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Homeowner Assistance Fund in the American Rescue Plan Act: In Brief [July 1, 2021]
From the Introduction: "The American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA, P.L. 117-2) included $9.961 billion for a new Homeowner Assistance Fund (HAF) administered by the Treasury Department. Through the program, Treasury allocates funds via formula to eligible entities, which in turn can use the funds to assist eligible homeowners with mortgage payments or certain other related housing expenses. This report provides an overview of the HAF based on ARPA and initial program guidance that Treasury released on April 14, 2021.2 It includes brief background on the creation of the HAF, information on funding allocations, a description of key program parameters, and a discussion of certain outstanding questions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jones, Katie
2021-07-01
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Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Summary: "The United States has established by law the following 12 permanent federal holidays, listed in the order they appear in the calendar: New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday, Inauguration Day (every four years following a presidential election), George Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth National Independence Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. Although frequently called public or national holidays, these celebrations are only legally applicable to federal employees and the District of Columbia, as the states individually decide their own legal holidays."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straus, Jacob R.
2021-07-01
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Asylum Eligibility for Applicants Fleeing Gang and Domestic Violence: Recent Developments [July 1, 2021]
"Non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [hyperlink]) from Central America have increasingly pursued asylum and related protections in the United States because of gang and domestic violence [hyperlink] in their home countries. To qualify for protection, applicants typically must establish that the gang or domestic violence amounts to persecution because of one of five enumerated grounds, including membership in a 'particular social group.' In 'Matter of A-B-' [hyperlink] and 'Matter of L-E-A-' [hyperlink], former Attorneys General Jeff Sessions and William Barr issued rulings that made it more difficult for applicants to satisfy this requirement. Those rulings were binding upon immigration authorities [hyperlink] within both the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In February 2021, President Biden directed [hyperlink] the Attorney General (AG) and the Secretary of Homeland Security to review the availability of asylum for applicants fleeing gang or domestic violence, and to issue joint regulations that clarify the meaning of a 'particular social group.' In June 2021, AG Merrick Garland vacated the prior rulings [hyperlink] in 'Matter of A-B-' and 'Matter of L-E-A-' pending issuance of these regulations. This Legal Sidebar examines the AG decisions addressing the availability of asylum for applicants fearing nongovernmental persecution based on their membership in a particular social group, President Biden's executive order, and legislative options for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2021-07-01
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China's Engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Document: "As the People's Republic of China (PRC) has increased its engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) over the past 20years, U.S. policymakers have raised questions regarding potential implications for U.S. interests in the region. China's engagement with the region has grown significantly since 2001, particularly in terms of diplomatic and economic ties. This growth reflects China's global 'soft power' efforts and 'influence operations' worldwide. A succession of Chinese leaders and other officials have visited the region to court governments. In turn, regional leaders and officials have frequently visited China. The PRC has signed a variety of bilateral partnership agreements with countries throughout the region, including 'comprehensive strategic partnerships' with Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-
2021-07-01
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European Deterrence Initiative: A Budgetary Overview [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Background: "The European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) is a Department of Defense (DOD) effort to 'enhance the U.S. deterrence posture, increase the readiness and responsiveness of U.S. forces in Europe, support the collective defense and security of NATO allies, and bolster the security and capacity of U.S. allies and partners,' according to the DOD 'European Deterrence Initiative Fact Sheet.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Belkin, Paul; Kaileh, Hibbah
2021-07-01
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Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program--the Coast Guard's program for acquiring new PSCs (i.e., heavy polar icebreakers). The Coast Guard's proposed FY2022 budget requests $170.0 million in procurement funding for the PSC program. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Administration's FY2022 procurement funding request for the PSC program, and, more generally, whether to approve, reject, or modify the Coast Guard's overall plan for procuring new polar icebreakers. Congress's decisions on this issue could affect Coast Guard funding requirements, the Coast Guard's ability to perform its polar missions, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-07-01
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Funding Conditions: Constitutional Limits on Congress's Spending Power [July 1, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Spending Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) gives Congress broad power to authorize spending for the 'general Welfare.' The Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) supplements Congress's spending authority, allowing Congress to restrict how federal funds are used. Congress can also place requirements on the recipients of federal funds to regulate their conduct in exchange for federal funding. While funding conditions such as these are common, they are subject to constitutional limitations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Killion, Victoria L.
