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Agreed-Upon Procedures: FY 2019 Excise Tax Distributions to the Airport and Airway and Highway Trust Funds
From the Document: "We performed the procedures described in the enclosures to this report on fiscal year 2019 net excise tax distributions to the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF) and the Highway Trust Fund (HTF), with which you agreed. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is responsible for certifying quarterly net excise tax collections to be distributed to the AATF and the HTF. The Department of the Treasury's Office of Tax Analysis (OTA) is responsible for developing reasonable estimates of net excise tax collections to be distributed to the AATF and the HTF. These IRS certifications and OTA estimates are the bases of the net excise tax distributions to the AATF and the HTF. The sufficiency of these procedures is solely the responsibility of the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Transportation. We performed these procedures solely to assist your office in ascertaining whether the net excise tax revenue distributed to the AATF and the HTF for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019, is supported by underlying records. We make no representation regarding the sufficiency of the procedures described in the report either for the purpose for which this report has been requested or for any other purpose"
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-11-07
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Nuclear Weapons Sustainment: Improvements Made to Budget Estimates in Fiscal Year 2019 Joint Report, but Opportunities Remain to Enhance Completeness
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE), through its National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), are undertaking an extensive, multifaceted effort to sustain and modernize U.S. nuclear weapons capabilities. These capabilities include the nuclear weapons stockpile; the research and production infrastructure; delivery systems; and the nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) system. DOD and DOE estimates show that nuclear sustainment and modernization efforts are expected to cost hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-11-07
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Antidumping and Countervailing Duties: Information on Actions by Commerce and CBP to Address Reported Weaknesses in Duty Collection Processes, Briefing for Senate and House Appropriations Homeland Security Subcommittees
From the Document: "The United States assesses antidumping (AD) duties on products imported at unfairly low prices and countervailing (CV) duties on products subsidized by foreign governments to address injury to domestic industries. The U.S. system for determining AD/CV duties involves the setting of an initial estimated duty rate upon the entry of goods into U.S. commerce, followed by the retrospective assessment of a final duty rate. The Department of Commerce (Commerce) sets an initial estimated AD/CV duty rate, based on a calculation of the estimated margin of dumping or the estimated amount of subsidy, and later determines a final duty rate based on the actual amount of dumping or subsidization that occurred. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for collecting the estimated duties owed at the time of entry, which are based on the initial rate. [...] In 2016, we reported that CBP continued to face challenges collecting payment on supplemental AD/CV duty bills, attributable in part to the U.S. government's retrospective assessment of final duties owed and the complex and lengthy process for determining final AD/CV duty rates. According to Commerce, the United States is the only major user of AD/CV duty trade remedies that implements a retrospective system of duty assessment."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-11-07
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This Land is Your Land? Eminent Domain Under the Natural Gas Act and State Sovereign Immunity [October 30, 2019]
From the Document: "In passing the Natural Gas Act of 1938, Congress acknowledged that interstate natural gas pipelines and other natural gas transmission facilities serve the public interest. To facilitate the land acquisition process for pipelines, Congress amended the Natural Gas Act in 1947 to permit natural gas companies to exercise the power of federal eminent domain. But pipeline routes can require more than just privately owned property. In 2018, a pipeline construction company sought to exercise eminent domain over land set aside by the State of New Jersey for agriculture, conservation, and recreation. When New Jersey opposed the eminent domain action, the ensuing court battle set up a clash of two powers: the pipeline company's eminent domain power and New Jersey's power to control state lands and retain its sovereign immunity against the pipeline company. The Third Circuit's opinion in 'PennEast Pipeline Company, LLC v. New Jersey' calls into doubt whether the Natural Gas Act permits natural gas companies to condemn state lands--or whether such a grant of authority would even be constitutional. The issue is poised to reach another court of appeals in the coming months and may find its way to the Supreme Court."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Holmes, Eric N.
