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State Plans for Containment of Pandemic Influenza
This review assesses differences and similarities of, the states in planning for pandemic influenza. It reviews, posted plans of 49 states for vaccination, early, epidemic surveillance and detection, and intraepidemic, plans for containment of pandemic influenza. LLIS Core Capability: Public Health; State and Local Executive Offices; Community Preparedness
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Holmberg, Scott D., 1950-; Layton, Christine M.; Ghneim, George S. . . .
2006-09
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Quarantine and Isolation: Ensuring Funding to Private Hospitals for Involuntary Isolation
"During a contagious disease outbreak, federal and state officials may request that privately owned hospitals involuntarily isolate individuals suspected of carrying the disease. Private hospitals may resist such isolation requests unless financial compensation strategies are enumerated."
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
2005-01-21?
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Guidance for Employers on Returning to Work After Influenza Illness
This document provides employers with guidance on setting criteria for their employees who are returning to work after being sick with the season flu. It also presents important qualifications that should be considered in the event of a pandemic flu outbreak.
Public Health Seattle & King County
Teeter, Dorothy F.
2006-01-01?
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At-Risk Popluations and Pandemic Influenza: Planning Guidance for State, Territorial, Tribal, and Local Health Departments
"This guidance offers public information and recommendations to health departments on how they can provide support to at-risk populations in such an event. Although not the primary audience, community-based organizations (CBOs), faith-based organizations (FBOs), non-profit service providers, businesses, etc, will also find the guidance useful for identifying key areas where they should collaborate with the public health departments to reach at-risk populations."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2008-06
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City of Homer, Alaska Pandemic Flu Emergency Response Plan
This document contains the Homer, Alaska Pandemic Flu Emergency Response Plan. The plan includes a summary of key pandemic preparedness and response principles, planning assumptions, a concept of operations, and mitigation and planning responsibilities.
Homer (Alaska)
2006-06-16
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Ohio Pandemic Influenza Public Engagement Demonstration Project: Mass Fatality Management, Final Report
"The Ohio Pandemic Influenza Public Engagement Demonstration Project was initiated to support the development of response and recovery plans to manage the consequences of mass fatalities due to an outbreak of pandemic influenza in Ohio. This demonstration project proposed to build the capacity of Ohio's local public health jurisdictions, specifically those within 11 rural counties (five-county area in Southeast Homeland Security Sub-Region 1 [as of August 9, 2009, renamed South Central] and six counties within the Northwest Homeland Security Region), to engage the public in discussion about policy decisions related to management of mass fatalities (MFM) due to pandemic influenza. A public engagement process similar to one used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2005 and 2006 was applied. "
Ohio State University
Pearsol, Joanne
2009-08
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Pandemic Influenza Plan - Mortuary Affairs
"In the event of an influenza pandemic, local jurisdictions will have to be prepared to handle a rapidly escalating increase in the number of fatalities. [...] Due to the prolonged time frame and the scope of area affected by a pandemic event, it is likely that regional, state, and federal resources will not be available to provide assistance. Therefore, it is the intent of this plan to not only outline issues, processes and actions to be taken at the state level within the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (DHSS), but also to provide information and action steps, specific to a pandemic event, that local jurisdiction representatives like coroners/medical examiners, public health agencies, hospitals, funeral directors, elected officials, and religious representatives can utilize to assist them in local planning efforts to prepare for such a situation."
Missouri. Department of Health & Senior Services
2007-08
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City of Corvallis Pandemic Influenza Plan: 2009-2010 Flu Season
"This Plan describes unique challenges posed by an influenza pandemic that may necessitate specific leadership decisions, response actions, and communications mechanisms."
Corvallis (Or.)
2009-10-06?
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Pandemic Influenza Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) for Massachusetts Government Agencies (2005)
"Plans to continue operations will need to be flexible to address the effects of an influenza pandemic on the organization's operations. The following list of assumptions outlines the potential impact on an agency's organizational capacity to continue operations. An infectious agent associated with an influenza pandemic, terrorist attack, outbreak of food borne illness, or similar event, may cause serious reductions in the availability of staff available for work and/or their capacity to operate efficiently. In such cases, a staff contingency plan must be developed in advance to address critical functions throughout the organization. [...] This Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) provides policy and guidance to ensure the execution of essential functions in the event that government agency operations are threatened."
Massachusetts. Department of Public Health
2005-10-31?
