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Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 116th Congress [October 9, 2019]

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From the Document: "This report examines selected human rights issues in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and policy options for Congress. U.S. concern over human rights in China has been a central issue in U.S.-China relations, particularly since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989. In recent years, human rights conditions in China have deteriorated, while bilateral tensions related to trade and security have increased, possibly creating both constraints and opportunities for U.S. policy on human rights."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Weber, Michael A.

2019-10-09
Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview [Updated October 9, 2019]

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From the Summary: "The number of unaccompanied alien children (UAC, unaccompanied children) apprehended at the Southwest border between U.S. ports of entry while attempting to enter the United States without authorization has increased substantially in recent years: from 16,067 in FY2011 to 24,481 in FY2012 to 38,759 in FY2013. In FY2014, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Customs and Border Protection (CBP) apprehended 68,541 UAC, a record at that time. Since FY2014, UAC apprehensions have fluctuated considerably, declining to 39,970 in FY2015, increasing to 59,692 in FY2016, declining to 41,435 in FY2017, and increasing to 50,036 in FY2018. In the first 11 months of FY2019, they reached 72,873, a level that now exceeds the FY2014 peak."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kandel, William

2019-10-09
Executive Privilege and Individuals Outside the Executive Branch [October 9, 2019]

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From the Document: "White House assertions of executive privilege for presidential communications have historically been confined to individuals who were executive branch employees when those communications occurred. While the idea that executive privilege could extend to individuals outside the executive branch predates the Trump Administration, it appears that recent testimony by Kris Kobach, former Kansas Secretary of State, and Corey Lewandowski, former manager of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, are likely the first times the executive branch has actually made such an assertion to Congress."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Wilhelm, Ben

2019-10-09
Federal Reserve: Recent Repo Market Intervention [October 9, 2019]

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From the Document: "In a repo, one party sells a security (such as a Treasury security) and then repurchases it at a higher price on a pre-specified date. Repos are an important source of short-term liquidity for financial institutions and are economically equivalent to collateralized loans. For depository institutions (such as banks), another important source of short-term liquidity is the federal funds market, where they borrow and lend each other bank reserves. The interest rate in this market, the federal funds rate (FFR), is the Fed's primary target for monetary policy. Because these private markets are similar, their rates are typically very close."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Labonte, Marc

2019-10-09
U.S.-China Tariff Actions by the Numbers [October 9, 2019]

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From the Overview: "Since early 2018, the United States and China have imposed a series of tariffs against one another's products, and these tariffs now affect a majority of trade between the two countries. U.S. tariffs imposed under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (which followed an investigation on China's intellectual property rights [IPR] practices) and China's retaliatory tariffs affect the largest share of U.S.-China trade. Earlier U.S. tariffs (and Chinese retaliation) on steel and aluminum (Section 232) and solar panels and washing machines (Section 201) also affect U.S.-China trade. The Trump Administration argues that because they reduce U.S. demand for Chinese exports, the tariffs are an effective tool to pressure China to change its policies. The tariffs, however, also impose costs on U.S. stakeholders--U.S. tariffs increase the price U.S. firms and consumers pay on imports from China, while China's retaliatory tariffs disadvantage U.S. exporters by making U.S. products relatively more expensive in the Chinese market. [...] In order to provide a snapshot of the scale and scope of the escalating trade conflict, this report examines 2017 trade flows of affected products, before they were affected by the tariffs and trade-weighted average tariff increases."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Williams, Brock R.; Hammond, Keigh E.

2019-10-09
Selected Homeland Security Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Summary: "In 2001, in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 'homeland security' went from being a concept discussed among a relatively small cadre of policymakers and strategic thinkers to one broadly discussed among policymakers, including a broad swath of those in Congress. Debates over how to implement coordinated homeland security policy led to the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296), the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and extensive legislative activity in the ensuing years."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Painter, William L.