2019-11-05
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Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated November 5, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) class aircraft carrier program. The Navy's proposed FY2019 budget requests a total of $2,347 million (i.e., about $2.3 billion) in procurement funding for the CVN-78 program. Congress's decisions on the CVN-78 program could substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2019-11-05
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H. Rept. 116-268: Identifying Outputs of Generative Adversarial Networks Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 4355, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, November 5, 2019
From the Purpose of the Bill: "The purpose of the bill is to provide for research on manipulated or synthesized content and information authenticity, including output of generative adversarial networks, otherwise known as deepfakes and to encourage public-private partnerships to develop standards for detecting and identifying such content."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2019-11-05
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Response Options to Oil Supply Disruptions [November 1, 2019]
From the Overview: "The September 2019 oil infrastructure attacks in Saudi Arabia temporarily disrupted production and processing of approximately 6% of global crude oil supply. This resulted in the largest single-day price increase over the last 10 years, as measured by West Texas Intermediate (WTI, the U.S. domestic oil price benchmark). This effect on U.S. domestic price levels from a temporary disruption in a foreign country illustrates the integrated and global nature of crude oil markets. Interruptions in oil supply could affect the price of crude oil and petroleum products (e.g., gasoline). The volume and rate at which lost supply is restored are key factors that contribute to the duration and magnitude of price effect. Also, assured access to crude oil is associated with energy independence and energy security. There are two primary options to replace lost or interrupted supplies: releasing stockpiles or using spare capacity. These and other options may be of interest to Congress during a crude oil supply disruption."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Greenley, Heather L.
2019-11-01
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Tunisia: In Brief [Updated November 1, 2019]
From the Document: "Tunisia remains the sole country to have made a durable transition to democracy as a result of the 2011 'Arab Spring.' Tunisians adopted a new constitution in 2014 and have since held two competitive national elections resulting in peaceful transfers of power. At the same time, living standards have worsened for many Tunisians, increasing pressure on political leaders. High unemployment and inflation, unpopular fiscal austerity measures, and concerns about corruption have spurred protests, labor unrest, and a backlash against political elites in recent years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-11-01
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2019 California Wildfires: Brief Overview of FEMA Programs and Resources [November 1, 2019]
From the Document: "This Insight provides a brief overview of current Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG) declarations and federal assistance programs that may be available. The National Weather Service (NWS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides fire weather outlooks intended to delineate areas of the continental United States where 'preexisting fuel conditions, combined with forecast weather conditions during the next eight days, will result in a significant threat for the ignitions and/or spread of wildfires.' [...] NWS reports that various portions of California have experienced or are expected to experience weather conditions, including Santa Ana winds, which are conducive to igniting and spreading wildfires as well as making those wildfires difficult to suppress or contain. [...] Section 420 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act; P.L. 93-288, as amended; 42 U.S.C. §§5121 et seq.) authorizes the President to declare a Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG). The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) Regional Administrators have been delegated the authority to authorize an FMAG because of the need to expedite assistance when the threat of a major disaster exists. [...] FMAGs have been authorized in 2019 for multiple wildfires, including the Kincade, Getty, Tick, Easy, Hill, 46, and Hillside Fires."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webster, Elizabeth M.; Lindsay, Bruce R.; Horn, Diane P. . . .
2019-11-01
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Quantum Information Science: Applications, Global Research and Development, and Policy Considerations [Updated November 1, 2019]
From the Document: "This report provides an overview of QIS [Quantum information science] technologies: sensing and metrology, communications, and computing and simulation. It also includes examples of existing and potential future applications; brief summaries of funding and selected R&D [research and development] initiatives in the United States and elsewhere around the world; a description of U.S. congressional activity; and a discussion of related policy considerations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Figliola, Patricia Moloney
2019-11-01
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United Arab Emirates (UAE): Issues for U.S. Policy [Updated November 1, 2019]
From the Summary: "The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been a significant U.S. partner in Gulf security, helping to address multiple regional threats by hosting U.S. military personnel at UAE military facilities and buying sophisticated U.S. military equipment, including missile defenses and combat aircraft. The alliance with the United States is expected to continue after UAE President Shaykh Khalifa bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan, who suffered an incapacitating stroke in January 2014, is succeeded by his younger brother and de-facto UAE leader Shaykh Muhammad bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2019-11-01
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Using the Power of the Purse to Change Policy: SCOTUS Case on ACA Risk Corridors Asks Important Appropriations Law Question [November 1, 2019]
From the Document: "In the world of recent litigation involving the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), most attention has focused on the ongoing litigation in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit surrounding the constitutionality of the individual mandate. However, the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear several cases involving another, perhaps lesser known provision of the ACA concerning 'risk corridors.' While the risk corridors cases--three cases consolidated under the lead case of 'Maine Community Health Options v. United States'--do not raise a question as to the validity of the entire ACA, they do raise important issues regarding the interpretation of appropriations acts, particularly when such acts conflict with authorizing statutes. After providing some background on the statutory provisions at issue, this Sidebar discusses relevant Supreme Court precedent regarding resolution of those conflicts and the broader implications that the risk corridor cases may have."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Liu, Edward C.