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Arizona Influenza Pandemic Response Plan, Supplement 11: Workforce Support--Psychosocial Considerations and Information Needs
"The objective of supplement 11 is to ensure health care providers, public health officials, and other emergency responders and essential service workers reside in the safest and healthiest environment possible by addressing the psychological and social ('psychosocial') needs of the occupational groups that will participate in the response to an influenza pandemic in Arizona."
Arizona. Department of Health Services
2006-06-07?
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Pandemic Influenza: Health Care Planning and Emergency Response
This document summarizes activities health care facilities should take in a pandemic alert period. This involves steps to take when there is a confirmed case outside of the United States, what to do when the first case occurs in the United States, and what activities are necessary when local cases occur.
New York (N.Y.). Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Berg, Debra E.
2007-05-30?
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Quarantine and Isolation: Offering Income Replacement to Quarantined Citizens
"Quarantine and isolation measures that require citizens to be absent from work for a given period of time may result in the loss of income for affected citizens. During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus outbreak in Toronto, Canada in 2003, the provincial government created a program that compensated individuals who were forced to be absent from work due to SARS-related causes."
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
2006-10-06?
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Pandemic Influenza Isolation Precautions for Hospitalized Patients
This document outlines necessary steps for isolating pandemic influenza hospital patients. Topics include room placement, necessary personal protective equipment for staff, environmental services, and employee health guidelines.
Sonoma County Department of Health Services (Calif.)
2008-05-08?
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Quarantine and Isolation: Ensuring Employment Security for Quarantined Populations
"Public health intervention measures such as quarantine and isolation may threaten an individual's employment status by requiring the employee to be absent from work. During the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus outbreak in Toronto, Canada, the provincial government of Ontario passed legislation that protected the jobs of quarantined and isolated individuals on SARS-related leave."
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
2006-10-06?
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City of Homer Pandemic Flu Emergency Response Plan Annex
"Unlike influenza epidemics, which occur seasonally and result in an average of 36,000 deaths in the U.S. each year, influenza pandemics (global epidemics) occur sporadically, and have the potential to result in hundreds of thousands of deaths nationally over the course of one year. During the 20th century there were three influenza pandemics, the most severe of which occurred in 1918-19 and caused over 500,000 deaths in the U.S. and more than 50 million deaths worldwide. [...] As Alaskans we understand that we live in a remote portion of the world. As Alaskans living in the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska we understand that we are even more remote. One of Alaska's attractions is the low population density. Due to the remoteness, and relatively small population we are writing this plan with the assumption that we can expect little to no help from the outside world. This plan uses the resources available to us here in South-Central Alaska. It is understood that we will need help from the outside. Obviously we can't produce our own vaccines or anti-viral medications. Until such time as we get the necessary resources we will have to rely on our own."
Homer (Alaska)
2009-04-30
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Arizona State 9-1-1 & Public Safety Answering Point Pandemic Influenza Plan
"Arizona recognizes that emergency medical services (EMS) will likely be overwhelmed during an influenza pandemic and has developed this Arizona State 9-1-1 and Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan to address the associated call center demands. The goal of this plan is to provide a framework for Arizona's statewide EMS system to optimize the delivery of emergency care and 9-1-1 services and to ensure that the role of PSAPs in preparing for, mitigating, and responding to a pandemic influenza is well defined."
Arizona. Department of Health Services
2009-06
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Arizona Influenza Pandemic Response Plan Supplement 4: Infection Control
This supplement provides guidance to health care and public health partners on basic principles of infection control for limiting the spread of pandemic influenza.
Arizona. Department of Health Services
2006-06-07?
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Virtual Table Top Exercise (VTTX) Pandemic Influenza After Action Report/Improvement Plan: Teton County, WY, June, 2014
"Pandemic Influenza exercise narrative includes three TTX modules addressing preparedness, response and extended response/recovery mission areas with an emphasis the following key issues: Preparedness; the CDC is reporting that there are confirmed cases of H5N1in the US, this virus has pandemic potential, patients have recently returned from an overseas trip, the middle school is also reporting several cases of influenza-like illness, CDC EOC has been activated, in alert phase, Response; widespread cases of H5N1 virus in the US and overseas, a public health emergency has been declared in the US, worker safety is threatened, potential for maximum capacity in hospitals, potential for shortage of vaccination/ plan for mass vaccination, community mitigation measures considered, in pandemic phase, Extended Response/Recovery; pandemic is now in transition phase, approximately 30% of community population contracted the virus, 2% of cases have been fatal, vaccines and anti-viral medications are generally available."
