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Development and Regulation of Domestic Diagnostic Testing for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Frequently Asked Questions [March 9, 2020]
From the Document: "On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) was informed of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China. Illnesses have since been linked to a disease caused by a previously unidentified strain of coronavirus, designated Coronavirus Disease 2019, or COVID-19. Despite containment efforts in China, the United States, and elsewhere, by late February there were indications that the COVID-19 outbreak may have entered a new phase, with community spread occurring or suspected in several countries other than China, including in the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sarata, Amanda K.
2020-03-09
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North Korea: Legislative Basis for U.S. Economic Sanctions [Updated March 9, 2020]
From the Summary: "U.S. economic sanctions imposed on North Korea are instigated by that country's activities related to weapons proliferation, especially its tests since 2006 of nuclear weapons and missile technology; regional disruptions; terrorism; narcotics trafficking; undemocratic governance; and illicit activities in international markets, including money laundering, counterfeiting of goods and currency, and bulk cash smuggling."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rennack, Dianne E.
2020-03-09
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Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, Ongoing Challenges, and U.S. Interests [March 9, 2020]
From the Summary: "Between 1969 and 1999, almost 3,500 people died as a result of political violence in Northern Ireland, which is one of four component 'nations' of the United Kingdom (UK). The conflict, often referred to as 'the Troubles,' has its origins in the 1921 division of Ireland and has reflected a struggle between different national, cultural, and religious identities. Protestants in Northern Ireland (48% of the population) largely define themselves as British and support remaining part of the UK (unionists). Most Catholics in Northern Ireland (45% of the population) consider themselves Irish, and many desire a united Ireland (nationalists). Successive U.S. Administrations and many Members of Congress have actively supported the Northern Ireland peace process. For decades, the United States has provided development aid through the International Fund for Ireland (IFI). In recent years, congressional hearings have focused on the peace process, police reforms, human rights, and addressing Northern Ireland's legacy of violence (often termed dealing with the past). Some Members also are concerned about how the UK's decision to withdraw from the European Union (EU)--known as Brexit--might affect Northern Ireland."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2020-03-09
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Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief [Updated March 9, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Israel has forged close bilateral cooperation with the United States in many areas; issues with significant implications include the following. [1] Israeli domestic political issues, especially questions surrounding Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu's prospects of continuing as prime minister following Israel's March 2 election, the third in the past year. [2] Israeli-Palestinian issues and U.S. policy, including the Trump Administration's peace plan released in January 2020 and issues surrounding possible Israeli West Bank annexation. [3] Israel's own capabilities for addressing external threats, and its cooperation with the United States. [4] Shared U.S.-Israel concerns about Iran's nuclear program and regional influence, including with Iran's Lebanon-based ally Hezbollah. In the past year, Israel has reportedly engaged in airstrikes against Iranian or Iran-allied targets in Syria and Iraq as well as Lebanon."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2020-03-09
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NATO: Key Issues Following the 2019 Leaders' Meeting [Updated March 9, 2020]
From the Summary: "Heads of state and government from NATO's 29 member states met in London, United Kingdom (UK), on December 3-4, 2019. Two key goals for the meeting were to commemorate the alliance's past achievements--2019 marks NATO's 70th anniversary--and to advance efforts to address new and emerging security challenges, including Russian aggression, terrorism and instability in the Middle East and North Africa, and cyber and hybrid threats. The meeting also exposed heightened political tension within the alliance and divergent views on a range of issues, including U.S. policy toward NATO and Europe, relations with NATO member Turkey, and relations with Russia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Belkin, Paul
2020-03-09
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Moldova: An Overview [Updated March 9, 2020]
From the Document: "Moldova is one of three post-Soviet states--together with Ukraine and Georgia--that has sought greater integration with the West while dealing with separatist territories occupied by Russian forces. Many Members of Congress have long supported Moldova's democratic trajectory and territorial integrity and have called on Russia to respect Moldova's sovereignty and withdraw its military forces."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Welt, Cory
2020-03-09
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Weather and Climate Change: What's the Difference? [March 6, 2020]
From the Document: "With much discussion of climate change in Congress, in the news, and among constituents, some commonly used words may be misunderstood or misused. Below are explanations of several key terms: weather, climate, climate variability, and climate change, as well as some associated concepts. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a specific place and time, described by such conditions as temperature, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, and wind speed. Weather can include conditions of the Earth's water and land surfaces as well, with such variables as wave height and snow cover. Weather conditions can vary rapidly or last up to a few days in the mid-latitudes. NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] compiles observations from weather stations around the United States, in the oceans, from international sources, and from other federal agencies. NOAA analyzes weather data historically and provides multiday forecasts or seasonal outlooks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Leggett, Jane A.
