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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 14, 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Pandemic - United States, June 24-30, 2020"; "Characteristics of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy - Eight States, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2017"; "Top Food Category Contributors to Sodium and Potassium Intake - United States, 2015-2016"; "Serious Adverse Health Events, Including Death, Associated with Ingesting Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Containing Methanol - Arizona and New Mexico, May-June 2020"; "COVID-19-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children - United States, March-July 2020"; "Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Children Aged
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-08-14
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FEMA Implementation of Allocation Order on Exports of Scarce PPE and Notice on Exemptions
From the Document: "FEMA published a Temporary Final Rule (TFR) in the 'Federal Register' on Aug. 10, 2020 that allocated certain health and medical resources for domestic use to ensure needs are met for frontline healthcare workers and the American public during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. This TFR is an extension and modification a TFR published on April 10, 2020 which outlined the implementation of the President's Memorandum, 'Allocating Certain Scarce or Threatened Health and Medical Resources to Domestic Use.' This extension allows the TFR to remain in effect, with certain modifications, through Dec. 31, 2020. Modifications were made to the types of exports of PPE [personal protective equipment] that FEMA will review and may hold for domestic use to reflect changing circumstances. For example, shipments of certain classes of surgical gowns are now covered under the TFR, and may not leave the United States without explicit approval by FEMA."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2020-08-12
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Title IX's Application to Transgender Athletes: Recent Developments [Updated August 12, 2020]
From the Document: "On May 15, 2020, the Department of Education's (ED's) Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued a Letter of Impending Enforcement Action (Enforcement Letter) to the Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference (CIAC) and various public school districts within Connecticut. OCR determined that CIAC's policy of allowing transgender girls (individuals assigned a male sex at birth but identifying as female) to compete on female athletic teams discriminates against women in violation of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 (Title IX). Unless the CIAC and school districts come into compliance (such as through a resolution agreement with the agency), OCR stated that it will either suspend financial assistance to them or refer the matter to the Department of Justice (DOJ) for judicial proceedings."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cole, Jared P.
2020-08-12
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MMWR Early Release, August 11, 2020: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Involving Residents Receiving Dialysis in a Nursing Home -- Maryland, April 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of early release MMWR contains the following article: "Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Involving Residents Receiving Dialysis in a Nursing Home -- Maryland, April 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-08-11
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MMWR Early Release, August 11, 2020: Facility-Wide Testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Nursing Homes -- Seven U.S. Jurisdictions, March-June 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of early release MMWR contains the following article: "Facility-Wide Testing for SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] in Nursing Homes -- Seven U.S. Jurisdictions, March-June 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-08-11
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 7, 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Alcohol Use and Co-Use of Other Substances Among Pregnant Females Aged 12-44 Years -- United States, 2015-2018"; "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Outbreak Among Employees at a Meat Processing Facility -- South Dakota, March-April 2020"; "'Notes from the Field': Characteristics of Meat Processing Facility Workers with Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Infection -- Nebraska, April-May 2020"; "SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Infection Among Attendees of an Overnight Camp -- Georgia, June 2020"; "Characteristics and Outcomes of Contacts of COVID-19 Patients Monitored Using an Automated Symptom Monitoring Tool -- Maine, May-June 2020"; "'Vital Signs': Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Confirmed Acute Flaccid Myelitis, United States, 2018"; "Increase in Antiretroviral Therapy Enrollment Among Persons with HIV Infection During the Lusaka HIV Treatment Surge -- Lusaka Province, Zambia, January 2018-June 2019"; and "'QuickStats': Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Males, Females, and Both Sexes -- United States, 2009-2018." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-08-07
