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Department of Veterans Affairs: Caregiver Support [March 24, 2020]
From the Summary: "The conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have presented a new challenge for the United States as servicemembers returned from combat with serious injuries that may have been fatal in previous conflicts. These servicemembers require ongoing personal care services, which are often provided by family members and loved ones. In recognition of this significant challenge, Congress enacted the Caregivers and Veterans Omnibus Health Services Act of 2010 (P.L. 111- 163), which required the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to establish specific supports for caregivers of veterans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sussman, Jared S.
2020-03-24
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Take Responsibility for Workers and Families Act: Division T--Revenue Provisions [March 24, 2020]
From the Document: "A number of recently introduced legislative proposals seek to alleviate the adverse economic effects of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak. One such proposal, the Take Responsibility for Workers and Families Act (H.R. 6379), was introduced in the House on March 23, 2020. The proposal includes a number of provisions that would change the tax system, including modifications that would [1] provide a one-time payment to households; [2] temporarily expand the earned income tax credit, child tax credit, and dependent care tax credit; [3] provide employer payroll tax credits for certain hospital expenses and for expanded sick and family leave programs; [4] modify the tax treatment of certain retirement fund withdrawals; and [5] allow net operating loss carrybacks for businesses. This report briefly summarizes the major provisions included in Titles I through IV of Division T of H.R. 6379."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sherlock, Molly F.; Crandall-Hollick, Margot L.; Driessen, Grant A. . . .
2020-03-24
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FY2020 Defense Reprogrammings for Wall Funding: Backgrounder [March 24, 2020]
From the Document: "On February 13, 2020, the Department of Defense (DOD) transferred $3.8 billion from defense procurement programs to the Army Operation and Maintenance account for use by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for the construction of 31 additional barrier projects along the southern border of the United States. The transfers repeated, in part, a process the Department undertook twice in 2019 in conjunction with additional emergency construction transfers detailed below."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2020-03-24
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Bolivia Postpones May Elections Amidst COVID-19 Outbreak [March 24, 2020]
From the Document: "On March 22, 2020, Bolivia's Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) suspended preparations for national elections scheduled for May 3 following Interim President Jeanette Añez's declaration of a two-week national quarantine to prevent the spread of COVID [coronavirus disease]-19. Bolivia remains extremely polarized following annulled October 2019 elections alleged to be marred by fraud and the November resignation of President Evo Morales of the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party. Morales's former finance minister Luis Arce had been leading the polls. According to the TSE, the MAS-led Congress may need to enact legislation to select a new election date. The United States remains concerned about the political volatility in Bolivia. The Trump Administration and Congress have supported efforts to ensure the elections are free and fair."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2020-03-24
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Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress [March 24, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report presents background information and issues for Congress concerning the Navy's force structure and shipbuilding plans. The current and planned size and composition of the Navy, the annual rate of Navy ship procurement, the capacity of the naval shipbuilding industry, and the prospective affordability of the Navy's shipbuilding plans have been oversight matters for the congressional defense committees for many years. [...] The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's proposed FY2021 shipbuilding program and the Navy's longer-term shipbuilding plans. Decisions that Congress makes on this issue can substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-24
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Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act--Tax Relief for Individuals and Businesses [Updated March 24, 2020]
From the Document: "Congress is considering a number of proposals that seek to mitigate the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. One such proposal, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (S. 3548), was introduced in the Senate on March 19, 2020. On March 22, 2020, the Senate released an updated version of the CARES Act. A cloture vote on the motion to proceed on the amended version was rejected on March 22. Tax relief for individuals and businesses in the CARES Act includes [1] a one-time rebate to taxpayers; [2] modification of the tax treatment of certain retirement fund withdrawals and charitable contributions; [3] a delay of employer payroll taxes and taxes paid by certain corporations; and [4] a variety of changes to the tax treatment of business income and net operating losses."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sherlock, Molly F.; Crandall-Hollick, Margot L.; Driessen, Grant A. . . .
2020-03-24
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COVID-19: Legal Considerations for Bringing a New Vaccine to Market [March 24, 2020]
From the Document: "As the number of confirmed COVID [coronavirus disease]-19 cases increases at an accelerating rate, interest has grown in developing a COVID-19 vaccine as an avenue for addressing the pandemic. Media reports indicate that a number of countries and companies are working on developing a vaccine. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the biotechnology company Moderna, Inc., recently initiated the first clinical trials of a potential vaccine in the United States at a hospital in Seattle. However, developing a new vaccine and obtaining approval to market it can take a long time. This Sidebar discusses the licensure (i.e., approval) process for vaccines under the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) and the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), as well as potential legal avenues for expediting that process to bring a new vaccine to market sooner."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ward, Erin H.
