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Impeachment Process in the Senate [Updated January 21, 2020]
From the Document: "After the House impeaches a federal officer, the Senate conducts a trial to determine if the individual should be removed from office. The Senate has a set of rules specific to the conduct of an impeachment trial, most of which originated in the early 19th century. The impeachment rules lay out specific steps that the Senate takes to organize for a trial. House managers (Members of the House who present the case against the impeached officer in the Senate) read the articles of impeachment on the Senate floor. The Presiding Officer and Senators take an oath to do impartial justice, and the Senate issues a 'summons' to the accused and requests that a written answer be filed. The House Managers are also invited to respond to the answer of the impeached officer."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rybicki, Elizabeth; Greene, Michael
2020-01-21
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Conflict in Mali [Updated January 17, 2020]
From the Document: "Mali has faced severe security and governance challenges since a northern separatist rebellion, an Islamist insurgency, and a military coup shook the country from 2011 to 2013. Security conditions have worsened despite a 2015 peace deal between the government and northern rebels, as an Islamist insurgency has expanded from the north into central Mali, leveraging and fomenting local tensions and resentment toward state actors. Ethnic militias--some of which appear to enjoy state backing or tacit support--have carried out large massacres, contributing to worsening insecurity. Bamako (Figure 1) has also been a target of terrorist attacks, with some targeting Western nationals. Rebel, terrorist, communal defense, and criminal networks are fluid and shifting, complicating conflict resolution."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2020-01-17
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China's Corporate Social Credit System [Updated January 17, 2020]
From the Document: "China's construction of a nationwide social credit system has been identified as a major concern by both the executive branch and some Members of Congress, because of the broad controls such a system is likely to give the Chinese government over U.S. citizens and companies operating in China. Recent reports of Chinese officials invoking the social credit system to pressure U.S. firms to take positions that align with Beijing's interests raise questions for Congress about how to respond to the potential threat the system may pose to U.S. firms operating in China."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sutherland, Michael D.
2020-01-17
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [Updated January 17, 2020]
From the Document: "This report provides the results of recent presidential elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Below are three tables organized by region, that include the date of each country's independence, the name of the most recently elected president or prime minister, and the projected date of the next presidential election. Information in this report was gathered from numerous sources, including the U.S. State Department, Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) World Fact Book, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) Election Guide, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), and other news sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Davis-Castro, Carla Y.; DeBruyne, Nese F.
2020-01-17
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International Trade and Finance: Overview and Issues for the 116th Congress [Updated January 17, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Constitution grants authority to Congress to lay and collect duties and regulate foreign commerce. Congress exercises this authority in numerous ways, including through oversight of trade policy and consideration of legislation to implement trade agreements and authorize trade programs. Policy issues cover areas such as U.S. trade negotiations, U.S. trade and economic relations with specific regions and countries, international institutions focused on trade, tariff and nontariff barriers, worker dislocation due to trade liberalization, enforcement of trade laws and trade agreement commitments, import and export policies, international investment, economic sanctions, and other trade-related functions of the federal government. Congress also has authority over U.S. financial commitments to international financial institutions and oversight responsibilities for trade- and finance-related agencies of the U.S. government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwarzenberg, Andres B.; Nelson, Rebecca M.; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias . . .
2020-01-17
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Somalia [Updated January 17, 2020]
From the Document: "Somalia has been plagued by instability and humanitarian crisis for decades. Since the collapse of the authoritarian Siad Barre regime in 1991, there have been numerous attempts to reunite Somalia's regions, clans, and sub-clans under a credible central authority capable of exerting territorial control and providing services and security for the Somali people. The formation of a federal government in 2012 was a turning point, but Somalia still faces considerable challenges on the path to stability. Over the past decade, international donors have expanded their engagement and increased their focus on development aid, seeking to build resilience to drought; bolster economic growth, access to government services, and political reconciliation; expand critical infrastructure; and improve governance and the rule of law."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Lauren Ploch
2020-01-17
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U.S. Sanctions on Russia [Updated January 17, 2020]
From the Document: "Sanctions are a central element of U.S. policy to counter and deter malign Russian behavior. The United States has imposed sanctions on Russia mainly in response to Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, to reverse and deter further Russian aggression in Ukraine, and to deter Russian aggression against other countries. The United States also has imposed sanctions on Russia in response to (and to deter) election interference and other malicious cyber-enabled activities, human rights abuses, the use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, and support to Syria and Venezuela. Most Members of Congress support a robust use of sanctions amid concerns about Russia's international behavior and geostrategic intentions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Welt, Cory; Archick, Kristin; Nelson, Rebecca M. . . .