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MMWR Early Release: Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Children Aged <18 Years Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-July 25, 2020, August 7, 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Children Aged
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-08-07
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MMWR Early Release: COVID-19-associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children -- United States, March-July 2020, August 7, 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of early release MMWR contains the following article: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children -United States, March-July 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-08-07
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United Arab Emirates (UAE): Issues for U.S. Policy [Updated August 7, 2020]
From the Summary: "The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven principalities or 'emirates.' Its population is assessed at nearly 10 million, but about 90% of the population are expatriates from within and outside the region who work in its open economy. The UAE is a significant U.S. security partner that hosts about 3,500 U.S. military personnel at UAE military facilities, buys sophisticated U.S. military equipment, including missile defenses and combat aircraft, and supports U.S. policy toward Iran. Most expect this cooperation to continue after UAE President Shaykh Khalifa bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan, who has been incapacitated since January 2014, is succeeded by his younger brother and de-facto UAE leader Shaykh Muhammad bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan. With ample financial resources and a U.S.-armed and advised military, the UAE has been asserting itself in the region, including militarily. In part to counter Iran, the UAE joined Saudi Arabia in a military effort to pressure the Iran-backed Zaidi Shia Houthi rebels in Yemen, a campaign that has produced significant numbers of civilian casualties and criticism of the UAE. That criticism, coupled with UAE concerns that U.S.-Iran tensions could embroil the UAE in war with Iran, might account for an apparent UAE shift toward more engagement with Iran and a decision to remove most of the UAE's ground forces from the Yemen conflict. UAE forces continue to support pro-UAE factions in southern Yemen and, alongside U.S. special operations forces, continue to combat Al Qaeda's affiliate there (Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, AQAP). The UAE's involvement in Yemen, and U.S. sales of weapons the UAE is using there, have been the subject of congressional oversight hearings and some legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2020-08-07
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Fiscal and Monetary Policy Initiatives by Major Economies to Address COVID-19 [August 7, 2020]
From the Overview: "In response to the pandemic-related collapse in global economic growth in the first half of 2020, national governments, central banks, and international organizations adopted unprecedented fiscal, monetary, and other measures to stabilize financial markets and stimulate growth. The policy responses directed at the initial liquidity crisis in the financial sector have also significantly raised government debt levels, pushed unemployment rates to their highest levels in a generation, and reduced global economic growth by an estimated 3.0% to 6.0%. The human costs in terms of lives lost could permanently affect global economic output in addition to the cost of rising poverty levels, lives upended, shuttered businesses, and increased social unrest. Given the evolving nature of the health crisis, the economic crisis may persist longer than most forecasters previously have assumed. [...] The challenge for policymakers is one of implementing targeted policies that address what had been expected to be short-term problems without creating distortions in economies that could outlast the impact of the virus. Many policymakers, however, have been overwhelmed by the quickly changing nature of the health crisis that has turned into a global trade and economic crisis."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-
2020-08-07
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COVID-19: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Enforcement Discretion Policy [Updated August 7, 2020]
From the Document: "On June 29, 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that it would terminate its temporary policy, 'COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Implications for EPA's Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Program,' on August 31, 2020. EPA issued the policy on March 26, 2020, outlining how it would exercise its enforcement discretion if a facility owner or operator cannot comply with certain requirements of federal environmental laws because of impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The policy, retroactive to March 13, 2020, is tailored to circumstances of the pandemic that may affect staffing, physical access for monitoring and sampling, laboratory analysis, and other resources needed to fulfill routine compliance obligations. EPA also issued other related COVID-19 policies and guidance that cover pesticide imports, field work at cleanup sites under Superfund and other federal programs, a nationwide fuel waiver for summer gasoline, and emergency generator operations in Puerto Rico."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Esworthy, Robert; Bearden, David M.