2019-11-01
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 835, Rodchenkov Anti-Doping Act of 2019
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House of Representatives on October 22, 2019. From the Document: "H.R. 835 would establish a new federal crime related to the use of prohibited substances to influence the outcome of certain international sports competitions. People who violate the act's provisions could be subject to criminal fines, so the federal government might collect additional fines under the legislation. Criminal fines are recorded as revenues, deposited in the Crime Victims Fund, and later spent without further appropriation. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] expects any additional revenues and associated direct spending would not be significant because relatively few additional cases probably would be affected by the act."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-11-01
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Defense Management: Defense-Wide Working Capital Fund Agencies Apply Most Key Operating Principles but Should Improve Pricing Transparency, Report to the Senate Armed Services Committee
From the GAO [Government Accountability Office] Highlights: "This report evaluates the extent to which DFAS [Defense Finance and Accounting Service], DISA [Defense Information Systems Agency], and DLA [Defense Logistics Agency] (1) have a process for setting rates to recover costs and provide transparent pricing to customers and (2) clearly delineate roles and responsibilities, measure performance, and assess resource requirements and customer needs. GAO reviewed relevant sections of DOD's 'Financial Management Regulation' and agency documentation and interviewed officials from DFAS, DISA, and DLA and the military departments in comparing the agencies' management practices to the key operating principles for effective management of working capital funds."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-11
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Lebanon: Protests and Government Resignation [November 1, 2019]
From the Document: "On October 29, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri announced his resignation, automatically triggering the resignation of his government. The move followed nearly two weeks of nationwide mass protests, described as potentially the largest in Lebanese history. Protestors represent a broad economic, political, and sectarian cross-section of Lebanese society, and have continued to call for a comprehensive change in political leadership even after the resignation of the Hariri government. The protests, and uncertainty over the formation of a new government, represent a significant challenge for Lebanese institutions, particularly against the backdrop of an ongoing financial crisis. Instability in Lebanon could create opportunities for actors of concern to the United States, including Hezbollah and Iran."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humud, Carla E.
2019-11-01
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Foreign STEM Students in the United States [November 1, 2019]
From the Document: "The number of foreign students in the United States pursuing postsecondary degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines has increased steadily in recent years. This increase has drawn attention from lawmakers interested in potential effects on institutions of higher education (IHEs), the U.S. workforce, economic competitiveness, immigration, and national security. The global economy increasingly relies on the skills learned in the STEM disciplines. U.S. IHEs play an important role in training U.S. citizens and foreign nationals in these disciplines. Foreign students are attracted to U.S. IHEs for their quality of education and the prestige that comes with a U.S. degree. American colleges and universities strive to attract top international students to pursue and obtain STEM degrees at the undergraduate and graduate levels in order to remain globally competitive and draw additional tuition revenue, as foreign students typically pay full cost of tuition and do not receive financial aid. This In Focus provides an overview of the trends in foreign student enrollment in STEM programs at U.S. IHEs, as well as the pathways that students may take to remain in the United States legally after graduation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Wilson, Jill H.; Granovskiy, Boris
2019-11-01
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Impact of Commercial Space Launch Activities on Aviation [November 1, 2019]
From the Introduction: "Congress has encouraged the growth of commercial space activities by requiring federal agencies to use private launch services and establishing offices to oversee commercial activity. In 2018, 35 commercially licensed launch and reentry events occurred at U.S. spaceports, a 100% increase from the 2016 level. Some forecasts project a rapid increase in demand for commercial launch services in coming years. The growth in launch activity has been accompanied by a rise in the number of commercial launch providers and locations--spaceports--licensed for launch services. Expanded commercial space activity has brought increasing attention to the use of U.S. airspace. Interest groups representing airlines and general aviation have voiced concerns about more frequent restrictions of airspace to accommodate commercial launch events. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which controls the use of the national airspace, has been challenged to accommodate the needs of commercial space launch operators and their clients while at the same time ensuring the safety of traditional aircraft operations, which it predicts will also grow."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
King, Alyssa K.