2020-01-17
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Al Shabaab [Updated January 16, 2020]
From the Doucment: "Al Shabaab (aka 'Harakat Al Shabaab Al Mujahidin,' or Mujahidin Youth Movement) is an insurgent and terrorist group that emerged in the mid-2000s amid a vacuum of state authority in Somalia. The group evolved out of a militant wing of the Union of Islamic Courts (UIC), which took control of Somalia's capital, Mogadishu, in 2006. Neighboring Ethiopia, which backed Somalia's nascent transitional government, intervened militarily to oust the UIC. Al Shabaab used historical anti-Ethiopian sentiment among Somalis to attract recruits and support, including among the diaspora in the United States. Al Shabaab held much of south-central Somalia, including Mogadishu, from the late 2000s until the U.N.-authorized African Union (AU) Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) gained momentum against the insurgency in 2011-2012. Despite its territorial losses and the formation of a new federal government in Mogadishu in 2012, Al Shabaab has retained control or influence over large areas of the country."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Lauren Ploch
2020-01-16
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Department of Defense Global Health Engagement [Updated January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "Since the Spanish-American War, the Department of Defense (DOD) has conducted 'global health engagement' (GHE) to prevent certain infectious diseases from threatening U.S. national security or military operations. Early GHE in partner nations and U.S.-controlled territories included site visits by epidemiological survey teams and establishment of DOD research laboratories to conduct research and monitor emerging disease threats. As a result, DOD has played a major role in discovering and developing vaccines for numerous infectious diseases, such as yellow fever, influenza, and most recently, Ebola."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.; Tharakan, Sara M.; Lane, Emily K.
2020-01-16
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Defense Primer: Army Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) [January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "As an operational concept, Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) influence what types of weapon systems and equipment the Army procures, what types and numbers of soldiers are needed, and what type of training is required-- significant legislative concerns for Congress. In this regard, an understanding of MDO could prove beneficial for congressional oversight activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2020-01-16
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Defense Primer: Active Duty Enlisted Retention [Updated January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "The term 'retention' refers to the rate at which military personnel voluntarily choose to stay in the military after their obligated term of service has ended (as determined by their enlistment contract). Imbalances in the retention rate can cause problems within the military personnel system. A common retention concern is that too few people will stay in, thereby creating a shortage of experienced leaders, decreasing military efficiency, and lowering job satisfaction. This was a particular concern from 2004 to 2009, as the stress of major combat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan raised concerns about the willingness of military personnel to continue serving. The opposite concern may also occur at times, particularly during force drawdowns: that too many people will stay in, thereby decreasing promotion opportunities and possibly requiring involuntarily separations to prevent the organization from becoming 'top heavy' with middle- and upper-level leaders or to comply with end-strength limitations. Each of these imbalances can also have a negative impact on recruiting by making the military a less-attractive career option."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2020-01-16
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Defense Primer: Active Duty Enlisted Recruiting [Updated January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "The Constitution provides Congress with broad powers over the Armed Forces, including the power 'To raise and support Armies' and 'To provide and maintain a Navy.' In the exercise of this authority, Congress has historically shown great interest in military recruiting, which is critical to maintaining a fully manned and capable military workforce. Congress exercises a powerful influence on recruiting through its establishment of personnel end-strength levels for the Active Components and Reserve Components. Higher end-strengths generally require a greater number of new recruits, higher rates of retention among current servicemembers, or some combination of the two. Through its oversight powers, Congress monitors the performance of the executive branch in managing the size and quality of the military workforce."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2020-01-16
