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Federal Financial Assistance and Civil Rights Requirements [May 18, 2022]

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From the Document: "Congress has authorized federal agencies to distribute federal funding to aid a wide range of industries and entities. [...] The recipients of federal financial assistance are obligated to comply with various laws and regulations, including the requirements of four major civil rights laws[.] [...] As explored in more detail below, these civil rights laws are generally enforced in two ways. First, when an agency distributes financial assistance, it is responsible for ensuring recipients' compliance with the relevant civil rights laws in the funding programs it administers. [...] Second, private litigants harmed by a violation of these laws can sue in federal court to enforce relevant requirements against recipients directly. [...] This report opens with a brief discussion of the Supreme Court's treatment of Title VI, Title IX, Section 504, and the Age Discrimination Act as legislation enacted pursuant to Congress's authority under the Spending Clause before turning to an examination of these statutes' requirements, which apply to recipients of federal financial assistance. The report then notes how federal agencies and federal courts enforce these statutory and regulatory requirements. Given the legal obligations that come with the receipt of federal financial assistance, this report also explores questions regarding which types of federal aid qualify as federal financial assistance for the purposes of these civil rights spending laws, and which entities constitute recipients of such assistance. This report closes with potential legislative considerations, including a discussion of the unique aspects of legislation enacted pursuant to Congress's Spending Clause authority."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Back, Christine J.; Cole, Jared P.

2022-05-18
S. Rept. 117-111: COVID-19 Home Safety Act of 2021, Report to Accompany S. 116, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, May 18, 2022

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From the Document: "The Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, to which was referred the bill (S. 116) to require the Consumer Product Safety Commission to study the effect of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic on injuries and deaths associated with consumer products, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill (as amended) do pass.[...] The purpose of the bill is to require the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to submit to Congress and make publicly available, within 3 months of the bill's enactment and every 3 months thereafter while the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) public health emergency continues, a report on the effect of the COVID-19 public health emergency on injuries and deaths from consumer products. The CPSC must also collaborate with public media outlets to distribute resource information for increasing home safety during the COVID-19 public health emergency, based on the contents of the report."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-18
Bridging the Digital Divide: Broadband Workforce Considerations for the 117th Congress [May 18, 2022]

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From the Document: "As classrooms, workplaces, and social activities migrated online during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the digital divide--the gap between those who have access to broadband (i.e., high-speed internet) and those who do not--highlighted the importance of broadband availability. The Federal Communications Commission's (FCC's) Fourteenth Broadband Deployment Report released in January 2021 estimates that 14.5 million Americans lack access to broadband--which the FCC defines as a connection that provides speeds of at least 25/3 megabits per second (Mbps). Since March 2020, Congress has provided $78 billion to address the digital divide and broadband availability."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Rachfal, Colby Leigh

2022-05-18
Statutory Interpretation: Theories, Tools, and Trends [Updated May 18, 2022]

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From the Introduction: "Understanding the theories that govern how judges read statutes can help Congress legislate more effectively. As a practical matter, judicial opinions interpreting statutes necessarily shape the way in which those statutes are implemented. If Congress knows how courts ascribe meaning to statutory text, it might be able to eliminate some ambiguity regarding its meaning by drafting according to the predominant legal theories. [...] To help provide Congress with a general understanding of how courts interpret statutory language, this report begins by discussing the general goals of statutory interpretation, reviewing a variety of contemporary and historical approaches. The report then describes the two primary theories of interpretation employed today, before examining the main types of tools that courts use to determine statutory meaning. The report concludes by exploring developing issues in statutory interpretation. A separate CRS [Congressional Research Service] report explores in more detail the rules and presumptions that govern the construction of common components of federal legislation, such as legislative findings or severability clauses."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Brannon, Valerie C.