2019-10-08
Brief Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Document: "The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is the primary source of flood insurance coverage for residential properties in the United States. The NFIP has two main policy goals: (1) to provide access to primary flood insurance, thereby allowing for the transfer of some of the financial risk of property owners to the federal government; and (2) to mitigate and reduce the nation's comprehensive flood risk through the development and implementation of floodplain management standards. A longer-term objective of the NFIP is to reduce federal expenditure on disaster assistance after floods. As a public insurance program, the goals of the NFIP are different from the goals of private-sector insurance companies. It encompasses social goals to provide flood insurance in flood-prone areas to property owners who otherwise would not be able to obtain it, and to reduce the government's cost after floods. The NFIP also engages in many 'noninsurance' activities in the public interest: it identifies and maps flood hazards, disseminates flood-risk information through flood maps, requires community land-use and building-code standards, contributes to community resilience by providing a mechanism to fund rebuilding after a flood, and offers grants and incentive programs for household- and community-level investments in flood-risk reduction."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Horn, Diane P.

2019-10-08
Brief Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program: Homeland Security Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Document: "The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is authorized by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (Title XIII of P.L. 90-448, as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§4001 et seq.) and is the primary source of flood insurance coverage for residential properties in the United States. The NFIP has two main policy goals: (1) to provide access to primary flood insurance, thereby allowing for the transfer of some of the financial risk from property owners to the federal government, and (2) to mitigate and reduce the nation's comprehensive flood risk through the development and implementation of floodplain management standards. A longer-term objective of the NFIP is to reduce federal expenditure on disaster assistance after floods. The NFIP engages in many 'noninsurance' activities in the public interest: it identifies and maps flood hazards, disseminates flood-risk information through flood maps, requires community land-use and building-code standards, contributes to community resilience by providing a mechanism to fund rebuilding after a flood, and offers grants and incentive programs for household- and community-level investments in flood-risk reduction."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Horn, Diane P.

2019-10-08
Closing the Flood Insurance Gap [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Document: "There is a large flood insurance gap in the United States, where many people that are exposed to flood risk are not covered by flood insurance. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is the primary source of residential flood insurance. More than 22,000 communities participate in the NFIP, with more than five million policies providing more than $1.3 trillion in coverage. The NFIP identifies areas at high risk of flooding as Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs). Property owners are required to purchase flood insurance only if (1) their properties are in SFHAs, (2) their communities participate in the NFIP, and (3) they have federally backed mortgages. Because the SFHA boundary is central to NFIP mapping, it may create a false belief that flood risk changes abruptly at the boundary and that properties outside the SFHA are safe and do not need flood insurance. However, about 20% of NFIP claims are for properties outside SFHAs, and all 50 states and five territories have experienced floods since May 2018."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Horn, Diane P.

2019-10-08
Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Document: "Iran's national security policy is the product of many overlapping and sometimes competing factors such as the ideology of Iran's Islamic revolution, perception of threats to the regime and to the country, long-standing national interests, and the interaction of the Iranian regime's factions and constituencies."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Katzman, Kenneth

2019-10-08
Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Summary: "The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was established by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA, 42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.), and was most recently reauthorized to November 21, 2019, through a series of short-term reauthorizations. The general purpose of the NFIP is both to offer primary flood insurance to properties with significant flood risk, and to reduce flood risk through the adoption of floodplain management standards. Communities volunteer to participate in the NFIP in order to have access to federal flood insurance, and in return are required to adopt minimum standards."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Horn, Diane P.; Webel, Baird; Brown, Jared T.

2019-10-08
Obstruction of Justice As a Sidecar [October 8, 2019]

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From the Introduction: "The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (Second Circuit) recently vacated the sentence of an Air Force veteran convicted of providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization and of obstruction of justice. The Second Circuit concluded that the district court judge had not sufficiently explained his sentencing rationale and sent the case back for resentencing. A concurring member of the panel expressed concern over the expanded use of obstruction of justice charges."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Doyle, Charles

2019-10-08
What Happens If the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Lapses? [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Document: "This Insight provides a short overview of what would happen if the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) were not to be reauthorized by November 21, 2019, and allowed to lapse."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Horn, Diane P.