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Kenya [Updated January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. government considers Kenya a strategic partner and key regional actor in East Africa, and critical to counterterrorism efforts in the region. Kenya is sub-Saharan Africa's third largest economy, a regional finance and transportation hub, and a top tourism destination. Its capital, Nairobi, is home to one of four major United Nations offices worldwide and serves as a base for regional humanitarian efforts. It also hosts the largest U.S. diplomatic mission in Africa. Kenya ranks among the top U.S. foreign aid recipients globally and is one of the largest African recipients of U.S. counterterrorism assistance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Lauren Ploch
2020-01-16
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Possible Use of FY2020 Defense Funds for Border Barrier Construction: Context and Questions [January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "On January 13, 2020, the 'Washington Post' reported that the Trump Administration plans to reallocate $7.2 billion in Department of Defense (DOD) appropriations to construct barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border. Of this amount, $3.7 billion would reportedly come from deferring congressionally approved military construction (MILCON) projects. An additional $3.5 billion would be redirected through DOD's Drug Interdiction and Counter-Drug Activities account (hereafter 'counter-drug transfer account'). If the Administration were to carry out the actions as described by the 'Washington Post,' DOD would be using the same authorities it exercised in FY2019, when it transferred $6.1 billion in defense funds for border barriers. In this case, FY2019 and FY2020 defense funding for border barriers would total $13.3 billion."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2020-01-16
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Trying to Kill an FBI Agent: Sentence Too Low [January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (Second Circuit) on December 27, 2019, rejected as 'shockingly low' a seventeen-year prison term imposed on a terrorist who attempted to kill an FBI agent. The defendant in United States v. Mumuni faced an eighty-five-year term under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. One member of the three-judge panel dissented in part because he did not believe that the sentence was so 'shockingly low' as to require resentencing."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Doyle, Charles
2020-01-16
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U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement Negotiations [Updated January 16, 2020]
From the Overview: "On October 7, 2019, after six months of formal negotiations, the United States and Japan signed two agreements intended to liberalize bilateral trade. The U.S.- Japan Trade Agreement (USJTA) provides for limited tariff reductions and quota expansions to improve market access. The U.S.-Japan Digital Trade Agreement covers rules on digital aspects of international commerce. The agreements, which took effect on January 1, 2020, without formal action by Congress, constitute what the Trump and Abe Administrations envision as 'stage one' of a broader U.S.- Japan trade agreement, with future negotiations expected in coming months. The Administration used delegated tariff authorities in Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) to proclaim the USJTA provisions, while the digital trade agreement, which did not require changes to U.S. law, was treated as an Executive Agreement."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Williams, Brock R.
2020-01-16
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Women in Congress, 1917-2020: Service Dates and Committee Assignments by Member, and Lists by State and Congress [Updated January 15, 2020]
From the Summary: "In total 366 women have been elected or appointed to Congress, 247 Democrats and 119 Republicans. These figures include six nonvoting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and American Samoa, and two from the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as one Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico. [...] This report includes brief biographical information, committee assignments, dates of service, district information, and listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 366 women who have been elected or appointed to Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.
2020-01-15
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Women in Congress: Statistics and Brief Overview [Updated January 15, 2020]
From the Summary: "A record 131 women currently serve in the 116th Congress. There are 105 women serving in the House (including Delegates and the Resident Commissioner), 90 Democrats and 15 Republicans. There are 26 women in the Senate, 17 Democrats and 9 Republicans. [...] This report includes historical information, including the number of women in Congress over time; means of entry to Congress; comparisons to international and state legislatures; records for tenure; firsts for women in Congress; women in leadership; African American, Asian Pacific American, Hispanic, and American Indian women in Congress; as well as a brief overview of research questions related to the role and impact of women in Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.