2020-03-06
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SBA Veterans Assistance Programs: An Analysis of Contemporary Issues [Updated March 6, 2020]
From the Summary: "Several federal agencies, including the Small Business Administration (SBA), provide training and other assistance to veterans seeking civilian employment. For example, the Department of Defense (DOD), in cooperation with the SBA, Department of Labor, Department of Veterans Affairs, and several other federal agencies, operates the Transition Goals Plans Success program (Transition GPS), which provides employment information and entrepreneurship training to exiting military servicemembers to assist them in transitioning from the military to the civilian labor force. In recent years, the unemployment rate among veterans as a whole has generally been similar to or lower than the unemployment rate for nonveterans 18 years and older. However, veterans who have left the military since September 2001 have experienced higher unemployment than other veterans and, in some years, higher unemployment than nonveterans. As a result, Congress has focused much of its attention on finding ways to assist veterans who have left the military since September 2001."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Lowry, Sean
2020-03-06
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SALT Cap: Overview and Analysis [March 6, 2020]
From the Document: "Taxpayers who elect to itemize their deductions may reduce their federal income tax liability by claiming a deduction for certain state and local taxes paid, often called the 'SALT deduction.' The 2017 tax revision (commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, TCJA; P.L. 115-97) made a number of changes to the SALT deduction. Most notably, the TCJA established a limit, or 'SALT cap,' on the amounts claimed as SALT deductions for tax years 2018 through 2025. The SALT cap is $10,000 for single taxpayers and married couples filing jointly and $5,000 for married taxpayers filing separately. The changes enacted in the TCJA will considerably affect SALT deduction activity in the next several years. The increased value of the standard deduction (roughly doubling from its preTCJA value for tax years 2018 through 2025), along with the reduced availability of SALT and other itemized deductions, are projected to significantly reduce the number of SALT deduction claims made in those years. The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) projected that repealing that SALT cap for tax year 2019 would increase federal revenues by $77.4 billion."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Driessen, Grant A.; Hughes, Joseph S.
2020-03-06
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Catch Me If You Scan: Constitutionality of Compelled Decryption Divides the Courts [March 6, 2020]
From the Document: "In the digital age, courts have been tasked with determining how longstanding constitutional protections for criminal suspects and defendants apply to new forms of technology like smartphones that are portable, nearly ubiquitous, and increasingly capable of revealing extremely intimate details of their owners' lives. Many court cases and legal commentators have focused on when law enforcement searches of electronic devices are permissible under the Fourth Amendment. That Amendment protects against unreasonable 'searches and seizures' by the government, and in recent cases such as 'Riley v. California' and 'Carpenter v. United States', the Supreme Court has recognized that a search of digital information associated with a mobile device often requires a warrant supported by probable cause to be considered 'reasonable' under the Fourth Amendment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Foster, Michael A. (Legislative attorney)
2020-03-06
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COVID-19: Social Insurance and Other Income-Support Options for Those Unable to Work [March 6, 2020]
From the Overview: "There is uncertainty about how the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may spread in the United States; what measures federal, state, or local governments may take to mitigate the spread; and the possible effect on individual income security from both. This product provides an overview of existing federal and state government social insurance programs or options that may be implemented relatively quickly to provide financial assistance for those unable to work due to COVID-19 from (1) their own illness; (2) exposure leading to quarantine; (3) illness of a close family member or school closures that may require long-term caregiving; or (4) unemployment resulting from business closures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Haltzel, Laura; Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-; Morton, William R. . . .