2021-07-01
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Army Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs) [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Document: "Security Force Assistance (SFA) is defined as 'unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local, host nation or regional security forces in support of a legitimate authority.' By definition 'security forces include not only military forces, but also police, border forces, and other paramilitary organizations, as well as other local and regional forces.' SFA involves organizing, training, equipping, rebuilding, and advising foreign security forces (FSF). Title 10, 'U.S. Code', Chapter 16, governs the Department of Defense's (DOD's) SFA activities. Each year, the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) modifies, eliminates, or creates new SFA authorities and authorizes funding for Geographic Combatant Commands (GCCs) to conduct SFA activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2021-07-01
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China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on China's naval modernization effort and its implications for U.S. Navy capabilities. In an era of renewed great power competition, China's military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. The issue for Congress for this CRS report is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China's naval modernization effort. Decisions that Congress reaches on this issue could affect U.S. and allied security, Navy capabilities and funding requirements, and the defense industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-07-01
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Foreign Assistance and the Education Sector: Programs and Priorities [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Summary: "Education has long been a key focus sector within U.S. foreign assistance. Policymakers generally agree that education is crucial to bettering livelihoods and improving economic stability in developing countries. Researchers have found that investments in education lead to higher incomes, economic stability, and better health, among other development outcomes. While education access and quality in developing countries has generally improved in the 21st century, challenges remain. Globally, approximately 257 million children and youth do not attend school, and approximately 99 million people aged 15-24 are illiterate. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected learners worldwide, with many analysts projecting significant setbacks in the education sector for years to come."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgenstern, Emily M.
2021-07-01
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Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Document: "Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) is the Department of Defense's (DOD's) concept to connect sensors from all of the military services--Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Space Force--into a single network. Traditionally, each of the military services developed its own tactical network that was incompatible with those of other services (i.e., Army networks were unable to interface with Navy or Air Force networks). DOD officials have argued that future conflicts may require decisions to be made within hours, minutes, or potentially seconds compared with the current multiday process to analyze the operating environment and issue commands. They have also stated that the Department's existing command and control architecture is insufficient to meet the demands of the National Defense Strategy (NDS). Congress may be interested in the concept because it is being used to develop many high-profile procurement programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.
2021-07-01
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Juneteenth National Independence Day: A New Federal Holiday [July 1, 2021]
From the Document: "On June 17, 2021, President Joe Biden signed S. 475 [hyperlink], the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act [hyperlink], into law. S. 475 passed the House of Representatives [hyperlink] on June 16 and the Senate [hyperlink] on June 15. The House companion measure was H.R. 1320. The act amends Section 6103(a) [hyperlink], Title 5 of the 'United States Code' to designate June 19 as Juneteenth National Independence Day. In past Congresses, legislation was introduced [hyperlink] to create a federal holiday and the House [hyperlink] and Senate [hyperlink] also agreed to resolutions honoring Juneteenth."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straus, Jacob R.
2021-07-01
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SBA Veterans Assistance Programs: An Analysis of Contemporary Issues [Updated July 7, 2021]
From the Document: "This report opens with an examination of veteran-owned businesses' economic circumstances, comparing unemployment and labor force participation rates for veterans, veterans who have left the military since September 2001, and nonveterans. The report also describes employment assistance programs offered by several federal agencies to assist veterans transitioning from the military to the civilian labor force and examines, in greater detail, the SBA's [Small Business Administration] veteran business development programs, the SBA's efforts to enhance veterans' access to capital, and the SBA's service-disabled veteran-owned contracting program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Lowry, Sean
2021-07-01
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Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Summary: "This report provides a summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and its major programs and regulatory requirements. It reviews revisions to the act since its enactment in 1974,including the drinking water security provisions added to SDWA by the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-188), and provisions to further reduce lead in plumbing materials and drinking water (P.L. 111-380, P.L. 113-64, and P.L. 114- 322). It also identifies changes made to the act in P.L. 114-45, regarding algal toxins in public water supplies; the Grassroots Rural and Small Community Water Systems Assistance Act (P.L. 114-98); the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation (WIIN) Act (P.L. 114-322); and America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA; P.L. 115-270), which constituted the most comprehensive revisions to SDWA since 1996. It also discusses SDWA-related provisions in the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2020 (P.L. 116-92) regarding per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tiemann, Mary; Humphreys, Elena H.