2020-08-07
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Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress [August 7, 2020]
From the Summary: "In December 2016, the Navy released a force-structure goal that calls for achieving and maintaining a fleet of 355 ships of certain types and numbers. The 355-ship goal was made U.S. policy by Section 1025 of the FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2810/P.L. 115- 91 of December 12, 2017). The Trump Administration has identified the achievement of a Navy of 355 or more ships within 10 years as a high priority. The Navy states that it is working as well as it can, within a Navy budget top line that is essentially flat in real (i.e., inflation-adjusted terms), toward achieving that goal while also adequately funding other Navy priorities, such as restoring eroded ship readiness and improving fleet lethality. Navy officials state that while the 355-ship goal is a priority, they want to avoid creating a so-called hollow force, meaning a Navy that has an adequate number of ships but is unable to properly crew, arm, operate, and maintain those ships."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-08-07
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Global Economic Effects of COVID-19 [Updated August 7, 2020]
From the Overview: "The World Health Organization (WHO) first declared COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] a world health emergency in January 2020. Since then, the emergency has evolved into a global public health and economic crisis that has affected the $90 trillion global economy beyond anything experienced in nearly a century. [...] Preliminary data also indicate that U.S. GDP [gross domestic product] fell by 9.5% in the second quarter of 2020 from the previous quarter, but at an annualized rate of 33%, the largest quarterly decline in U.S. GDP recorded over the past 70 years.11 In its May 27 Beige Book analysis, the Federal Reserve (Fed) reported that economic activity had fallen sharply in each of the 12 Federal Reserve districts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-; Weiss, Martin A.; Schwarzenberg, Andres B. . . .
2020-08-07
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Navy Virginia (SSN-774) Class Attack Submarine Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress [August 7, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Navy has been procuring Virginia (SSN-774) class nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) since FY1998. The one Virginia-class boat that the Navy is requesting for procurement in FY2021 would be the 33 rd boat in the class. The Navy's FY2020 budget submission had projected that the Navy would request two Virginia-class boats in FY2021. Virginia-class boats scheduled for procurement in FY2019-FY2023 are being procured under a multiyear procurement (MYP) contract. Most Virginia-class boats procured in FY2019 and subsequent years are to be built with the Virginia Payload Module (VPM), an additional, 84-footlong, mid-body section equipped with four large-diameter, vertical launch tubes for storing and launching additional Tomahawk missiles or other payloads."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-08-07
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Social Security Trust Funds and the Budget [August 7, 2020]
From the Document: "Social Security, a self-financing program, is the federal government's single largest program in terms of the number of people affected (i.e., covered workers and beneficiaries) and its finances (i.e., receipts and expenditures). This In Focus provides an overview of the Social Security trust funds and describes their status within the federal budget."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Huston, Barry F.
2020-08-07
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CARES Act Education Stabilization Fund: Background and Analysis [Updated August 6, 2020]
From the Introduction: "On March 13, 2020, President Trump declared the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak a national emergency, beginning March 1, 2020.1 On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) was signed into law. Included in the act was the Education Stabilization Fund (ESF), which was created 'to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus, domestically or internationally.' [...] This report begins with an overview of the appropriations available for the ESF and the required reservations of funds. It then discusses each of the emergency education relief funds. For the emergency education relief funds for which ED [U.S. Department of Education] has published grant amounts (i.e., GEER [Governor's Emergency Education Relief] Fund, ESSER [Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief] Fund, and HEERF [Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund]), ED's allocations have been included in this report. This is followed by an overview of the other provisions included in the ESF: assistance to non-public schools, continued payments to employees, definitions, and maintenance of effort (MOE) provisions. The last section of the report discusses reporting requirements included in the CARES Act that apply to amounts awarded through the emergency education relief funds."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Skinner, Rebecca; Dortch, Cassandria; Fountain, Joselynn H. . . .
2020-08-06
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Could the President or Congress Enact a Nationwide Mask Mandate? [August 6, 2020]
From the Document: "As Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases continue to rise in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has called on Americans to wear non-medical cloth face masks in public settings and when social distancing measures are difficult to maintain. According to the CDC, the latest available case studies show that face masks--particularly when used universally within a community setting--can slow the spread of COVID-19. In response to the latest case surges, a growing number of states and localities have instituted jurisdiction-wide mandates requiring the use of face masks under specified circumstances.At the same time, mask wearing remains largely voluntary in many states. [...] Amidst these varied approaches, several public officials have begun to call for a federal nationwide mask mandate to stem the tide of COVID-19 cases. This Sidebar provides an overview of the relevant federal authority to issue such a mandate, as well as other legal considerations for Congress. (Federal authority to mandate mask wearing in more limited settings, such as within certain federal properties, is beyond the scope of this piece)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Shen, Wen S.