2022-05-18
Women in Congress, 1917-2022: Service Dates and Committee Assignments by Member, and Lists by State and Congress [Updated May 18, 2022]

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From the Summary: "In total 397 women have been elected or appointed to Congress, 259 Democrats and 138 Republicans. These figures include six nonvoting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and American Samoa, and two from the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as one Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico. [...] A record 148 women were initially sworn in for the 117th Congress. Since then, two House Members have resigned, four new House Members have been sworn in, one Senator resigned, and one Senator's appointed term expired. [...] This report includes brief biographical information, committee assignments, dates of service, district information, and listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 397 women who have been elected or appointed to Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975- . . .

2022-05-18
Disaster Resilience: Opportunities to Improve National Preparedness, Statement of Chris P. Currie, Director, Homeland Security and Justice, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery, Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives

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From the Highlights: "Each year, disasters such as hurricanes and wildfires affect hundreds of American communities. The federal government provides billions of dollars to individuals and communities that have suffered damages. According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, extreme weather events are projected to become more frequent and intense in parts of the U.S. as a result of changes in the climate. Investments in disaster resilience can reduce the overall impact of future disasters and costs. This testimony discusses GAO [Government Accountability Office] reports issued from 2015 through 2021 on disaster preparedness and resilience. This includes FEMA [Federal Emergency Management Agency]'s National Preparedness System and associated grants; hazard mitigation grant programs; and GAO's Disaster Resilience Framework for identifying opportunities to enhance resilience. The statement also describes actions taken to address GAO's prior recommendations through March 2022."

United States. Government Accountability Office

Currie, Chris P.

2022-05-17
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2135, Identifying and Eliminating Wasteful Programs Act

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From the Document: "S. 2135 would require the Office of Management and Budget to provide guidance to federal agencies for identifying programs and activities for elimination or consolidation, within the current budget process. The federal government currently reviews different ways to reduce, eliminate, or manage the overlap and duplication within its agencies. Because of that ongoing activity, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] expects that implementing the bill would not significantly increase or reduce federal spending over the 2022-2027 period. Additionally, CBO estimates that the administrative costs to implement the bill would be less than $500,000 over the same period. Any effect on spending would be subject to future appropriation action."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2022-05-17
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3462, SBA Cyber Awareness Act [May 17, 2022]

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From the Document: "H.R. 3462 would require the Small Business Administration (SBA) to report annually to the Congress on the state of its information technology (IT) and cybersecurity systems, the methods it could use to improve cybersecurity, any of its IT equipment or systems that were produced by an entity doing business principally in China, and any recent cybersecurity risks or incidents and subsequent responses. The act also would require the SBA to report all cybersecurity risks or incidents to the Congress as they occur and to notify the affected individuals and small businesses. Under current law, the SBA is required to submit an annual performance report to the Congress that includes information concerning agency cybersecurity efforts. In addition, the Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014 requires federal agencies, including the SBA, to report on the effectiveness of their information security policies and practices each year. Although H.R. 3462 would impose new reporting requirements upon the SBA, the work required to fulfill most of those requirements would not be significant because the SBA already collects most of the information needed in those reports."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2022-05-17
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2429, Administrative False Claims Act of 2021

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From the Bill Summary: "The Program Fraud and Civil Remedies Act (PFCRA) allows federal agencies to use administrative procedures to pursue cases against individuals and entities that are suspected of making false claims and statements against the government that lead to fraud of up to $150,000. Individuals and entities that are found to have violated federal fraud statutes are subject to civil penalties of $5,000 (adjusted yearly for inflation) and up to double the assessed value of the fraud. S. 2429 would amend PFCRA in several ways: by raising the maximum amount of fraud that agencies can pursue under the statute to $1 million (adjusted in future years for inflation), allowing agencies to recover costs from the penalties collected, and reducing the administrative burden for agencies that pursue PFCRA cases."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2022-05-17
H. Rept. 117-333: Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 350) to Authorize Dedicated Domestic Terrorism Offices Within the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Justice, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation to Analyze and Monitor Domestic Terrorist Activity and Require the Federal Government to Take Steps to Prevent Domestic Terrorism; Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 7688) to Protect Consumers from Price-Gouging of Consumer Fuels, and for Other Purposes; and Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 7790) Making Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address the Shortage of Infant Formula in the United States for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2022, and for Other Purposes, Report to Accompany H. Res. 1124, May 17, 2022