2021-07-01
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Infrastructure and the Economy [July 1, 2021]
From the Summary: "Infrastructure investment has received renewed interest of late, with both President Biden and some Members of Congress discussing the benefits and costs of such spending and what investments should be considered part of infrastructure. 'Infrastructure investment' or 'infrastructure reform' can describe a wide array of activities in policy discussions, depending on the context. In general, infrastructure has historically referred to longer-lived, capital-intensive systems and facilities, such as roads, bridges, and water treatment facilities. Partly owing to the amorphous definition of 'infrastructure', there is no set method for measuring infrastructure investment. For public infrastructure, economists often use a measure called government investment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weinstock, Lida R.
2021-07-01
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'Van Buren v. United States': Supreme Court Holds Accessing Information on a Computer for Unauthorized Purposes Not Federal Crime [July 1, 2021]
From the Document: "On June 3, 2021, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion [hyperlink] in 'Van Buren v. United States', holding that an individual does not violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) if he is authorized to obtain information on a computer for specific purposes [hyperlink] only, and he then accesses that information for other unauthorized purposes. Rather, in a 6-3 opinion authored by Justice Barrett [hyperlink], the Court determined that in order to violate the CFAA, an individual must access an area of a computer or information on a computer that is completely 'off limits [hyperlink] to him,' as opposed to accessing a computer or information that he is entitled to use in at least some circumstances. In so holding, the Court appears to have resolved an issue [hyperlink] that has divided lower courts--whether obtaining information for an improper purpose is unlawful under the CFAA. Given the potentially wide-reaching implications [hyperlink] of 'Van Buren', which marks the Court's first significant foray [hyperlink] into a statute that has been described as the 'nation's predominant [hyperlink] anti-hacking law,' this Sidebar provides an overview of the Court's holding and analysis. The Sidebar concludes with a summary of some possible implications stemming from 'Van Buren', as well as various issues for congressional consideration."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Berris, Peter G.
2021-07-01
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United States Merchant Marine Academy [July 1, 2021]
From the Background: "The U.S. Merchant Marine consists of U.S.-flag vessels and their crews of U.S. citizens or nationals, commonly called merchant mariners. While there has been congressional interest in maritime policy since the founding of the United States, legislation related to training and qualifying the maritime workforce was uncommon until the latter half of the 19th century. Economic distress in the shipping industry caused by the American Civil War prompted congressional efforts to reverse this decline, including legislation intended to increase the number and quality of merchant mariners. Two federal entities currently share responsibility for the Merchant Marine. The Maritime Administration (MARAD) manages federal shipping and ocean transportation programs. It also operates the only federal maritime academy for merchant marine officers--the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) at Kings Point, New York. The U.S. Coast Guard administers commercial vessel and merchant mariner oversight programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ott, Alan
2021-07-01
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Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides a broad overview of U.S. immigration policy. The first section addresses policies governing how foreign nationals enter the United States to either reside permanently or stay temporarily. Related topics within this section include visa issuance and security, forms of quasi-legal status, and naturalization. The second section discusses enforcement policies both for excluding foreign nationals from admission into the United States, as well as for detaining and removing those who enter the country unlawfully or who enter lawfully but subsequently commit crimes that make them deportable. The section also covers worksite enforcement and immigration fraud. The third section of this report addresses policies for unauthorized aliens residing in the United States. While intended to be comprehensive, this primer may omit some immigration-related topics. For example, it generally does not discuss policy issues or congressional concerns about specific immigration-related policies and programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kandel, William A.