2020-08-06
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U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 6, 2020]
From the Summary: "In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. U.S.- China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration's more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration's efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP). China's actions in the SCS in recent years--including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China's claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam--have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China's maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China's near-seas region--meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea--could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-08-06
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U.S.-EU Privacy Shield [August 6, 2020]
From the Document: "For decades, data privacy and protection issues have been sticking points in U.S. relations with the European Union (EU), in part because of different data privacy approaches and legal regimes. To bridge differences and enable data transfers, the United States and the EU have concluded data-sharing accords in both the commercial and law enforcement sectors. However, unauthorized disclosures in 2013 of U.S. surveillance programs and the alleged involvement of some U.S. telecommunications and internet companies heightened EU concerns about U.S. government access to EU citizens' personal data, with ramifications for U.S.-EU data transfer arrangements. Resulting trade tensions have impacted U.S. and EU businesses, elevating congressional concerns that the EU approach to data protection creates unfair trade barriers and limits U.S. firms' access to the EU market. EU Court Invalidates Privacy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fefer, Rachel F.; Archick, Kristin
2020-08-06
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 20 Issue 32, August 8, 2020
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "Investigators blow up house to dispose of homemade explosives"; "Succession planning for public safety communications roles"; "Next Generation 911 (NG911) Roadmap Progress Report"; "Webinar: Mass Violence and Terrorism Volunteer Management"; and "Cyber Threats."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2020-08-06
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Social Security: Economic Growth and the Funding Shortfall [August 6, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, commonly known as Social Security, is facing a projected financial shortfall. The program provides monthly benefits to retired or disabled workers and their eligible family members and to the eligible family members of deceased insured workers. Approximately 99% of program revenues are used to pay these monthly benefits, which constitute a substantial portion of income for a large segment of recipients. The OASDI program is financed primarily by payroll taxes on covered earnings up to an annual limit, as well as federal taxes paid by some beneficiaries on a portion of their OASDI benefits. OASDI program revenues that are not needed to pay current benefits are invested in government securities held by the Federal Old-Age Survivors Insurance (OASI) and Federal Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Funds (together, the trust funds), which are managed by a Board of Trustees (the trustees). The interest earned on these assets provides a third stream of revenue to the OASDI program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Huston, Barry F.
2020-08-06
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MMWR Early Release: Serious Adverse Health Events, Including Death, Associated with Ingesting Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Containing Methanol - Arizona and New Mexico, May-June 2020, August 5, 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Serious Adverse Health Events, Including Death, Associated with Ingesting Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Containing Methanol - Arizona and New Mexico, May-June 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-08-05
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U.S. Role in the World: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 5, 2020]
From the Summary: "The U.S. role in the world refers to the overall character, purpose, or direction of U.S. participation in international affairs and the country's overall relationship to the rest of the world. The U.S. role in the world can be viewed as establishing the overall context or framework for U.S. policymakers for developing, implementing, and measuring the success of U.S. policies and actions on specific international issues, and for foreign countries or other observers for interpreting and understanding U.S. actions on the world stage. While descriptions of the traditional U.S. role in the world since the end of World War II vary in their specifics, it can be described in general terms as consisting of four key elements: global leadership; defense and promotion of the liberal international order; defense and promotion of freedom, democracy, and human rights; and prevention of the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald; Moodie, Michael, 1948-
2020-08-05
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Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act (EEOICPA) [August 5, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act (EEOICPA) provides cash benefits and medical coverage to civilians who worked in the development and testing of the nation's nuclear weapons stockpile. Administered by the Department of Labor (DOL), Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP), with assistance from the Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS), Energy (DOE), and Justice (DOJ), EEOICPA provides benefits under two parts of its statute: Part B and Part E. Part B provides a fixed rate of cash benefits and Part E pays variable benefits based on impairment and wage loss, operating similar to a traditional workers' compensation program. Medical coverage is available under both Parts B and E."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Szymendera, Scott
2020-08-05
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Treasury and Federal Reserve Financial Assistance in Title IV of the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) [Updated August 5, 2020]
From the Introduction: "On March 27, 2020, the President signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; H.R. 748) into law as P.L. 116-136. The CARES Act is a wide-ranging act to provide relief to consumers, small businesses, and certain industries amid the economic fallout of COVID-19. [...] Title IV of the CARES Act contains numerous provisions aimed broadly at stabilizing the economy and helping affected households and businesses. It has received considerable attention for containing funding for industry and financial services. Specifically, Section 4003 directs the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) and the Federal Reserve (Fed) to make up to $500 billion available to support various businesses in the aviation sector, as well as the financial system. [...] This report provides an overview of Section 4003 and related provisions and explains the terms and conditions associated with the assistance. The report's Appendix compares these provisions to the 2008 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Scott, Andrew P.; Egar, William T.; Gnanarajah, Raj . . .