2019-10-08
Expedited Removal of Aliens: Legal Framework [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Document: "The federal government has broad authority over the admission of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) seeking to enter the United States. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that the government may exclude such aliens without affording them the due process protections that traditionally apply to persons physically present in the United States. Instead, aliens seeking entry are entitled only to those procedural protections that Congress has expressly authorized. Consistent with this broad authority, Congress established an expedited removal process for certain aliens who have arrived in the United States without permission."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Smith, Hillel R.

2019-10-08
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): History and Overview [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Document: "Historically, advice to the President was provided through advisors and boards without statutory authorities. Congress moved in 1976 to codify a formal mechanism for presidential science advice. The National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-282) established the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), including the position of its Director, within the Executive Office of the President (EOP) to provide scientific and technological analysis and advice to the President. This act codified and institutionalized a presidential science advice function that previously existed at each President's discretion. This report provides an overview of the history of science and technology (S&T) advice to the President and discusses selected recurrent issues for Congress regarding OSTP's Director, OSTP management and operations, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Sargent, John F., Jr.; Shea, Dana A.

2019-10-08
Private Flood Insurance and the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) [Updated October 8, 2019]

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From the Document: "The NFIP [National Flood Insurance Program] was first authorized by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.) and was reauthorized until the end of FY2017 by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (BW-12; Title II of P.L. 112-141). After a series of short-term reauthorizations, the NFIP was reauthorized until November 21, 2019 (P.L. 116-59)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Webel, Baird; Horn, Diane P.

2019-10-08
Executive Branch Service and the 'Revolving Door' in Cabinet Departments: Background and Issues for Congress [October 7, 2019]

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From the Document: "Individuals may be subject to certain restrictions when leaving the government for private employment or joining the government from the private sector. These restrictions were enacted in response to what is often referred to as the 'revolving door.' Generally, the revolving door is described as the movement of individuals between the public and private sector. Individuals may move because they possess policy and procedural knowledge and have relationships with former colleagues that are useful to prospective employers."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Straus, Jacob R.

2019-10-07
Frequently Asked Questions About Flag Law [October 7, 2019]

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From the Document: "The 'flag code' is the federal law that sets forth guidelines for the appearance and display of the U.S. flag ('flag') by private citizens. These guidelines specify times and conditions for display of the flag, manners and methods of display, and buildings where such display should occur. The guidelines for flag display vary based on the context and occasion, and there are detailed specifications for displaying flags at 'half-staff.' The flag code also specifies how to deliver the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag and appropriate conduct while watching a performance of the National Anthem. Most of the flag code contains no explicit enforcement mechanisms, and relevant case law would suggest that the provisions without enforcement mechanisms are declaratory and advisory only."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Thomas, Kenneth R.

2019-10-07
G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress [Updated October 4, 2019]

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From the Summary: "The Group of Twenty (G-20) is a forum for advancing international cooperation and coordination among 20 major advanced and emerging-market economies. The G-20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as the European Union (EU). G-20 countries account for about 85% of global economic output, 75% of global exports, and two-thirds of the world's population. [...] G-20 meetings primarily focus on international economic and financial issues, although related topics are also discussed, including development, food security, and the environment, among others. Congress exercises oversight over the Administration's participation in the G-20, including the policy commitments that the Administration is making in the G-20 and the policies it is encouraging other G-20 countries to pursue. Additionally, legislative action may be required to implement certain commitments made by the Administration in the G-20 process."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Nelson, Rebecca M.

