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Collaborative Core Research Program for Chemical-Biological Warfare Defense
"Classical chemical nerve agents (CNAs) and numerous emerging chemical threats (ECTs) collectively referred to as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) share acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inactivation as a common target for their respective modes of action. To date, there is no known countermeasure with therapeutic efficacy for rescuing enzyme activity against a broad-spectrum of CWAs. Therefore, the major thrust of the work being performed by the Biological Modeling Group (BMG) at AFRL [Air Force Research Laboratory] and its collaborators at the University of Cincinnati's Metabolic Diseases Institute (UC-MDI) and the Battelle Memorial Institute's Biomedical Research Center (BBRC) is focused on developing novel, broad spectrum countermeasures involving small molecule allosteric modulators for AChE activity. The research team hypothesizes that by utilizing allosteric modulation of the enzyme activity, treatment before or shortly after CWA exposure would protect the enzyme from inhibition."
Henry M. Jackson Foundation; Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio)
Gearhart, Jeffery M.; Ruark, Christopher D.; Merrill, Elaine A. . . .
2015-01
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Do the Details Matter? Comparing Performance Forecasts from Two Computational Theories of Fatigue
"We have been developing a computational theory of the effects of fatigue (especially sleep-related fluctuations in alertness) on the human cognitive system, implemented through mechanisms that impact existing components of the ACT-R [Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational] architecture. These mechanisms include the suppression of activation in the declarative knowledge system, as well as brief breakdowns in the central production execution cycle, which we call micro-lapses. Through an iterative series of mechanistic architectural modifications, model implementations, and goodness-of-fit evaluations in task contexts like the Psychomotor Vigilance Test and the Walter Reed Serial Addition/Subtraction Task, the theory has evolved to a state in which we have some confidence in its appropriateness. In other words, we feel increasingly confident that the mechanisms we are using to replicate and explain relevant empirical results are both sufficient and necessary for that purpose. This gives us a measure of confidence that it is reasonable, perhaps even advisable, to use the theory to make novel performance predictions in task contexts beyond those used for originally developing and evaluating the theory. So far, we have promising results from fatigued performance predictions in both the context of dual-tasking and also in the context of simulated driving."
Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.). 711th Human Performance Wing
Gluck, Kevin A.; Gunzelmann, Glenn; Krusmark, Michael A.
2009-12
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Cooperative, Trusted Software Repair for Cyber Physical System Resiliency
"Cyber physical systems (CPS) form a ubiquitous, networked computing substrate, which is increasingly essential to our nation's civilian and military infrastructure. These systems must be highly resilient to adversaries, perform mission critical functions despite known and unknown vulnerabilities, and protect and repair themselves during or after operational failures and cyber-attacks. We believe that an automated CPS repair approach that can prevent failures of related, mission-critical systems is a necessary component to support the resiliency and survivability of our nation's infrastructure. We developed and evaluated techniques to cooperatively repair certain general classes of cyber physical systems, and to increase the confidence of human operators in the trustworthiness of the repairs and the subsequent system behavior. We used embedded systems platforms, including quadrotor autonomous vehicles, to demonstrate and validate our approach."
Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio). Information Directorate
Weimer, Westley; Forrest, Stephanie; Le Goues, Claire . . .
2018-07
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Manufacturing Readiness Levels (MRLs), Manufacturing Readiness Assessments (MRAs) [presentation]
These slides describe the Manufacturing Readiness Levels (MRLs) and Manufacturing Readiness Assessments (MRAs) in the Air Force. These indicators are used to discuss the time and expense related to advanced weapon system development and construction. The presentation says that "diminishing manufacturing infrastructure" is part of the problem.
Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio). Materials and Manufacturing Directorate
Morgan, Jim
2007-09
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Head Mounted Alerting for Urban Operations Via Tactical Information Management System
"The United States military possesses unprecedented tactical alert generation capabilities but could quickly overwhelm a soldier conducting an urban operation with too much information. For this program, the authors investigated the use of a proof of concept Information Management Engine (IME) to allow a soldier to filter the information he receives, via a head mounted presentation system, through an intuitive training process. For the authors' purposes, the pieces of information that are sent to the soldier are referred to as 'alerts' and can be in the form of text, audio (speech), imagery, or streaming video. The objective is to provide a 'peripheral awareness' capability that presents appropriate information via a head mounted see-around video display and an integrated earphone. Toward this end, the authors developed a prototype Tactical Alert Management System (TAMS) that uses the IME to determine if and how an alert should be presented to the user. The authors then developed a set of experiments to assess the military utility of the TAMS concept. Finally, the authors conducted an after action review and reported the results in this document."
United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio)
Gottschlich, Susan; Gray, Robert
2006-03
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Reassessment of Occupational Health Among U.S. Air Force Remotely Piloted Aircraft (Drone) Operators
"The purpose of this study was to reevaluate for changes in behavioral health habits among this critical group of military personnel following an earlier study conducted by the USAF [United States Air Force] School of Aerospace Medicine in 2012. A total of 1161 MQ-1 Predator/MQ-9 Reaper drone operators (pilots, sensor operators, and mission intelligence coordinators) from three USAF major commands within the continental United States completed the web-based survey, resulting in an estimated 40% response rate. Statistical analyses were performed to assess for between-group major command differences to quantitative and qualitative items assessing (a) the amount of sleep obtained before work and the frequency of engaging in structured physical exercise throughout the week; (b) the amount, frequency, and increase regarding consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine (to include the use of traditional and designer energy drinks) and the reasons for increased consumption; (c) medical conditions worsened by current unit assignment and occupational stress; (d) changes in healthcare utilization (such as medical care, mental health, and alternative health provider services) since being assigned to Predator/Reaper drone operations and the reasons for these changes; and finally (e) increases in medication utilization (i.e., prescription and over-the-counter) since being assigned to Predator/Reaper operations and the reasons for such increases. The results of the study provide empirically based data for shaping line and medical leadership force management strategies geared toward optimizing the health and performance of RPA [Remotely Piloted Aircraft] operators."
USAF School of Aerospace Medicine; Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio). Human Effectiveness Directorate
Chappelle, Wayne; Swearingen, Julie; Goodman, Tanya . . .
2017-04
