the international community. Analysts warn that Gambia's progress remains fragile, however. Efforts to advance governance reforms and prosecute abuses committed under the former regime have been slow to advance and could stoke tensions, particularly within the security forces."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Husted, Tomas F.; Arieff, Alexis
2019-06-10
-
Rwanda: In Brief [Updated May 14, 2019]
From the Introduction: "The United States and Rwanda have cultivated close ties since the mid-1990s, underpinned by U.S. aid in support of Rwanda's ambitious socioeconomic development initiatives and participation in international peacekeeping. Over the past decade, U.S. officials and some Members of Congress have continued to promote U.S.-Rwanda partnership on shared objectives, while voicing concerns regarding Rwanda's authoritarian political system and its periodic support for rebel groups in neighboring countries. Congress has held multiple hearings examining these and related issues, and has enacted restrictions on aid to Rwanda if it is found to be supporting rebel groups."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-05-14
-
Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated April 30, 2019]
From the Summary: "The United States and other donors have focused substantial resources on stabilizing the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) since the early 2000s, when 'Africa's World War'--a conflict that drew in multiple neighboring countries and reportedly caused millions of deaths-- drew to a close. DRC hosts the world's largest U.N. peacekeeping operation and is a major recipient of donor aid. Conflict has nonetheless persisted in eastern DRC, prolonging instability and an enduring humanitarian crisis in Africa's Great Lakes region. New unrest erupted as elections were repeatedly delayed past 2016, their scheduled date, leaving widely unpopular President Joseph Kabila in office. Security forces brutally cracked down on protests, while new conflicts emerged in previously stable regions, possibly fueled by political interference. An ongoing Ebola outbreak in the east has added to DRC's challenges. In April 2019, the Islamic State organization claimed responsibility for an attack on local soldiers in the Ebola-affected area, an apparent effort to rebrand a local armed group known as the Allied Democratic Forces."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-04-30
-
Algeria: In Focus [Updated April 25, 2019]
From the Document: "President Abdelaziz Bouteflika (82) stepped down on April 2, 2019, in the face of large, peaceful protests, ushering in a new era of political uncertainty in Algeria. The protests first erupted in February in opposition to Bouteflika's candidacy for a fifth term, despite his evident ill health and advanced age, in elections originally slated for April. On March 11, Bouteflika had renounced his reelection bid while delaying elections indefinitely pending constitutional and electoral reforms. Protests continued. Bouteflika ultimately stepped down after the military chief of staff, Gen. Ahmed Gaïd Salah--previously viewed as an ally--publicly called for constitutional impeachment procedures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-04-25
-
Crisis in the Central African Republic [April 5, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress has held hearings, appropriated aid funds, and conducted oversight in response to the situation in the Central African Republic (CAR), which has experienced state collapse and conflict since a rebel movement known as the Seleka seized control of the government in 2013. Despite a post-rebellion political transition culminating in the 2016 inauguration of a new president, Faustin Archange Touadera (a former Prime Minister who ran as an independent), security and humanitarian conditions have deteriorated. The European Union (EU), U.N., Russia, and the United States are providing support to the national military (the FACA), but state security forces remain weak and dogged by a history of abuses and militia infiltration. Competitions over mineral resources, cattle migration routes, and trade have been key drivers of conflict."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Husted, Tomas F.; Arieff, Alexis
2019-04-05
-
Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated April 3, 2019]
From the Document: "The United States and other donors have focused substantial resources on stabilizing the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) since the early 2000s, when 'Africa's World War'--a conflict that drew in multiple neighboring countries and reportedly caused millions of deaths-- drew to a close. DRC hosts the world's largest U.N. peacekeeping operation and is a major recipient of donor aid. Conflict has nonetheless persisted in eastern DRC, prolonging instability and an enduring humanitarian crisis in Africa's Great Lakes region. New unrest erupted as elections were repeatedly delayed past 2016, their scheduled date, leaving widely unpopular President Joseph Kabila in office. Security forces brutally cracked down on protests, while new conflicts emerged in the central Kasai and southeastern Tanganyika regions, possibly fueled by political interference. An Ebola outbreak in the east has added to DRC's challenges."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-04-03
-
Ebola Outbreak: Democratic Republic of Congo [Updated April 2, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress has provided funds to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats, including those with pandemic potential like Ebola. From FY2014 through FY2018, Congress provided annually $72.5 million to the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) for such efforts and increased funding to $100 million in FY2019. From FY2015 to FY2017, Congress appropriated annually $55.1 million to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); in FY2018 and FY2019, it provided $108.2 million; and from FY2008 through FY2020, it authorized an additional $50 million for global health security efforts. The Trump Administration's FY2020 budget request included $90 million and $100 million for USAID and CDC global health security programs, respectively. In FY2015, Congress also provided over $5 billion in emergency funds for domestic and global efforts to contain the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola outbreak (P.L. 113-235). Some unspent funds have been used to contain two Ebola outbreaks in DRC [Democratic Republic of Congo] since 2018."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji
2019-04-02
-
Algeria: In Focus [Updated March 18, 2019]
From the Document: "A sudden surge of large, peaceful protests opposing President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's bid for a fifth five-year term in office is bringing questions about Algeria's presidential succession and political future to the fore. President Bouteflika (82) is in evident ill health and has rarely appeared in public since suffering a stroke in 2013. On March 11, 2019, he announced in a written statement that he was rescinding his candidacy and that elections slated for April would be delayed indefinitely to allow a 'national conference' to draft a new constitution. Protests have since grown as many demonstrators have interpreted the announcement as unresponsive to their concerns and a de facto unilateral extension of Bouteflika's current term."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-03-18