2020-03-06
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Workplace Leave and Unemployment Insurance for Individuals Affected by COVID-19 [March 6, 2020]
From the Document: "This Insight provides a brief overview of the current availability of job-connected assistance to individuals, which may be relevant to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Specifically, this product discusses workplace leave, paid and unpaid, that may be available to workers affected by the virus, as well as unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. It also discusses policy options to amend or expand existing UI programs to be more responsive to the effects of COVID-19."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Whittaker, Julie M.; Donovan, Sarah A.; Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-
2020-03-06
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Defense Production Act (DPA) and COVID-19: Key Authorities and Policy Considerations [March 6, 2020]
From the Document: "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak develops, the United States faces drug and medical supply scarcities due to disrupted supply chains and increased demand. In response, the President may exercise emergency authorities under the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA; 50 U.S.C. §§4501 et seq.) to address supply shortages and economic development impacts, and may have begun the process of doing so. This Insight considers DPA authorities that may be used to address domestic essential goods and materials shortages caused by the outbreak, and explores potential policy considerations for Congress. For more information on the health and epidemiological aspects of COVID-19, see CRS products R46219 and IF11421."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2020-03-06
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SBA Economic Injury Disaster Loans for COVID-19 [March 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak may have significant economic implications for businesses and nonprofit organizations including negative impacts on imports, global supply chains, and tourism. Furthermore, if COVID-19 becomes widespread or prolonged it may slow global growth, and some businesses may be forced to furlough or lay off workers. This Insight considers whether the Small Business Administration (SBA) could provide economic injury disaster loans (EIDLs) to eligible businesses and organizations that have suffered substantial loss as a result of COVID-19."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lindsay, Bruce R.
2020-03-06
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How Consumer Data Affects Competition Through Digital Advertising [March 6, 2020]
From the Document: "Control of internet users' personal data has become a widespread concern. Data-protection legislation has been implemented by states (e.g., the California Consumer Privacy Act) and other countries (e.g., the European Union's General Data Protection Legislation). Two bills introduced in the 116th Congress (S. 2637, S. 1578) would establish a national system through which individuals could request that their internet activity not be tracked. In addition to privacy implications, the collection of consumer data may affect competition among advertisers and among websites and apps that rely on digital ads as a source of revenue. This CRS [Congressional Research Service] product focuses on the competitive implications of the collection of large amounts of consumer data in digital advertising. As Congress considers legislation related to consumer data collection, there may be potential competitive effects to consider."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cho, Clare Y.
2020-03-06
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Pakistan's Domestic Political Setting [Updated March 5, 2020]
From the Overview: "The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a parliamentary democracy in which the prime minister is head of government and the president is head of state. A bicameral parliament is comprised of a 342-seat National Assembly (NA) and a 104-seat Senate, both with directly elected representatives from each of the country's four provinces (Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa or KPk, Punjab, and Sindh), as well as from the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (now part of KPk) and the Islamabad Capital Territory (the quasi-independent regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have no representation). The NA reserves 60 seats for women and 10 seats for religious minorities on a proportional basis, meaning only 272 districts elect representatives. The prime minister is elected to an indeterminate term by the NA. The president is elected to a five-year term by an Electoral College comprised of both chambers of Parliament, as well as members of each of the country's four provincial assemblies. NA and provincial assembly members are elected to five-year terms. Senate terms are six years, with elections every three years. Senate powers are limited, and only the NA can approve budget and finance bills."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kronstadt, K. Alan
2020-03-05
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Haiti's Political and Economic Conditions [Updated March 5, 2020]
From the Summary: "Since the fall of the Duvalier dictatorship in 1986, Haiti has struggled to overcome its centuries-long legacy of authoritarianism, disrespect for human rights, underdevelopment, and extreme poverty. Widespread corruption remains an impediment to changing that legacy. Haiti made significant progress in improving governance prior to the 2010 earthquake, but recovery since then has been slow. Democratic institutions remain weak and stability fragile. Poverty remains massive and deep, and economic disparity is wide. Due to its proximity to the United States and its chronically unstable political environment and fragile economy, Haiti has been an ongoing policy issue for the United States. Many in the U.S. Congress view Haiti's increasing instability with concern and have shown a commitment to improving conditions in the country through continued support for U.S. foreign aid."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Taft-Morales, Maureen
2020-03-05
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Defense Primer: The Military Departments [Updated March 5, 2020]
From the Document: "There are three military departments within the Department of Defense (DOD): Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, and Department of the Air Force. The authority, function, and organization of each military department is established in Title 10 of the United States Code. Since 1947, the military departments have fallen under the Secretary of Defense's authority, direction, and control. According to the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-433), the military departments are limited to primary responsibility for personnel, training, services, supply, and procurement. Under this act, the authority to conduct military operations exclusively resides in the unified combatant commands, which directly report to the Secretary of Defense and the President."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ott, Alan
2020-03-05
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Senate Floor Privileges: History and Current Practice [March 5, 2020]
From the Document: "Senate Standing Rule XXIII, Privilege of the Floor, designates those afforded access to the Senate floor while the Senate is in session. In addition to sitting Senators, the rule lists several eligible positions, including certain current and former congressional, executive, and judicial officials; state and territorial governors; the mayor of the District of Columbia; members of foreign national legislatures; the nation's highest ranking military leaders; and, under specified circumstances, congressional staff members assisting Senators on the floor. Over its history, the Senate has amended the floor privilege rule to add or clarify positional categories. The Senate has also agreed to a number of resolutions and unanimous consent (UC) agreements that affect the interpretation of the rule. The Senate, by resolution or UC, frequently provides temporary floor access to non-designated individuals. Less commonly, it has agreed to temporarily restrict access to the Senate floor. Such restrictions have occurred in advance of the Senate's move to its current chamber in 1859 and during the impeachment trials of Presidents Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1999), and Donald Trump (2020). In 2007, the Senate amended Rule XXIII to exclude lobbyists from the floor, even if these individuals would otherwise be granted floor privileges under the rule."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hudiburg, Jane A.