2019-11-01
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Introduction to Financial Services: The International Foreign Exchange Market [Updated November 1, 2019]
From the Overview: "The international foreign exchange market is a vast, complex assortment of globally dispersed actors and transactions that comprise millions of transactions daily, valued at trillions of dollars. On a daily basis, the value of global foreign exchange transactions eclipses the total global value of economic output and the value of all traded stocks and bonds. These markets are highly liquid as a result of extensive global communications systems and electronic trading venues that operate on a 24-hour basis. Foreign exchange markets respond rapidly to political and economic events and instantaneously transmit market signals across national borders. Governments are adopting or considering regulations to curtail some aspects of the foreign exchange derivatives market and are examining challenges posed by digital currencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K.
2019-11-01
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Protecting America's Schools: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Targeted School Violence
From the Executive Summary: "Ensuring the safety of children at school is a responsibility that belongs to everyone, including law enforcement, school staff, mental health practitioners, government officials, and members of the general public. To aid in these efforts, the U.S. Secret Service National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) studied 41 incidents of targeted school violence that occurred at K-12 schools in the United States from 2008 to 2017. This report builds on 20 years of NTAC research and guidance in the field of threat assessment by offering an in-depth analysis of the motives, behaviors, and situational factors of the attackers, as well as the tactics, resolutions, and other operationally-relevant details of the attacks. The analysis suggests that many of these tragedies could have been prevented, and supports the importance of schools establishing comprehensive targeted violence prevention programs as recommended by the Secret Service in 'Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model: An Operational Guide for Preventing Targeted School Violence.' This approach is intended to identify students of concern, assess their risk for engaging in violence or other harmful activities, and implement intervention strategies to manage that risk. The threshold for intervention should be low, so that schools can identify students in distress before their behavior escalates to the level of eliciting concerns about safety."
United States. Secret Service. National Threat Assessment Center
2019-11
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Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy in Brief [Updated November 1, 2019]
From the Document: "Afghanistan was elevated as a significant U.S. foreign policy concern in 2001, when the United States, in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led a military campaign against Al Qaeda and the Taliban government that harbored and supported it. In the intervening 18 years, the United States has suffered around 2,400 military fatalities in Afghanistan (including 17 in combat in 2019 to date) and Congress has appropriated approximately $133 billion for reconstruction there. In that time, an elected Afghan government has replaced the Taliban, and most measures of human development have improved, although future prospects of those measures remain mixed. The fundamental objective of U.S. efforts in Afghanistan is 'preventing any further attacks on the United States by terrorists enjoying safe haven or support in Afghanistan.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton
2019-11-01
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 19 Issue 40, October 31, 2019
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "USFA celebrates 45th anniversary"; "London Grenfell Tower High Rise Fire Inquiry, Phase 1 released"; "Apply for FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance grants by January"; "Webinar: Kari's Law and RAY BAUM's Act requirements for 911"; "More liability protections needed for cyberthreat info"; "How to fight back against ransomware"; "Three reasons you should never save payment information online"; and "Cyberthreat Handbook documents who's who of attackers".
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2019-10-31
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Argentina's 2019 Elections [Updated October 31, 2019]
From the Document: "Argentina's Peronist party (officially known as the 'Partido Justicialista') returned to power in October 27, 2019, presidential elections. Alberto Fernández of the center-left Peronist 'Frente de Todos' (Front for All) coalition defeated current President Mauricio Macri of the center-right 'Juntos por el Cambio' (Together for Change) coalition by a vote of 48.1% to 40.4% in a six-candidate race. Argentina's economic crisis-- marked by recession, high inflation, and increasing poverty--appeared to be the most important factor in the race. [...] The election also returns to government former President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who ran on the 'Frente de Todos' ticket as vice president. Some observers believe Cristina Fernández, known for her combative style of leftist populism, could wield significant power as vice president; others emphasize that Alberto Fernández, characterized as moderate and pragmatic, will control government policy. The new team is to be sworn in to a four-year term on December 10, 2019. The Fernández government's most significant challenge likely will be the ongoing economic crisis, including relations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Benoit, Angel Carrasquillo
2019-10-31
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U.S. Foreign-Trade Zone (FTZ) Program [October 31, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress passed the U.S. Foreign-Trade Zone Act (P.L. 73- 397, 19 U.S.C. §§81[a-u]) in 1934, which authorized the creation of the FTZ [Foreign-Trade Zone] Program. The intent of the program was to encourage international trade and increase U.S. exports. FTZs are designated areas of the United States into which zone users may import goods duty-free, subject to certain requirements, for warehousing or production purposes within the zones. Duties are collected when goods leave the zones for consumption in the United States and not when exported. Similar programs exist in many other countries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Wong, Liana