2021-07-01
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CDC's Federal Eviction Moratorium [Updated June 30, 2021]
From the Document: "On September 4, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) imposed a nationwide temporary federal moratorium on residential evictions [hyperlink] for nonpayment of rent. The order is intended to prevent the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by preventing homelessness and overcrowded housing conditions resulting from eviction. The action, which followed an Executive Order [hyperlink] directing the CDC to consider such a measure, was unprecedented, both in terms of the federal reach into what is traditionally state and local governance of landlord-tenant law and its use of a public health authority [hyperlink]. Since the issuance of the order, several courts have issued conflicting decisions on the eviction moratorium's legality and, while no court has issued an order enjoining the moratorium's enforcement nationwide, the conflicting judicial rulings have left a cloud of uncertainty [hyperlink] regarding the order's enforceability."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarty, Maggie; Perl, Libby; Carpenter, David Hatcher
2021-06-30
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FEMA Funeral Assistance for COVID-19 [Updated June 30, 2021]
From the Document: "Congress authorized the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to provide Funeral Assistance for deaths associated with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This Insight provides an overview of FEMA COVID-19 Funeral Assistance, including eligible expenses, applicant eligibility criteria, and award amounts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webster, Elizabeth M.
2021-06-30
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Department of Veterans Affairs FY2021 Appropriations [Updated June 30, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers numerous programs that provide benefits and services to eligible veterans and their families. These benefits include medical care; disability compensation and pensions; education; vocational rehabilitation and employment services; assistance to homeless veterans; home loan guarantees; administration of life insurance, as well as traumatic injury protection insurance for servicemembers; and death benefits that cover burial expenses. President Trump submitted his budget proposal for FY2021 on February 10, 2020. The President's budget requested $240.2billion for VA. This amount included$135.4 billion in mandatory benefits funding and $104.8 billion in discretionary funding. When compared with the FY2020-enacted amount for the VA of $237.5 billion--which includes regular appropriations provided by the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-94), and supplemental funding provided by the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (P.L. 116-127) and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (P.L. 116-136)--this was an increase of $2.752 billion. In addition, the budget request included an advance appropriation request of $239.5 billion for FY2022 to fund the seven advance appropriations accounts: compensation and pensions, readjustment benefits, insurance and indemnities, medical services, medical community care, medical support and compliance, and medical facilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Panangala, Sidath Viranga; Sussman, Jared S.; Salazar, Heather M.
2021-06-30
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Defense Primer: Military Commissaries and Exchanges [Updated June 30, 2021]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) offers certain 'quality-of-life' benefits to military members, their families, and retirees. The general purpose of these benefits is to attract, retain, and support morale and readiness for military service members. One of these benefits is worldwide access to grocery and retail stores--called 'commissaries' and 'exchanges'--typically located on military installations. Commissaries provide subsidized groceries and household goods to eligible patrons. Exchanges sell goods for profit, similar to a department or specialty store, but use some of this profit to fund various Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR) activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Kamarck, Kristy N.
2021-06-30
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Introduction to U.S. Economy: Productivity [Updated June 30, 2021]
From the Document: "Productivity is broadly defined as the ratio of outputs to inputs. With respect to the economy, productivity measures how efficiently goods and services can be produced by comparing the amount of economic output with the amount of inputs (labor, capital, etc.) used to produce those goods. Policymakers are interested in productivity because productivity growth is generally the most consequential determinant of long-term economic growth and substantive improvements in individual living standards."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weinstock, Lida R.