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From the Summary of Provisions of the Resolution: "The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 350, the Domestic Terrorism Prevention Act of 2022, under a closed rule. [...] The resolution further provides for consideration of H.R. 7688, the Consumer Fuel Price Gouging Prevention Act, under a structured rule. [...] The resolution further provides for consideration of H.R. 7790, the Infant Formula Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022, under a closed rule."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-17
H. Rept. 117-327: COVID-19 EIDL Fraud Statute of Limitations Act of 2022, Report to Accompany H.R. 7334, May 17, 2022

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From the Document: "The Committee on Small Business, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 7334) to extend the statute of limitations for fraud by borrowers under certain COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] economic injury disaster loan programs of the Small Business Administration, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon without amendment and recommends that the bill do pass. [...] The purpose of H.R. 7334, the 'COVID-19 EIDL Fraud Statute of Limitations Act of 2022', is to establish a statute of limitations of ten years for COVID-19 Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) fraud cases."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-17
H. Rept. 117-334: Whistleblower Protection Improvement Act of 2021, Report Together with Minority vi ews to Accompany H.R. 2988, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, May 17, 2022

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From the Document: "The Committee on Oversight and Reform, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 2988) to amend title 5, United States Code, to modify and enhance protections for Federal Government whistleblowers, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill as amended do pass. [...] The Whistleblower Protection Improvement Act of 2021, H.R. 2988, would create new federal whistleblower protections, including strengthened protections against retaliatory investigations and protections for disclosures to Congress; expand and clarify existing protections, including protections against the disclosure of a whistleblower's identity; establish new procedures to ensure that employees receive timely relief for their retaliation claims; and extend protections to noncareer Senior Executive Service employees, Public Health Service officers or applicants, and the Commissioned Officer Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-17
S. Rept. 117-109: Securing Semiconductor Supply Chains Act of 2021, Report to Accompany S. 3309, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, May 17, 2022

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From the Document: "The Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, to which was referred the bill (S. 3309) to require SelectUSA to coordinate with State-level economic development organizations to increase foreign direct investment in semiconductor-related manufacturing and production, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment (in the nature of a substitute) and recommends that the bill (as amended) do pass. [...] The purpose of S. 3309, the Securing Semiconductor Supply Chains Act of 2021, is to direct the Executive Director of the SelectUSA program of the Department of Commerce (Executive Director) to gather and analyze information for a report to Congress about leveraging foreign direct investment (FDI) to bolster domestic supply chains for semiconductors."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-17
State and Federal Authority to Mandate COVID-19 Vaccination [Updated May 17, 2022]

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From the Summary: "This report provides an overview of state and federal authority to mandate vaccination. The first part of the report provides background on state and local authority to mandate vaccination under the states' general police power. It discusses the Supreme Court's long-standing recognition of state and local authority to mandate vaccination as an exercise of their police power, and modern courts' analyses of more recent challenges to state vaccination mandates based on the First Amendment's Free Exercise Clause. The report then analyzes the Supreme Court's evolving free exercise jurisprudence and the questions it raises regarding whether and when governments must provide for or grant religious exemptions to vaccination requirements. It then looks at how courts have addressed challenges to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccination requirements imposed by states and state entities. The second part of the report provides an overview of federal authority to mandate vaccination. It discusses several sources of existing federal statutory authority that could serve, or have been invoked, as the basis for federal COVID-19 vaccination mandates. [...] This part also reviews the extent of Congress's constitutional authority under the Constitution's Spending and Commerce Clauses to mandate vaccination. The report concludes with a brief discussion of a legal issue specific to COVID-19 vaccination mandates, particularly before FDA's licensure of Comirnaty. Namely, it reviews how courts have addressed some litigants' argument that the Emergency Use Authorization status of COVID-19 vaccines preclude entities from mandating COVID-19 vaccination."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Shen, Wen W.