2020-03-24
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Money Market Mutual Funds: A Financial Stability Case Study [Updated March 24, 2020]
From the Document: "A money market mutual fund (MMF) is a mutual fund that under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 2a7 can invest only in high-quality, short-term debt securities, such as U.S. Treasury bills or commercial paper (a type of corporate debt). MMFs are commonly considered as safe alternatives to bank deposits, although they are not federally insured like bank deposits. However, this perceived-to-be-safe financial instrument triggered major market disruptions in 2008 that accelerated the 2007-2009 financial crisis. At the time, the Treasury Department and the Fed developed multiple intervention tools. As the 2020 coronavirus-induced market stress continues, some of the same tools are being reconsidered. The Fed reintroduced its MMF facility. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 (S. 3548) also proposes to permit a Treasury Department guarantee program for temporary use during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Su, Eva
2020-03-24
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COVID-19 and Federal Procurement Contracts [March 24, 2020]
From the Document: "The COVID [coronavirus disease]-19 pandemic and related mandates and recommendations to practice social distancing, work from home, shelter in place, and self-quarantine impact government contracts by disrupting supply chains and business operations. These disruptions may make it difficult and potentially impossible for some federal contractors to perform government procurement contracts as originally contemplated. Disruptions will likely alter government procurement priorities and have prompted questions about how the novel COVID-19 pandemic might affect federal acquisitions and government contractor performance. The pandemic's effect on existing federal contracts will depend in large part upon agency needs, the duration of pandemic response actions, and each contract's type and terms. Legal principles underlying standard contract clauses that often must be incorporated in procurement contracts under the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and agency-specific FAR supplements like the Department of Defense's (DoD's) Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) will likely guide how agencies and contractors respond to the pandemic. Additionally, federal emergency response laws, such as the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act) and the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA), could impact how agencies acquire goods and services to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carpenter, David Hatcher
2020-03-24
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Emergency Funding for Public Transportation Agencies Due to COVID-19 [March 23, 2020]
From the Document: "The COVID-19 pandemic has reportedly resulted in a swift and large loss of public transportation ridership and fare revenue. Examples in the early days of the crisis include an 88% loss of ridership for New Jersey Transit, a 60% loss of subway ridership for New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority, a 60% loss for Denver's Regional Transportation District, and a 90% loss for Bay Area Rapid Transit in San Francisco. Many transit agencies, including the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, have responded by cutting service, encouraging people to travel only when necessary, and requiring riders to enter buses through the rear doors without paying a fare. Fare revenue losses are likely to be compounded by a less immediate decline in local tax revenue dedicated to transit agency budgets, particularly sales and property taxes. In 2018, fare revenue was 31% of operating budgets and 22% of overall transit agency funding. Taxes dedicated directly to transit agencies were another 12% of overall funding. With both of these revenue sources under pressure, many transit agencies will likely find it difficult to meet current commitments, such as staff pay and benefits, and to restore service to previous levels once passenger demand rebounds."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mallett, William J.
2020-03-23
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United Nations Issues: U.S. Funding of U.N. Peacekeeping [Updated March 23, 2020]
From the Document: "The United States is the single largest financial contributor to United Nations (U.N.) peacekeeping activities. Congress authorizes and appropriates U.S. contributions, and it has an ongoing interest in ensuring such funding is used as efficiently and effectively as possible. The United States, as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council, plays a key role in establishing, renewing, and funding U.N. peacekeeping operations. For 2020, the United Nations assessed the U.S. share of U.N. peacekeeping budgets at 27.89%; however, since 1994 Congress has capped the U.S. payment at 25% due to concerns that U.S. assessments are too high. For FY2021, the Trump Administration proposed $1.07 billion for U.N. peacekeeping, a 29% decrease from the enacted FY2020 level of $1.52 billion."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa
2020-03-23
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U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview [Updated March 23, 2020]
From the Document: "The United States has imposed sanctions on Russia in response to its invasion of Ukraine, election interference, other malicious cyber activities, human rights abuses, use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, and support to Syria and Venezuela. Sanctions against Russian persons (defined to include individuals, entities, vessels, and aircraft) may include blocking of assets subject to U.S. jurisdiction; limits on access to the U.S. financial system, including transactions involving U.S. individuals and businesses; and denial of entry into the United States. The United States also tightly controls exports to Russia's defense and energy sectors."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rennack, Dianne E.; Welt, Cory
2020-03-23
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Federal Reserve: Recent Actions in Response to COVID-19 [Updated March 23, 2020]
From the Document: "Coronavirus (COVID-19) has created significant economic disruption. In response, the Federal Reserve (Fed) has taken a number of steps to promote economic and financial stability involving the Fed's monetary policy and 'lender of last resort' roles. Some of these actions are intended to stimulate economic activity by reducing interest rates and others are intended to provide liquidity to financial markets so that firms have access to needed funding."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Labonte, Marc
2020-03-23
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National Emergency Powers [Updated March 23, 2020]
From the Summary: "The President of the United States has available certain powers that may be exercised in the event that the nation is threatened by crisis, exigency, or emergency circumstances (other than natural disasters, war, or near-war situations). Such powers may be stated explicitly or implied by the Constitution, assumed by the Chief Executive to be permissible constitutionally, or inferred from or specified by statute. Through legislation, Congress has made a great many delegations of authority in this regard over the past 230 years. There are, however, limits and restraints upon the President in his exercise of emergency powers. With the exception of the habeas corpus clause, the Constitution makes no allowance for the suspension of any of its provisions during a national emergency. Disputes over the constitutionality or legality of the exercise of emergency powers are judicially reviewable. Both the judiciary and Congress, as co-equal branches, can restrain the executive regarding emergency powers. So can public opinion. Since 1976, the President has been subject to certain procedural formalities in utilizing some statutorily delegated emergency authority."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Halchin, L. Elaine
2020-03-23
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COVID-19 and Direct Payments to Individuals: Summary of the 2020 Recovery Rebates in the CARES Act, as Circulated March 22 [March 23, 2020]
From the Document: "Legislative text of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, circulated on Sunday, March 22, 2020, proposes direct payments to individuals and families--'2020 recovery rebates.' This Insight provides a brief overview of the proposed 2020 recovery rebates included in the text circulated on March 22, which differ from those included in the legislation introduced on March 19. The proposed 2020 recovery rebates equal $1,200 per person ($2,400 for married taxpayers filing a joint tax return) and $500 per child. These amounts would phase down for higher-income taxpayers. These payments are structured as tax credits automatically advanced to households in 2020 'if they filed a 2019 income tax return' and would be received as a direct deposit or check by mail. If a 2019 return had not been filed, rebates would be advanced automatically based on 2018 return information."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crandall-Hollick, Margot L.