2019-10-04
Brexit: Status and Outlook [October 4, 2019]

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From the Document: "After the 2016 referendum in which 52% of voters in the United Kingdom (UK) favored leaving the European Union (EU), 'Brexit' was originally scheduled to occur on March 29, 2019. In early 2019, however, Parliament repeatedly rejected the withdrawal agreement negotiated between Prime Minister Theresa May's government and the EU without supporting any alternative. In April 2019, the EU granted the UK an extension until October 31, 2019. [...] The dynamics of Brexit are likely to evolve in relation to pivotal events and deadlines in October 2019. Possible scenarios include a new withdrawal agreement, another extension, a no-deal Brexit, and an early general election in the UK."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Mix, Derek E.; Archick, Kristin; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias

2019-10-04
Attacks Against Saudi Arabia: Ramifications for Natural Gas [October 4, 2019]

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From the Document: "The attacks against Saudi Arabia's oil infrastructure on Saturday, September 14, 2019, poses consequences for natural gas in the region and globally. Qatar, which borders Saudi Arabia and is one of the top two liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporters along with Australia, exported about 25% of the world's LNG in 2018. All of Qatar's exports must transit the Strait of Hormuz (see Figure 1), which is a well-known transit chokepoint. Additionally, LNG exports from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which were less than 2% of global exports, also transit the Strait of Hormuz; Oman's LNG exports, 3% of global LNG trade, do not transit the Strait, but are in close proximity."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Greenley, Heather L.; Katzman, Kenneth; Ratner, Michael

2019-10-04
Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated October 4, 2019]

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From the Summary: "The Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program is a program to acquire three new heavy polar icebreakers, to be followed years from now by the acquisition of up to three new medium polar icebreakers. [...] Issues for Congress for the PSC program include, inter alia, whether to approve, reject, or modify the Coast Guard's FY2020 procurement funding request for the program; whether to use a contract with options or a block buy contract to procure the ships; whether to continue providing at least some of the procurement funding for the PSC program through the Navy's shipbuilding account; technical, schedule, and cost risk in the PSC program; and whether to procure heavy and medium polar icebreakers to a common basic design."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

O'Rourke, Ronald

2019-10-04
Annual Sequester of Mandatory Spending Through FY2029 [October 4, 2019]

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From the Document: "The Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; P.L. 112-25) included two parts: discretionary spending caps, plus a 'Joint Committee process' to achieve an additional $1.2 trillion in budgetary savings over FY2013-FY2021. [...] The mandatory spending portion of the automatic reductions (referred to in this report as the 'Joint Committee sequester') has been fully implemented in each year since FY2013. It has been extended five times and is now, under current law, effective for each fiscal year through FY2029. This report explains [1] the BCA provisions that established and triggered the Joint Committee sequester, [2] the annual sequester calculations by OMB [Office of Management and Budget], [3] the extension and calculation of the Joint Committee sequester through FY2029, [4] the broad scope of the sequester across the federal budget, and [5] sequester exemptions and special rules."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Konigsberg, Charles S.

2019-10-04
EPA Repeals the Clean Power Plan and Finalizes Affordable Clean Energy Rule [Updated October 4, 2019]

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From the Document: "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized its repeal of the Clean Power Plan (CPP) and promulgated new emissions guidelines in the Affordable Clean Energy (ACE) rule. EPA based these actions on its conclusion that the CPP exceeded Clean Air Act (CAA) authority by using measures that applied to the power sector as a whole rather than measures carried out within an individual facility. Among other things, the final ACE rule establishes efficiency improvements as the 'best system of emission reduction' (BSER) for existing coal-fired power plant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Stakeholder views range from agreement with EPA's interpretation of its CAA authority and its BSER determination to legal challenges of the rule. In August 2019, some states and nongovernmental organizations filed petitions challenging the rule in the D.C. Circuit. This Insight summarizes the rulemaking and discusses potential considerations for Congress."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Shouse, Kate C.