2022-05-17
Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Program [Updated May 17, 2022]

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From the Background: "Under the initial authorization for the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program (Title I of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, P.L. 103-322, 'the 1994 Crime Act'), grants could be awarded for (1) hiring new police officers or rehiring police officers who have been laid off to engage in community policing, (2) hiring former members of the armed services to serve as career law enforcement officers engaged in community policing, and (3) supporting community policing nonhiring initiatives, such as training law enforcement officers in crime prevention and community policing techniques or developing technologies that support crime prevention strategies. The COPS program was reauthorized by the Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-162). The act changed the COPS program from a multi-grant program to a single-grant program under which DOJ [Department of Justice] can make grants to state, local, and tribal governments, and other public and private entities for a variety of enumerated purposes (see 34 U.S.C. §10381(b)). Congress has continued to appropriate funding for the COPS program even though authorized appropriations for the program expired in FY2009."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

James, Nathan

2022-05-17
Domestic Steel Manufacturing: Overview and Prospects [May 17, 2022]

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From the Introduction: "The condition of the domestic steel industry has been a long-standing concern of Congress because of steel's use in a wide range of consumer and industrial products--including motor vehicles, farm equipment, and appliances in many types of buildings and highway construction--=and because of the economic activity and manufacturing jobs steel mills generate. This report provides an overview of the domestic steel industry and its operating environment. It discusses industry capacity and output, steel prices, steel trade and regulatory measures, and employment and productivity. The report also examines efforts to reduce the industry's greenhouse gas emissions by developing 'green steel.' The report concludes with a discussion of select issues that may be of potential interest to Congress."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Watson, Christopher D.

2022-05-17
Supreme Court's 'Major Questions' Doctrine: Background and Recent Developments [May 17, 2022]

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From the Document: "Congress frequently delegates authority to agencies in general or broad terms to promulgate regulations that advance the goals Congress has identified. In a number of decisions, however, the Supreme Court has declared that if an agency seeks to decide an issue of major national significance, a general delegation of authority may not be enough; instead, the agency's action must be supported by clear statutory authorization. Courts, commentators, and individual Supreme Court Justices have referred to this doctrine as the 'major questions doctrine' (or major rules doctrine), although the Supreme Court has never used that term in a majority opinion. The Supreme Court has recently signaled an increased interest in applying the major questions doctrine as a principle of statutory interpretation in challenges to significant agency actions. This Sidebar provides an overview of the major questions doctrine, discusses cases this term in which the Court has invoked or may invoke the doctrine, and identifies considerations for Congress in crafting legislation against the backdrop of the doctrine."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Bowers, Kate R.; Sheffner, Daniel J.

2022-05-17
Overview of the SEC Climate Risk Disclosure Proposed Rule [May 17, 2022]

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From the Document: "On March 21, 2022, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) voted 3-1 to issue sweeping proposed climate-related disclosure rules for public companies. In issuing the proposed rules, the SEC cited its existing statutory authorities under the federal securities laws--specifically, the Securities Act of 1933 (P.L. [Public Law] 73-22) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (P.L. 73-291). The proposal represents a more prescriptive and detailed approach to climate-related disclosures relative to the existing broad, principles-based climate-related disclosure regime embodied in the SEC's 2010 'Guidance Regarding Disclosure Related to Climate Change.' Among other things, it would require all public companies, as a growing number voluntarily do, to report on their direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and under certain circumstances their upstream and downstream GHG emissions. Public companies would also be required to report on the impacts of climate-related natural events and transitional activities to mitigate such impacts on their consolidated financial statements. [...] If adopted, the disclosure requirements would direct domestic or foreign SEC registrants to include climate-related information in their registration statements, such as Form S-1, and their periodic reports, such as Form 10-K. The proposed disclosures can be divided into four broad types described below: climate-related risks, GHG emissions, targets and goals, and audited financial statement disclosures."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Shorter, Gary W.; Miller, Rena S.