2020-01-15
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Argentina: An Overview [Updated January 15, 2020]
From the Document: "Current President Alberto Fernández of the center-left Peronist 'Frente de Todos' (FdT, Front for All) ticket won the October 2019 presidential election and was inaugurated to a four-year term on December 10, 2019. He defeated incumbent President Mauricio Macri of the center-right 'Juntos por el Cambio' (JC, Together for Change) coalition by a solid margin of 48.1% to 40.4% but by significantly less than the 15 to 20 percentage points predicted by polls. The election also returned to government former President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who ran on the FdT ticket as vice president. In concurrent legislative elections, the FdT won a Senate majority; in the Chamber of Deputies, the JC won the largest bloc (but not a majority) and the FdT won the second-largest bloc."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2020-01-15
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Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) [Updated January 15, 2020]
From the Document: "Ex-Im Bank, the official U.S. export credit agency (ECA), provides financing and insurance to facilitate the export of U.S. goods and services to support U.S. jobs, pursuant to a renewable, general statutory charter (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended; 12 U.S.C. §635 'et seq.'). It aims to provide support for U.S. exports when the private sector is unwilling or unable to do so and/or to counter foreign ECA financing. The Bank is demand-driven, fee-based, and backed by the U.S. government's full faith and credit."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias
2020-01-15
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Military Survivor Benefit Plan: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated January 15, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report describes the categories of beneficiaries eligible for survivor benefits under the military Survivor Benefit Plan (SBP), the formulas used in computing the income level (including the integration of SBP benefits with other federal benefits), and the costs of SBP participation incurred by the retiree and/or the beneficiary. While this report focuses primarily on SBP, survivors of military members may be eligible for other benefits, including life insurance, TRICARE health benefits, Annuity for Certain Military Surviving Spouses (ACMSS), the Minimum Income Widow Annuity, Department of Defense (DOD) death gratuity, commissary and exchange privileges, and other federal benefits, such as Social Security."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2020-01-15
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Reforms in Uzbekistan [January 15, 2020]
From the Document: "Following years of economic and foreign policy isolationism, Uzbekistan's government is currently engaged in a wide-ranging reform effort that is transforming regional dynamics in Central Asia and creating new opportunities for U.S. engagement across a range of sectors. From 1991 to 2016, Uzbekistan was led by President Islam Karimov, a former high-level Soviet official. International observers considered his rule authoritarian and highly repressive. Karimov's economic policies emphasized self-sufficiency, and his government pursued a largely isolationist foreign policy. Following Karimov's September 2016 death, he was succeeded as president by then-Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev. Mirziyoyev had a long career as a government official under Karimov and was widely expected to continue his predecessor's policies. Yet he embarked on an ambitious reform program that aims to transform Uzbekistan by modernizing and liberalizing the economy, streamlining the bureaucracy, easing political repression, addressing human rights concerns, reengaging with the international community, and attracting increased foreign investment. Uzbekistan was once considered one of the world's most isolated and repressive countries, but U.S. officials and other international observers have noted significant improvement since reforms began. Nevertheless, some concerns persist, particularly with regard to human rights and political freedoms."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blackwood, Maria A.
2020-01-15
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Kiddie Tax and Military Survivors' Benefits [Updated January 15, 2020]
From the Document: "Some military families discovered that they owed higher taxes for 2018 and 2019 on distributions from their military survivors' benefits than they had in previous years. This change in tax treatment was related to temporary changes to the 'kiddie tax' in the 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97). However, Congress enacted language in the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-94) that repealed those temporary changes to the kiddie tax beginning in 2020. In addition, P.L. 116-94 enables taxpayers to retroactively elect to be taxed as if the kiddie tax changes in P.L. 115-97 did not apply in 2018 and 2019 (by filing an amended tax return)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lowry, Sean; Kamarck, Kristy N.
2020-01-15
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CFIUS Reform: Foreign Investment National Security Reviews [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Overview: "Some Members of Congress, the Trump Administration, and some U.S. businesses have raised concerns over the risks to continued U.S. technological leadership to support national defense and economic security due to growing foreign direct investment (FDI), primarily by Chinese firms, in U.S. high-tech companies. On August 13, 2018, President Trump signed into law new rules governing foreign investment national security reviews. Known as the 'Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) of 2018' (Title XVII, P.L. 115-232), the legislation amends the current process for the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) (under P.L. 110-49) to review, on behalf of the President, the national security implications of FDI in the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-; Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.
2020-01-14
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Deadlines, Programs, and Regulations Mandated by FIRRMA [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Overview: "On August 13, 2018, President Trump signed the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA) (Subtitle A, Title XVII, P.L. 115-232). Various provisions became effective upon implementation, while interim rules for some provisions became effective on October 11, 2018. Among other items, FIRRMA required the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to meet certain deadlines in programs and reporting and develop new regulations. In October 2018, the Department of the Treasury published in the 'Federal Register' preliminary rules implementing certain provisions of FIRRMA through a pilot program, which took effect on November 10. FIRRMA's implementation may raise several questions for the 116th Congress, such as the extent to which modernization of CFIUS and its review of foreign direct investment transactions for their national security implications will safeguard U.S. national security interests, particularly those related to strategic competition for leading edge technology. Final regulations were published January 13, 2020, and are expected to be implemented by February 13, 2020, on certain real estate transactions and noncontrolling investments."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-; Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.