2021-06-30
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Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [June 30, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, which is carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy, gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. BMD-capable Aegis ships operate in European waters to defend Europe from potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as Iran, and in in the Western Pacific and the Persian Gulf to provide regional defense against potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as North Korea and Iran. MDA's FY2022 budget submission states that 'by the end of FY 2022 there will be 48 total BMDS [BMD system] capable ships requiring maintenance support.' The Aegis BMD program is funded mostly through MDA's budget. The Navy's budget provides additional funding for BMD-related efforts. MDA's proposed FY2021 budget requested a total of $1,647.9 million (i.e., about $1.6 billion) in procurement and research and development funding for Aegis BMD efforts, including funding for two Aegis Ashore sites in Poland and Romania. MDA's budget also includes operations and maintenance (O&M) and military construction (MilCon) funding for the Aegis BMD program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-06-30
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Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy Overview [Updated June 30, 2021]
From the Document: "U.S. interests in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are diverse and include economic, political, security, and humanitarian concerns. Geographic proximity has ensured strong economic linkages between the United States and LAC, with the United States a major trading partner and source of foreign investment for many regional countries. Free-trade agreements (FTAs) have augmented U.S. economic relations with 11 countries in the region. LAC is also a large source of U.S. immigration, both authorized and unauthorized; economic and security conditions are major factors driving migration trends. Curbing the flow of illicit drugs from LAC has been a key component of U.S. relations with the region for decades. The flow of illicit drugs--including heroin, methamphetamine, and fentanyl from Mexico and cocaine from Colombia--poses risks to U.S. public health and safety. Since 2000, Colombia has received support through Plan Colombia and its successor programs. The United States also has sought to forge partnerships with other countries to combat drug trafficking and related violence and to advance citizen security, including through the Mérida Initiative, begun in 2007 to support Mexico; the Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI), begun in 2008; and the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI), begun in 2009. Another long-standing component of U.S. policy has been support for strengthened democratic governance and the rule of law, including initiatives to support civil society and promote human rights. Although many countries in the region have made strides in democratic political development, several face considerable challenges."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2021-06-30
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Surfside Building Collapse: The Role of the National Construction Safety Team Act and the National Institute of Standards and Technology [June 30, 2021]
From the Document: "Following the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks, there was a recognition among policymakers that no federal agency had principal responsibility for investigating building failures. To address this gap, Congress enacted the National Construction Safety Team (NCST) Act (P.L. 107- 231) in October 2002 authorizing the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a non-regulatory agency of the Department of Commerce, to establish teams to investigate building failures. NCST Act authorities are similar to those of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the federal agency that investigates transportation accidents. [...] This In Focus describes NIST's authorities under the NCST; the process for deciding to conduct an NSCT investigation; examples of past NIST construction and in-service failure investigations; and NIST's role in the development of building codes, standards, and practices."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sargent, John F.
2021-06-30
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Navy John Lewis (TAO-205) Class Oiler Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 30, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the John Lewis (TAO205) class oiler shipbuilding program, a program to build a new class of 20 fleet oilers for the Navy. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's annual ship authorization and funding requests for the program. Congress's decisions on this issue could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-06-30
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Navy Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 30, 2021]
From the Document: "The Navy wants to begin procuring a new class of nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN), called the NextGeneration Attack Submarine or SSN(X), in FY2031. The SSN(X) would be the successor to the Virginia-class SSN design, which the Navy has been procuring since FY1998. The Navy's proposed FY2022 budget requests $98.0 million in research and development funding for the SSN(X) program. An issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's funding requests and acquisition strategy for the SSN(X) program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-06-30
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Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS) [June 29, 2021]
From the Document: "The Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS) is the U.S. Air Force's latest effort to create a next-generation command and control (C2) system. ABMS proposes using cloud environments and new communications methods to allow Air Force and Space Force systems to share data seamlessly using artificial intelligence to enable faster decisionmaking. The Air Force describes ABMS as its effort to create an internet of things, which would allow for sensors and C2 systems to be disaggregated from one another(counter to how the Air Force has traditionally performed C2). This program is the Air Force's contribution to the DOD's Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2) effort focused on modernizing DOD decisionmaking processes for combat operations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.
2021-06-29
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Facial Recognition Technology for Certain Traveler and Noncitizen Identity Verification [June 29, 2021]
From the Document: "Facial recognition technology (FRT), which uses algorithms to compare faces against a collection of known faces, is a biometric tool employed by law enforcement [hyperlink], including U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials. FRT can be used to verify the identity of travelers and certain noncitizens awaiting entry. FRT is used in two primary ways: [1] identification searches, comparing features of a probe [hyperlink] photo with those in a database of images to produce a gallery of potential matches ranked by similarity (not a single affirmative match), and [2] identity verifications, comparing a probe photo against known photos to produce a binary, match/no match result."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Finklea, Kristin; Kolker, Abigail F.
2021-06-29