2020-03-05
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COVID-19: Current Travel Restrictions and Quarantine Measures [March 5, 2020]
From the Document: "The United States, along with many countries, is responding to an outbreak of a respiratory disease, now referred to as COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], which is caused by a novel coronavirus first detected in mainland China's Hubei Province in late 2019. Cases of COVID-19 have now been detected in several countries, including the United States. To date, the federal government has taken two key actions to deter persons with suspected COVID-19 infection from entering the country or spreading the virus to persons within the United States. First, the federal government has restricted many non-U.S. nationals (aliens) who recently travelled to mainland China or Iran from entering the United States. Second, the federal government has imposed a quarantine requirement on all persons entering the United States, regardless of citizenship status, who have recently been to mainland China. This Legal Sidebar examines the legal authorities underlying these actions, as well as possible legal challenges to their use."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Liu, Edward C.
2020-03-05
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COVID-19: Global Implications and Responses [Updated March 5, 2020]
From the Overview: "As of March 4, 2020, the novel coronavirus that began sickening patients in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019 had spread to over 75 countries, including the United States. Daily new cases and deaths related to the virus outside China now exceed those reported in China, where the epidemic appears to be coming under control. The World Health Organization (WHO) has named the new virus 'severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2' (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease that it causes 'coronavirus disease 2019' (COVID-19). WHO has declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and raised its global risk assessment to 'Very High.' It has refrained from labeling the outbreak a 'pandemic,' however. Doing so, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus has said, could 'signal that we can no longer contain the virus, which is not true.' On March 5, Tedros told countries, 'This is not the time to give up.' Rather, 'This is a time for pulling out all the stops.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tharakan, Sara M.; Gottron, Frank; Lawrence, Susan V. . . .
2020-03-05
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Payroll Tax Cuts as an Economic Stimulus Response to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) [March 5, 2020]
From the Document: "The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has increased concerns that the U.S. economy could be affected as part of a global economic downturn. A range of fiscal and monetary policy tools have been used to address prior times of economic weakness. One option for fiscal stimulus is a temporary payroll tax cut for employees. This option was used to address economic weakness in 2011 and 2012. On March 2, 2020, President Trump and others expressed interest in a one-year payroll tax cut to help bolster the economy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Marples, Donald J.; Sherlock, Molly F.
2020-03-05
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Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer [Updated March 4, 2020]
From the Summary: "In order for the United States to engage in significant civilian nuclear cooperation with other states, it must conclude a framework agreement that meets specific requirements under Section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act (AEA). Significant nuclear cooperation includes the export of reactors, critical parts of reactors, and reactor fuel. The AEA also provides for export control licensing procedures and criteria for terminating cooperation. Congressional review is required for Section 123 agreements; the AEA establishes special parliamentary procedures by which Congress may act on a proposed agreement."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kerr, Paul K.; Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham
2020-03-04
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Health Care for Veterans: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions [Updated March 4, 2020]
From the Document: "The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), operates one of the nation's largest integrated health care delivery systems. The VHA estimates that in FY2020 it would provide care to about 6.33 million unique veteran patients. In the same year, VHA estimates that it would employ a staff of about 347,000 full-time equivalent employees at approximately, 1,456 VA sites of care, with an appropriation of approximately $80.6 billion. VA health care is a discretionary program; therefore, the provision of health care is dependent on available appropriations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Panangala, Sidath Viranga; Sussman, Jared S.