2022-05-17
Thrift Savings Plan: Investment Issues [May 17, 2022]

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From the Document: "The Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) was created under the Federal Employees' Retirement System Act (FERSA; P.L. 99-335; June 6, 1986). TSP is a defined contribution retirement plan for the civilian federal workforce and the uniformed services, similar to the 401(k) plans sponsored by many private-sector employers. TSP provides individual accounts that serve as a source of income in retirement to participants and their beneficiaries. As of March 2022, there were more than 6.5 million total participants in TSP and $817.7 billion in total assets. The Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board (FRTIB) administers TSP. FRTIB is an independent agency that receives no appropriations from Congress. Instead, administrative expenses for FRTIB are paid through TSP loan fees, 1% agency automatic contributions forfeited by certain employees who leave federal service before they have vested, and administrative charges against participant accounts. FRTIB is composed of five board members chosen by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Board also selects an Executive Director who manages daily operations. Under current law, members of the FRTIB and the Executive Director serve as fiduciaries, legally obligated to act 'solely in the interest of the [TSP] participants and beneficiaries … and for the exclusive purpose of providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries' (5 U.S.C. §8477(b)(1)). All TSP investment options are set out under current law (5 U.S.C. §8438). In order to offer these investment options to participants, FRTIB develops specific investment policies--for example, selecting benchmarks for the index fund investment options--that provide for 'prudent investments suitable for accumulating funds for payment of retirement income; and low administrative costs' (5 U.S.C. §8475). Thus, in addition to its fiduciary responsibilities, FRTIB must adhere to their statutory mandates to keep administrative costs low and prudently manage returns for TSP account holders."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-

2022-05-17
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3470, End Human Trafficking in Government Contracts Act of 2022

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From the Document: "Under S. 3470, any federal agency receiving a substantiated claim that a grant or contract recipient is engaging in human trafficking would be required to refer the matter to the agency's suspension and debarment official. Under current law, such a referral is optional. The head of the contracting agency would have the authority to impose various sanctions, including terminating the contract. The bill also would require the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to report on efforts to end human trafficking in government contracting. [...] CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that the cost of meeting the bill's reporting requirements would be less than $500,000 over the 2022-2027 period."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2022-05-16
Caribbean Basin Security Initiative [Updated May 16, 2022]

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From the Document: "The United States developed the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI), a regional U.S. foreign assistance program, in 2009 through a process of dialogue with Caribbean countries. The initiative seeks to reduce illicit trafficking in the region, advance public safety and security, and promote social justice. Because of their geographic location, many Caribbean nations are vulnerable to being used as transit countries for illicit drugs from South America destined for the U.S. and European markets. Strengthened U.S. counter-narcotics cooperation with Mexico and Central America led U.S. policymakers to anticipate a potential increase in narcotics trafficking through the Caribbean. Many Caribbean countries have also suffered high rates of violent crime, including murder, often associated with drug trafficking activities. [...] In 2017, the State Department released a U.S. strategy for engagement in the Caribbean (required by P.L. 114-291, the United States-Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016). Among the priorities for engagement is security, with the objectives of strengthening mutual national security and advancing citizens' safety through programs to dismantle criminal and terrorist organizations, curb the trafficking of illicit goods and people, strengthen the rule of law, and counter vulnerability to terrorist threats--all efforts central to the CBSI. Congress has supported funding for the CBSI. From FY2010 through FY2022, Congress appropriated $831 million for the CBSI, benefiting 13 Caribbean countries-- Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago[.] For FY2021, Congress appropriated not less than $74.8 million for the CBSI in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260, Explanatory Statement, Division K)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Sullivan, Mark P.