2020-01-14
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Defense Primer: Cyberspace Operations [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Overview: "The Department of Defense (DOD) defines cyberspace as a global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. The DOD Information Network (DODIN) is a global infrastructure carrying DOD, national security, and related intelligence community information and intelligence. Cyberspace operations are composed of the military, intelligence, and ordinary business operations of the DOD in and through cyberspace. Military cyberspace operations use cyberspace capabilities to create effects that support operations across the physical domains and cyberspace. Cyberspace operations differ from information operations (IO), which are specifically concerned with the use of information-related capabilities during military operations to affect the decision making of adversaries while protecting our own. IO may use cyberspace as a medium, but it may also employ capabilities from the physical domains."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Theohary, Catherine A.
2020-01-14
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CFIUS: New Foreign Investment Review Regulations [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Overview: "On January 13, 2020, the Department of the Treasury issued final regulations after public notice and comment to implement key parts of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) (Title XVII, P.L. 115-232), which 'strengthens and modernizes' the national security review of foreign direct investment (FDI) transactions by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) (under P.L. 110-49). CFIUS is an interagency body comprising nine Cabinet members and others as appointed. The draft regulations initiate provisions that would affect how certain real estate and noncontrolling investments will be scrutinized. These regulations were widely anticipated by various stakeholders for clarifying key aspects of FIRRMA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.
2020-01-14
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Defender Europe 20 Military Exercise, Historical (REFORGER) Exercises, and U.S. Force Posture in Europe [January 14, 2020]
From the Document: "On October 7, 2019, the U.S. Army announced it would conduct the largest U.S.-based exercise of forces deploying to Europe in the past 25 years: Defender Europe 20. While some have compared it to annual Cold War-era REFORGER [Return of Forces to Germany] military exercises, the Army suggests that while similar, Defender Europe 20 will be a more complex exercise than historical REFORGER exercises in terms of logistics, multinational command and control, and multidomain operations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew; McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-01-14
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Congressional Review Act (CRA): Frequently Asked Questions [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Congressional Review Act (CRA) is an oversight tool that Congress may use to overturn rules issued by federal agencies. The CRA was included as part of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA), which was signed into law on March 29, 1996. The CRA requires agencies to report on their rulemaking activities to Congress and provides Congress with a special set of procedures under which to consider legislation to overturn those rules. Under the CRA, before a rule can take effect, an agency must submit a report to each house of Congress and the comptroller general containing a copy of the rule; a concise general statement describing the rule, including whether it is a major rule; and the proposed effective date of the rule. After receiving the report, Members of Congress have specified time periods during which they must submit and act on a joint resolution of disapproval to take advantage of the CRA's special 'fast track' procedures. If both houses pass the resolution, it is sent to the President for signature or veto. If the President were to veto the resolution, Congress could vote to override the veto."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carey, Maeve P.; Davis, Christopher M., 1966-
2020-01-14
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Iran's Central Bank Asks Supreme Court to Consider Whether the Bank's Assets Abroad Are Immune from Attachment to Satisfy Terror Judgments [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Document: "Iran's central bank, Bank Markazi, has asked the Supreme Court to reverse a decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (Second Circuit) , which concluded that the bank's assets held in Luxembourg may be ordered transferred to New York for possible satisfaction of terrorism judgments obtained under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). At issue is Bank Markazi's right to payment of bond proceeds of about $1.68 billion being held by, reflected on the books of, and recorded as a debt owed by Clearstream Banking, S.A. (Clearstream), a financial institution in Luxembourg specializing in bond and equity investments. The plaintiffs are a group of judgment creditors against Iran who prevailed in actions they brought under the terrorism exception to the FSIA, including the victims of the 1983 Marine Corps barracks bombing in Beirut, Lebanon (awarded damages in 'Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran'), as well as victims of other terrorist attacks supported by Iran. They are owed approximately $3.8 billion in compensatory damages. Iran defaulted in each of their cases."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer K.
2020-01-14