2019-10-04
U.S. Farm Support: Compliance with WTO Commitments [October 4, 2019]

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From the Document: "As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, the United States has committed to abide by WTO rules and disciplines, including those that govern domestic farm policy as spelled out in the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). Since establishment of the WTO on January 1, 1995, the United States has complied with its WTO spending limits on market-distorting types of farm program outlays (referred to as amber box spending). However, the addition of large, new trade assistance payments to producers in 2018 and 2019, on top of existing farm program support, has raised concerns by some U.S. trading partners, as well as market watchers and policymakers, that U.S. domestic farm subsidy outlays might exceed the annual spending limit of $19.1 billion agreed to as part of U.S. commitments to WTO member countries. CRS [Congressional Research Service] analysis indicates that the United States probably did not violate its WTO spending limit in 2018 but could potentially exceed it in 2019."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Schnepf, Randall Dean, 1954-

2019-10-04
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance and the Crisis in Venezuela [Updated October 3, 2019]

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From the Document: "On September 11, 2019, the United States and 11 other Western Hemisphere countries invoked the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) to facilitate a regional response to the crisis in Venezuela. As a first step, on September 23, the countries that have ratified the treaty ('states parties') agreed to impose targeted sanctions on individuals and entities associated with the government of Nicolás Maduro. They also pledged to meet again within two months to discuss additional measures. Congress may closely track the deliberations, given their potential implications for U.S. policy."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Meyer, Peter J.

2019-10-03
U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement Negotiations [Updated October 3, 2019]

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From the Overview: "On September 25, 2019, President Trump and Prime Minister Abe announced they had finalized a limited bilateral trade agreement consisting of tariff cuts on agricultural and industrial goods and commitments on digital trade. The two sides stated their intent to begin negotiations on a more comprehensive deal after this initial agreement enters into force. [...] Notably, the limited agreement does not include trade commitments on motor vehicles, a long-standing area of bilateral tension. On May 17, 2019, following an investigation by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, President Trump proclaimed motor vehicle and parts imports, particularly from Japan and the EU, a threat to U.S. national security. [...] Alleviating the auto tariff threat was a key objective of Japan in the recent talks."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Williams, Brock R.

2019-10-03
Wildfire Statistics [Updated October 3, 2019]

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From the Document: "Wildfires are unplanned and unwanted fires, including lightning-caused fires, unauthorized human-caused fires, and escaped prescribed fire projects. States are responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on nonfederal (state, local, and private) lands, except for lands protected by federal agencies under cooperative agreements. The federal government is responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on federal lands. The Forest Service (FS)--within the U.S. Department of Agriculture--carries out wildfire management and response across the 193 million acres of the National Forest System. The Department of the Interior (DOI) manages wildfire response for more than 400 million acres of national parks, wildlife refuges and preserves, other public lands, and Indian reservations. Wildfire statistics help to illustrate past U.S. wildfire activity."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Hoover, Katie; Hanson, Laura A.

2019-10-03
CFIUS Reform: Foreign Investment National Security Reviews [Updated October 3, 2019]

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From the Overview: "Some Members of Congress, the Trump Administration, and some U.S. businesses have raised concerns over the risks to continued U.S. technological leadership to support national defense and economic security due to growing foreign direct investment (FDI), primarily by Chinese firms, in U.S. high-tech companies. On August 13, 2018, President Trump signed into law new rules governing foreign investment national security reviews. Known as the 'Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) of 2018' (Title XVII, P.L. 115-232), the legislation amends the current process for the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) (under P.L. 110-49) to review, on behalf of the President, the national security implications of FDI in the United States."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Jackson, James K.; Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.

2019-10-03
Cockpit Automation, Flight Systems Complexity, and Aircraft Certification: Background and Issues for Congress [October 3, 2019]

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From the Document: "The increasing complexity and automation of flight control systems pose a challenge to federal policy regarding aircraft certification and pilot training. Despite significant commercial aviation safety improvements over the past two decades, flight control automation and aircraft complexity have been cited as contributing factors in a number of major airline accidents, including two high-profile crashes overseas involving the recently introduced Boeing 737 Max variant in 2018 and 2019. These crashes have directed attention to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) oversight of aircraft type certification and pilot training practices for transport category aircraft, particularly as they pertain to complex automated flight control systems. As aircraft systems have evolved over the past three decades to incorporate new technologies, Congress has mandated FAA to streamline certification processes, with the primary motivation being to facilitate the development of new safety-enhancing technologies."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Elias, Bartholomew

2019-10-03

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