2022-05-16
Algorithmic Stablecoins and the TerraUSD Crash [May 16, 2022]

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From the Document: "Stablecoins [hyperlink] are a type of cryptocurrency [hyperlink] that aim to maintain a stable value. There are several classes of stablecoins that each use different methods to try to achieve this, one of which is algorithmic stablecoins. While no precise definition captures all of their features, algorithmic stablecoins [hyperlink] typically use an algorithm or smart contract [hyperlink] to manage the supply of tokens and guide their value to some reference asset (for example a fiat currency, such as the U.S. dollar). Algorithmic stablecoins generally do not attempt to achieve value by holding a reserve of fiat-denominated assets with a value in a 1:1 relationship with the value of the stablecoin. Instead, algorithmic stablecoins use different mechanisms to control the supply or value of the stablecoin, including the minting or burning [hyperlink] of coins, rebasing [hyperlink], and arbitrage."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Tierno, Paul; Scott, Andrew P.; Su, Eva

2022-05-16
Bolivia: An Overview [Updated May 16, 2022]

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From the Document: "After experiencing instability following the ouster of populist President Evo Morales (2005-2019), Bolivia remains politically polarized but has begun to recover economically under President Luis Arce. Arce, Morales' former finance minister, took office in November 2020 after a first-round victory in October 2020 elections in which his Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party maintained a legislative majority. High natural gas prices related to the Ukraine conflict have helped Bolivia's economy recover from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. U.S. relations with Bolivia remain challenging, in part because of Bolivia's 2008 expulsion of the U.S. Ambassador and U.S. law enforcement and development agencies."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Seelke, Clare Ribando

2022-05-16
Taxing Unemployment Insurance (UI) Benefits: Federal- and State-Level Tax Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic [May 16, 2022]

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From the Introduction: "Congress enacted several temporary, now-expired Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits for workers unemployed due to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic and the resulting disruption of the economy and labor market. [...] The COVID-19 UI benefits authorized from March 2020 through September 2021 provided higher levels of income replacement than UI benefits paid during 2019. Benefits often exceeded previous weekly wages. For some individuals, higher UI benefit payments raised concerns about higher-than-anticipated federal income tax liabilities. Some states did not provide federal income tax withholding opportunities for certain types of COVID-19 UI benefits, further contributing to this concern. This report provides information on the federal taxation of UI benefits, including federal income tax withholding requirements related to the now-expired COVID-19 UI benefits. The report also discusses the federal income tax exclusion authorized for UI payments in 2020, which allowed taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income (AGI) of less than $150,000 to exclude up to $10,200 in UI benefits from 2020 taxable income. It also provides information from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) on the amounts of UI benefits that were taxed in 2019 as well as program data on the percentage of all UI benefits that was withheld for the payment of federal income taxes in 2019 through 2021. Finally, the report summarizes state income tax treatment of UI benefits, including whether a state offers to withhold state income taxes from UI benefits, the state's withholding rate, and whether the state matched the temporary federal tax exclusion on up to $10,200 of UI benefits in 2020."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Whittaker, Julie M.; Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-

2022-05-16
Ukraine and International Financial Institutions [May 16, 2022]

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From the Document: "Russia's war against Ukraine has devastated the Ukrainian economy and is having widespread repercussions in Europe and around the world. While the economic impact is largest in Ukraine, neighboring countries are suffering from trade disruptions; higher food, energy, and commodity prices; and an influx of refugees. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) are providing emergency assistance to Ukraine and neighboring countries and are developing short- and medium-term assistance strategies. The United States government is supporting these efforts through U.S. leadership at the IFIs and through additional bilateral contributions. On April 28, the Biden Administration requested new FY2022 funding for IFIs as part of an emergency supplemental budget request for Ukraine, which was incorporated in H.R. 7691, which passed the House on May 10."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Weiss, Martin A.