Teton County Emergency Management; Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
2014-06
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HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan [Summary Sheet]
"This document, the HHS [Health and Human Services] Pandemic Influenza Plan, serves as a blueprint for all HHS pandemic influenza preparedness planning and response activities. This plan updates the August 2004 draft HHS Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Plan and features important additions and refinements. The Plan integrates changes made in the 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of pandemic phases and expansion of international guidance and now is consistent with the National Response Plan (NRP) published in December 2004. The HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan has three parts, the first two of which are contained in this document. Part 1, the Strategic Plan outlines federal plans and preparation for public health and medical support in the event of a pandemic. It identifies key roles of HHS and its agencies in a pandemic and provides planning assumptions for federal, state and local governments and public health operations plans. Part 2, Public Health Guidance for State and Local Partners, provides detailed guidance to state and local health departments in 11 key areas. Parts 1 and 2 will be regularly updated and refined. These documents will serve as tools for continued engagement with stakeholders, state and local partners. Part 3, which is currently under development, will consist of HHS Agencies Operational Plans."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2005-11-02
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LLIS Lesson Learned: Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning: Examining Triage Alternatives to Minimize Surge
"Pandemic influenza planning efforts should examine triage alternatives to attempt to minimize surge and emergency medical services (EMS) wait times after delivering patients to healthcare facilities. […] The Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals/Office of Public Health sponsored a series of pandemic influenza tabletop exercises (TTX) throughout the state from December 2006 to February 2007. On January 25, 2007, the Louisiana Office of Public Health (OPH) Region III conducted a TTX in Thibodaux, LA. TTX participants represented 7 state organizations, 47 regional and local organizations, and the American Red Cross. The goal of the TTX was to engage community partners in a discussion of Emergency Support Function (ESF)-8 (public health and emergency medical) roles and responsibilities, expectations, and anticipated challenges in the face of an influenza pandemic. One TTX objective was to assess risk communications consistency, message content, and methods for dissemination. The TTX scenario consisted of a severe influenza pandemic emerging in OPH Region III."
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
2008-07-18
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Force Protection for Fire Fighters Warm Zone Operations at Paramilitary Style Active Shooter Incidents in a Multi-Hazard Environment as a Fire Service Core Competency
From the thesis abstract: "Paramilitary-style active shooter attacks in a multi-hazard environment are an emerging threat against the U.S. homeland. Lessons learned from previous paramilitary style attacks demonstrate the breaking points of the fire service policy of standing by until law enforcement declares that the scene is secure. When followed, the standby policy prevents fire fighters from taking calculated risks to accomplish the fire service mission of saving lives and protecting property. It is likely that the standby policy will be ignored when immediate action is required to save lives or mitigate hazards in areas of the incident in which the potential for violence, but no active threat exists. The optimal fire service response policy to save lives and mitigate hazards during paramilitary style attacks in a multi-hazard environment is a force protection model in which law enforcement officers accompany and protect fire fighters in the warm zone. This model is an adaptation of the successful escort model used by law enforcement and fire fighters during civil unrest incidents. As has occurred many times in the past, the fire service must incorporate a new core mission competency - warm zone operations at paramilitary style attacks."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Atwater, Paul A.
2012-03
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Homeland Security within State Departments of Agriculture: Success Factors and Barriers to an Effective Security Program
From the thesis abstract: "The food and agriculture sector in the United States is vulnerable to attack. One solution is to ensure that homeland security programs within the state departments of agriculture have the necessary support and resources. However, there is little understanding of the abilities and capabilities of state departments of agriculture related to homeland security initiatives. The challenge is that these programs tend to fall between agriculture and homeland security programs. This research involved interviewing representatives of 24 state departments of agriculture to identify success factors and barriers related to homeland security programs. Respondents reported multi-state agriculture groups, public-private partnerships, and organizational structure as success factors in building successful homeland security programs. This research found that lack of information sharing, a disconnect between the federal and state government, and inadequate funding created barriers to the implementation of constructive homeland security programs. To better position the homeland security programs within state departments of agriculture, this research provides several recommendations. Given the diversity of the roles and responsibilities in agriculture agencies, it is not possible to develop a model program for every state. These recommendations identify components of a model program that agencies could selectively use to enhance the effectiveness of homeland security programs."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Blackwood, Matthew Joseph
2010-09
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Setting and Enforcing Maximum Shift Lengths at Incident Sites
Fatigue and stress can affect emergency responders during long shifts of difficult work. Emergency managers and others in charge must set a maximum shift length for recovery workers, generally one twelve-hour shift per day per worker. Managers should set a proper example by following the rules themselves.
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
2004-07-20?