2019-10-31
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Wildfire Statistics [Updated October 31, 2019]
From the Document: "Wildfires are unplanned and unwanted fires, including lightning-caused fires, unauthorized human-caused fires, and escaped prescribed fire projects. States are responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on nonfederal (state, local, and private) lands, except for lands protected by federal agencies under cooperative agreements. The federal government is responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on federal lands. The Forest Service (FS)--within the U.S. Department of Agriculture--carries out wildfire management and response across the 193 million acres of the National Forest System. The Department of the Interior (DOI) manages wildfire response for more than 400 million acres of national parks, wildlife refuges and preserves, other public lands, and Indian reservations. Wildfire statistics help to illustrate past U.S. wildfire activity. Nationwide data compiled by the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) indicate that the number of annual wildfires is variable but has decreased slightly over the last 30 years and that the number of acres burned annually, while also variable, generally has increased (see Figure 1). Every year since 2000, an average of 72,400 wildfires burned an average of 7.0 million acres. This figure is nearly double the average annual acreage burned in the 1990s (3.3 million acres), although a greater number of fires occurred annually in the 1990s (78,600 on average)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoover, Katie; Hanson, Laura A.
2019-10-31
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1874, BRIGHT Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on June 19, 2019. From the Document: "S. 1874 would require the General Services Administration (GSA) to procure lighting systems for use in federal buildings that are the most cost effective and energy efficient when measured over the systems' expected lifetime. (Life cycle costs include all capital and operating expenses associated with a system over its life expectancy of up to 40 years, including fuel costs.) The bill also would require GSA to issue guidance about the efficiency of new lighting products."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-10-31
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2372, Save Our Seas 2.0: Enhanced Global Engagement to Combat Marine Debris Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on September 26, 2019. From the Document: "S. 2372 would require the Department of State, in conjunction with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), to coordinate the federal government's efforts to reduce pollution from solid materials such as plastics in the world's oceans. Such pollutants are called marine debris. Several federal agencies, including the department, USAID, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) encourage foreign countries and international organizations to reduce marine debris and implement waste management, recycling, and public-education programs in those countries."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-10-31
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4782, National Commission on Online Platforms and Homeland Security Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on October 23, 2019. From the Document: "H.R. 4782 would require the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to research how online platforms may be used to facilitate acts of terrorism. On the basis of information from DHS regarding the costs of similar research efforts, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates implementing that provision would cost $4 million. The bill also would establish a national commission to study how entities have used social media and other online platforms to threaten U.S. national security. The commission would be required to provide recommendations on ways to mitigate the effects of online terrorist content and electoral-disinformation campaigns. The commission would terminate after two years. Using information about the costs of similar commissions, CBO estimates that staff salaries, security clearance costs, and other expenses would be $1 million."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-10-31
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2333, Energy Cybersecurity Act of 2019
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on October 23, 2019. From the Document: "S. 2333 would direct the Department of Energy (DOE), in consultation with others, to establish a research, development, and demonstration program to develop advanced cybersecurity applications and technologies for the energy sector. The bill also would direct DOE to establish a cybertesting and mitigation program to identify vulnerabilities in the energy sector, and it directs DOE to establish other operational support and risk assessment programs to secure electric, natural gas, and oil transmission and delivery. The bill would authorize the appropriation of $100 million a year for those purposes."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-10-31
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Executive Order 13897: Improving Federal Contractor Operations by Revoking Executive Order 13495
From Section 1: "Executive Order 13495 of January 30, 2009 (Nondisplacement of Qualified Workers Under Service Contracts), which requires that successor Federal contractors in certain circumstances offer a right of first refusal of employment to employees employed under the predecessor contract, is hereby revoked."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Trump, Donald, 1946-
2019-10-31
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Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) [October 31, 2019] [infographic]
From the Document: "Throughout the U.S., there are geographic areas, populations, and facilities seen as having too few primary care, dental, and mental health providers. As part of efforts to alleviate these shortages the federal government designates professional shortage areas and ties certain program eligibility or awarding preference to these designations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-
2019-10-31