2022-05-16
Big Tech in Financial Services [May 16, 2022]

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From the Introduction: "The term 'Big Tech', which was coined in 2013 and connotes a specific technology-based business model of considerable scale, consists of Amazon, Apple, Google, Facebook (now Meta Platforms), and sometimes Microsoft (sometimes also called the 'Big Four' or the 'Big Five'; see the 'Who Are and What Is Big Tech?' section for a more thorough description of the term and companies). Big Techs are best known for platform-based businesses that range from e-commerce, social media, and search engines to smartphones and cloud services. Over the past decade, they have also steadily increased their financial services offerings--including providing value storage, credit, and stablecoin wallets--and are recognized as dominant providers in at least one sector: payments. Big Tech has charted various paths to deliver these services, with the same company sometimes employing different models depending on the offering. Big Techs intersect with financial services indirectly, too, in their role as cloud service providers. Combined, three of the Big Techs (Amazon, Microsoft, and Google) represent nearly 70% of the U.S. cloud market. Nearly all financial institutions use cloud services in some capacity, and the total workload performed in the cloud is expected to grow. [...] This report provides a broad overview of the business models that define Big Tech, including a review of the motivations and environment that surround Big Tech's operations in finance, with a focus on retail financial products. It evaluates the various financial services offered by Big Tech and its relevant partnerships. Finally, it discusses the policy issues raised by existing offerings and the implications of potential paths of development."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Tierno, Paul

2022-05-16
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 7335, MST Claims Coordination

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From the Document: "H.R. 7335 would require the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to provide veterans who have applied for disability compensation for conditions related to military sexual trauma with information about the Veterans Crisis Line, mental health counseling, and other services that are available from the department. The bill also would require the Veterans Benefits Administration to automatically notify the Veterans Health Administration when veterans who have filed such claims receive medical exams for evaluating disability claims or have hearings before the Board of Veterans Appeals. That requirement would apply to veterans who are enrolled in the VA health care system. VA currently provides the required information to veterans. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] expects that the department would have to make minor updates to its information systems to provide the automatic intradepartmental notifications. Based on similar information technology efforts, CBO estimates satisfying that requirement would cost $1 million over the 2022-2027 period; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2022-05-13
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2483, Improving Cybersecurity of Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Local Governments Act of 2021

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From the Document: "S. 2483 would require the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to offer cybersecurity training to employees of small businesses. The bill also would require CISA and the Small Business Administration to provide the Congress with recommendations for ways to reduce cyber vulnerabilities in the information networks of small businesses. Using information from CISA, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] anticipates that the agency would need five full-time employees to create and manage the new training program. CBO estimates that costs for staff salaries and website development would total $2 million annually. Accounting for the time needed to hire new employees and develop the training, CBO estimates that implementing the bill would cost $10 million over the 2022-2027 period; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2022-05-13
MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, May 13, 2022

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The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Malignant Mesothelioma Mortality in Women -- United States, 1999-2020"; "Progress Toward Polio Eradication -- Worldwide, January 2020-April 2022"; "'Vital Signs': Changes in Firearm Homicide and Suicide Rates -- United States, 2019-2020"; "Trends in Gabapentin Detection and Involvement in Drug Overdose Deaths -- 23 States and the District of Columbia, 2019-2020"; and "Increase in Drug Overdose Deaths Among Hispanic or Latino Persons -- Nevada, 2019-2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

2022-05-13
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 407, Air America Act of 2022

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From the Document: "S. 407 would establish the service of certain former employees of Air America as creditable toward a federal civil service retirement annuity under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). The bill also would allow surviving spouses or children of those employees to apply for survivor benefits. [...] CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that enacting S. 407 would not increase on-budget deficits by more than $5 billion in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2032."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2022-05-13

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