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Identifying Best Practices in the Dissemination of Intelligence to First Responders in the Fire and EMS Services
"September 11, 2001 thrust the fire service into the world of intelligence but the evolution of its involvement has been slow and challenging. The evolving role in the intelligence process presents unprecedented challenges. This expanded role has presented an opportunity to contribute to the homeland security prevention and protection mission in addition to their traditionally recognized role in response and recovery. As fire service participation expands and the macro level sharing of intelligence between the fire service and the intelligence/law enforcement communities becomes more recognized as a matter of course, it will be necessary for fire service agencies also to develop internal mechanisms of disseminating intelligence to field level personnel. If field level personnel do not receive timely, credible, and actionable information, driven by the intelligence process, before, during and after an incident, their lives, as well as the lives of the public they are trying to help, can be jeopardized. This thesis presents research to answer the question, 'how can information and intelligence be better disseminated to local first responders to enhance situational awareness, provide a higher degree of responder safety, and better protect the public?' Structured interviews were conducted to examine existing models being used to disseminate intelligence to first responders who were surveyed to determine what type of intelligence they preferred to receive, and in what format they would prefer to receive it. The findings revealed that first responders want intelligence products in an easily accessible concise format available in real time."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Richardson, Thomas Joseph
2010-09
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Support Framework for First Responder Family Members: A Proposed Model for Increasing Responder Effectiveness
"This thesis focuses on the physical, mental and emotional support requirements for the family members of first responders engaged in emergency scene mitigation. The likelihood of a large-scale incident involving multiple emergency disciplines and a multi-day deployment has significantly increased. Effective, efficient and safe operations during these incidents could be greatly enhanced if responders' anxiety and apprehension is decreased. Emergency responders and their families are often ill prepared to deal with the myriad of issues that arise from local large scale incidents. Parameters of the proposed solutions for increased first responder family member support will be identified to include; updated listing of personnel contact information, sensitive financial documentation and defined processes that outline integration of the mega-community concept which leverages all community partners (business, churches, schools, non-governmental and non-profit organizations) into the enhanced first responder family member support system network. The development of a 'blue ocean strategy' will also be highly recommended as a method for optimizing and maintaining financial responsibility as family support plans are constructed and implemented. The ability to effectively develop and implement first responder family member support systems can enhance emergency scene mitigation. The utility of such programs also reflect a total health and wellness approach from the organization toward its members and their families."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Sturdivant, Brian E.
2009-12
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No Dark Corners: Defending Against Insider Threats to Critical Infrastructure
From the thesis abstract: "An adversary who makes a frontal attack can be anticipated or repulsed. An adversary who attacks from within, however, cannot be so readily countered. This study intends to identify defenses against trust betrayers targeting critical infrastructure. Using a Delphi method, the study develops insights of experts from more mature arenas of defense against insider threats, such as workplace violence and counter-espionage, in order to assist infrastructure stewards with defending against the insider threat to critical infrastructure. The findings uncover flaws in institutional defenses that adversaries can exploit, with infiltrators posing a greater threat than disgruntled insiders. Resulting recommendations run counter to accepted wisdom. These recommendations shape the contours of a No Dark Corners approach that applies and extends seminal theories of Newman's Defensible Space and Kelling's Fixing Broken Windows. No Dark Corners replaces a laser for a flashlight. The laser is a narrow beam of workplace monitoring only by corporate sentinels, or security specialists. The flashlight is a broader beam of employee engagement and monitoring on the front lines at the team level. There are no easy answers. No Dark Corners shows promise in filling the gaps in traditional insider defenses to deliver the victory of ownership over surprise." A short video interview on this thesis is also available at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=31117]
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Catrantzos, Nicholas
2009-09
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Compilation of Necessary Elements for a Local Government Continuity of Operations Plan
From the thesis abstract: "National and state homeland security strategies call for continuity of operations plan development. The 2006 Nationwide Plan Review Phase II Report identifies continuity of operations plan development as a state and local goal with a federal goal of providing continuity of operations plan development support. Most local governments do not have a continuity of operation plan or it needs to be updated. Continuity of operations plan guidance is provided by a variety of international, federal, state and local documents. Common, unique and best practice elements are identified and should be contained in a continuity of operations plan. An identified compilation of continuity of operation elements is presented. Planning templates are good for COOP document structure and should contain the compilation of COOP elements, a recommended template is offered. Local government continuity of operations plan developers must independently develop and ‘own' their continuity of operations plan based on the compilation COOP elements. An after action-report is a necessary component for continuity of operations plan maintenance and can be used for continuity of operations plan research. Academia must pursue continuity of operations plan research to qualitatively and quantitatively identify effective continuity of operations plans and their respective elements. With the advent of homeland security as an academic pursuit, research opportunity exists and should be supported by the federal government because of the critical nature of an effective COOP for local government in ensuring the continuity of essential functions during and after an event."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Cashen, Kevin M.