2020-08-05
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Debt Collection Market and Selected Policy Issues [August 5, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report first provides an overview of the debt collection market, including consumer experiences during the debt collection process. Then, the report discusses the FDCPA [Fair Debt Collection Practices Act], including the CFPB's [Consumer Financial Protection Bureau] ongoing rulemaking. Lastly, the report discusses selected policy issues pertaining to debt collection: communication frequency; time-barred and obsolete debt; validation issues; medical debt and credit reporting; and federal, state, and local government debt"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cooper, Cheryl R.
2020-08-05
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United Nations Issues: U.S. Funding of U.N. Peacekeeping [Updated August 5, 2020]
From the Document: "The United States is the single largest financial contributor to United Nations (U.N.) peacekeeping activities. Congress authorizes and appropriates U.S. contributions, and it has an ongoing interest in ensuring such funding is used as efficiently and effectively as possible. The United States, as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council, plays a key role in establishing, renewing, and funding U.N. peacekeeping operations. For 2020, the United Nations assessed the U.S. share of U.N. peacekeeping budgets at 27.89%; however, since 1994 Congress has capped the U.S. payment at 25% due to concerns that U.S. assessments are too high. For FY2021, the Trump Administration proposed $1.07 billion for U.N. peacekeeping, a 29% decrease from the enacted FY2020 level of $1.52 billion."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa
2020-08-05
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Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and U.S. Trade Agreements [Updated August 5, 2020]
This document contains a timeline for the U.S. Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and U.S. Trade Agreements.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fergusson, Ian F.; Williams, Brock R.; Hutchinson, Jamie
2020-08-05
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [Updated August 5, 2020]
From the Document: "This report provides the results of recent presidential elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Below are three tables organized by region, that include the date of each country's independence, the name of the most recently elected president or prime minister, and the projected date of the next presidential election. Information in this report was gathered from numerous sources, including the U.S. State Department, Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) World Fact Book, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) Election Guide, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), and other news sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Davis-Castro, Carla Y.; Blum, David A.
2020-08-05
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Hong Kong's Legislative Council (Legco) [Updated August 5, 2020]
From the Document: "The United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 (22 U.S.C. 5701, P.L. 102-383) states, 'Support for democratization is a fundamental principle of United States foreign policy.' The development of Hong Kong's Legislative Council, or Legco, has been a fundamental part of Hong Kong's complex and incomplete process of democratization, and as such has become a key concern of some U.S. policymakers. As currently constituted, some of Legco's members are elected via a democratic process, and others are selected by a restricted mandate (see 'Brief History of Legco' below). Under the 1990 Chinese law establishing the governance system for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), or 'Basic Law,' 'the ultimate aim' is the election of 'all the members of the Legislative Council' (as well as the Chief Executive) by universal suffrage. As a result, Legco plays a critical role in both an assessment of democratization in Hong Kong, as well as progress toward democratization."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Martin, Michael F.
2020-08-05