2020-03-04
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Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 4, 2020]
From the Document: "The United States has actively pursued the development of hypersonic weapons-- maneuvering weapons that fly at speeds of at least Mach 5--as a part of its conventional prompt global strike program since the early 2000s. In recent years, the United States has focused such efforts on developing hypersonic glide vehicles, which are launched from a rocket before gliding to a target, and hypersonic cruise missiles, which are powered by high-speed, air-breathing engines during flight. As Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and former Commander of U.S. Strategic Command General John Hyten has stated, these weapons could enable 'responsive, long-range, strike options against distant, defended, and/or time-critical threats [such as road-mobile missiles] when other forces are unavailable, denied access, or not preferred.' Critics, on the other hand, contend that hypersonic weapons lack defined mission requirements, contribute little to U.S. military capability, and are unnecessary for deterrence."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.
2020-03-04
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International Food Assistance: FY2020 Appropriations [March 4, 2020]
From the Document: "U.S. international food assistance programs provide food, or the means to purchase food, to people around the world at risk of hunger. Congress funds these programs through two appropriations bills: the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act--also known as the Agriculture appropriations bill--and the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) Appropriations Act. The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the Forest Service. The SFOPS appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and other non-defense foreign policy agencies. Both bills provide funding for U.S. international food assistance programs. Appropriations for agricultural development programs, such as Feed the Future or international agricultural exchange programs, are not considered part of food assistance spending."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Casey, Alyssa R.; Morgenstern, Emily M.
2020-03-04
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Navy Frigate (FFG[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 3, 2020]
From the Summary: "The FFG(X) program is a Navy program to build a class of 20 guided-missile frigates (FFGs). Congress funded the procurement of the first FFG(X) in FY2020 at a cost of $1,281.2 million (i.e., about $1.3 billion). The Navy's proposed FY2021 budget requests $1,053.1 million (i.e., about $1.1 billion) for the procurement of the second FFG(X). The Navy estimates that subsequent ships in the class will cost roughly $940 million each in then-year dollars. Four industry teams are competing for the FFG(X) program. The Navy is scheduled to award the FFG(X) contract--a Detail Design and Construction (DD&C) contract for up to 10 ships in the program (the lead ship plus 9 option ships)--in the fourth quarter of FY2020 (i.e., sometime between July 1 and September 30). On February 28, 2020, it was reported that Acting Secretary of the Navy Thomas Modly had asked the Navy acquisition executive to look into the possibility of awarding the FFG(X) contract earlier than the fourth quarter of FY2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-03
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International Trade: Rules of Origin [Updated March 3, 2020]
From the Document: "Rules of origin (ROO) are laws, regulations, and procedures used to determine the country of origin of an imported product. They are a significant part of international trade policy because ROO are needed to properly assess tariffs, enforce trade remedies (such as antidumping and countervailing duties) or quantitative restrictions (tariff quotas), and statistical purposes. Other commercial trade policies are also linked with country of origin determinations, such as labeling and government procurement regulations. Given Congress' authority to regulate foreign commerce, it may consider how rules of origin fit into overall U.S. trade policy as well as future trade negotiations. The methodology used to determine the country of origin, can be straightforward--as long as the parts of a product are manufactured and assembled in one country. However, when a finished product's component parts originate in many countries, as is often the case in today's global trading environment, determining origin can be a more complex process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jones, Vivian Catherine; Wong, Liana
2020-03-03
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Mauritania [March 3, 2020]
From the Document: "Political instability, military rule, and Islamist terrorist threats have been recurrent challenges in Mauritania. Yet the country recently underwent its first electoral transfer of power after a president completed two elected terms in office, and it is the only country in the Sahel region not to have experienced a deadly terrorist attack since 2011. U.S. engagement has expanded since the early 2000s, as regional security threats have grown, and as U.S. officials have come to see Mauritania as an able counterterrorism partner. U.S. firms also have interests in Mauritania's growing offshore natural gas production. Human rights concerns--particularly regarding the enduring practice of hereditary slavery--and military coups in 2005 and 2008 have nonetheless constrained bilateral ties. Mauritania's recent positive security trends--remarkable given the enduring crises in neighboring Mali and in Burkina Faso and Niger--may be attributable to improvements in its counterterrorism capacity, deradicalization programs, and/or a rumored non-aggression pact with regional Al Qaeda-aligned networks (see below). Mauritania may nevertheless remain vulnerable to Islamist insurgent attacks or other forms of violent unrest."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2020-03-03
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Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 3, 2020]
From the Document: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the 'Gerald R. Ford' (CVN-78) class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier (CVN) aircraft carrier program. The Navy's proposed FY2021 budget requests $2,714.2 million (i.e., about $2.7 billion) in procurement funding for the program. Congress's decisions on the CVN-78 program could substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-03