2006-09
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Fiscal Year 2005 Homeland Security Grant Program: State Allocations and Issues for Congressional Oversight [December 13, 2004]
From the Document: "The Office for Domestic Preparedness, within the Department of Homeland Security, is responsible for directing and supervising federal terrorism preparedness grants for states and localities. Prior to FY2005, the Office for Domestic Preparedness offered that assistance through six separate grant programs. Some state and local officials, however, criticized the fragmentation of homeland security assistance and recommended streamlining the grant process. Subsequently, the Office for Domestic Preparedness recommended and -- pursuant to Section 872 of the Homeland Security Act (P.L. 107-296), which authorizes the Department of Homeland Security Secretary 'to allocate, reallocate, and consolidate functions and organization units within the Department' -- Department of Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge approved consolidating the separate programs into a single Homeland Security Grant Program. Within the consolidated program, however, the six types of assistance continue to have their separate identities and funding allocations as 'sub-grants.' As a whole, the Homeland Security Grant Program provides assistance for a wide range of eligible activities, among which are planning, training, equipment acquisition, and exercises. To fund the program, Congress appropriated approximately $2.5 billion for FY2005, roughly $600,000 less than for the programs in FY2004. [...] This report also discusses issues regarding methods used to allocate federal homeland security assistance and authorized expenditures of homeland security assistance programs, and it analyzes options Congress may wish to consider for resolving those issues. Tables included in the report present comparative data on federal homeland security assistance to states and localities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Reese, Shawn
2004-12-13
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Chemical Facility Security: Issues and Options for the 112th Congress [February 17, 2011]
"The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has statutory authority to regulate chemical facilities for security purposes. The 111th Congress extended this authority through March 4, 2011, and debated the scope and details of reauthorization. Some Members of Congress supported an extension, either short or long term, of the existing authority. Other Members called for revision and more extensive codification of chemical facility security regulatory provisions. The tension between continuing and changing the statutory authority was exacerbated by questions regarding the current law's effectiveness in reducing chemical facility risk and the sufficiency of federal funding for chemical facility security. The DHS is in the process of implementing the authorized regulations, called chemical facility anti-terrorism standards (CFATS). The DHS finalized CFATS regulations in 2007. No chemical facilities have completed the CFATS process, which starts with information submission by chemical facilities and finishes with inspection and approval of facility security measures by DHS. Several factors, including the level of detail provided to DHS and the availability of inspectors, likely complicate the inspection process and lead to delays in inspection. Policymakers have questioned whether the compliance rate with the CFATS is sufficient to address this homeland security issue. Key policy issues debated in previous Congresses contributed to the reauthorization debate. These issues included the adequacy of DHS resources and effort; the appropriateness and scope of federal preemption of state chemical facility security activities; the availability of information for public comment, potential litigation, and congressional oversight; the universe of facilities that should be considered as chemical facilities; and the role of inherently safer technologies in achieving security goals."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Shea, Dana A.
2011-02-17
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Federal Evacuation Policy: Issues for Congress [January 18, 2011]
"When government officials become aware of an impending disaster, they may take steps to protect citizens before the incident occurs. Evacuation of the geographic area that may be affected is one option to ensure public safety. If implemented properly, evacuation can be an effective strategy for saving lives. Evacuations and decisions to evacuate, however, can also entail complex factors and elevated risks. Decisions to evacuate may require officials to balance potentially costly, hazardous, or unnecessary evacuations against the possibility of loss of life due to a delayed order to evacuate. Some observers of evacuations, notably those from New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina, claim evacuations pose unique challenges to certain segments of society. From their perspective, special-needs populations, the transit-dependent, and individuals with pets faced particular hardships associated with the storm. This, they claim, is because some evacuation plans, and the way in which they were carried out, appeared to inadequately address their unique circumstances or needs. […] While federal law provides for certain aspects of civilian emergency evacuation, evacuation policy generally is established and enforced by state and local officials. In recent years, Members of Congress have focused, in part, on policy options that addressed issues of equity during evacuations as well as attempts to integrate federal, state, and local evacuation efforts more fully. This report discusses federal evacuation policy and analyzes potential lessons learned from the evacuations of individuals in response to the Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005. Several issue areas that might arise concerning potential lawmaking and oversight on evacuation policy are also highlighted."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lindsay, Bruce R.
2011-01-18