2020-03-23
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COVID-19 and Funding for Civil Aviation [March 23, 2020]
From the Document: "The COVID [coronavirus disease]-19 pandemic has created headwinds for the airline industry. Out of health concerns, customers were canceling international air travel to China and other affected countries in Asia as early as January 2020. Since then, travel restrictions imposed by governments around the world as well as suspension of nonessential travel by businesses and organizations have led to a sharp drop in air travel. These developments could also have significant implications for civil aviation programs. The International Air Transport Association, an airline industry group, projected on March 17 that the industry's losses globally due to COVID-19 would exceed $113 billion--more than 19% of the annual revenue--and warned that numerous airlines around the world were running out of cash. Many passenger carriers have canceled services in the face of reduced demand, and have sought to conserve cash by offering voluntary leaves of absence, placing workers on furlough, and grounding or accelerating retirement of some aircraft."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tang, Rachel Y.
2020-03-23
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Navy LPD-17 Flight II and LHA Amphibious Ship Programs: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 22, 2020]
From the Summary: "This report discusses two types of amphibious ships being procured for the Navy: LPD-17 Flight II class amphibious ships and LHA-type amphibious assault ships. Both types are built by Huntington Ingalls Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding (HII/Ingalls) of Pascagoula, MS. The first LPD-17 Flight II class ship, LPD-30, was procured in FY2018; the Navy's FY2021 budget submission estimates its cost at $1,819.6 million (i.e., about $1.8 billion). LHA-type amphibious assault ships are procured once every few years. LHA-8 was procured in FY2017; the Navy's FY2021 budget submission estimates its cost at $3,832.0 million (i.e., about $3.8 billion)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-22
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Navy John Lewis (TAO-205) Class Oiler Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 22, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Navy began procuring John Lewis (TAO-205) class oilers in FY2016, and a total of six have been procured through FY2020, including two in FY2020. The first six TAO-205s are being procured under a block buy contract that was authorized by Section 127 of the FY2016 National Defense Authorization Act (S. 1356/P.L. 114-92 of November 25, 2015). The Navy's FY2021 budget submission estimates that TAO-205s cost about $530 million each when they are procured at a rate of two per year. The Navy wants to procure a total of 20 TAO-205s. The ships are being built by General Dynamics/National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (GD/NASSCO) of San Diego, CA. The Navy's FY2020 budget submission projected a request for one TAO-205 class ship in FY2021 and programmed a total of six over the period FY2021-FY2025. Under the Navy's FY2021 budget submission, however, no TAO-205 class ship is requested for procurement in FY2021, and a total of four are programmed for the period FY2021-FY2025. The Navy's FY2021 budget requests $59.9 million in FY2021 cost-to-complete procurement funding to cover cost growth on TAO-205s procured in prior fiscal years, but it does not request any FY2021 funding for the procurement of additional TAO-205s."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-22
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Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 22, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program is a program to acquire three new PSCs (i.e., heavy polar icebreakers), to be followed years from now by the acquisition of up to three new medium polar icebreakers. The PSC program has received a total of $1,169.6 million (i.e., about $1.2 billion) in procurement funding through FY2020, including $135 million in FY2020, which was $100 million more than the $35 million that the Coast Guard had requested for FY2020. With the funding it has received through FY2020, the first PSC is now fully funded and the second PSC has received initial funding."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-22
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Coast Guard Cutter Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 22, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Coast Guard's program of record (POR) calls for procuring 8 National Security Cutters (NSCs), 25 Offshore Patrol Cutters (OPCs), and 58 Fast Response Cutters (FRCs) as replacements for 90 aging Coast Guard high-endurance cutters, medium-endurance cutters, and patrol craft. The Coast Guard's proposed FY2021 budget requests a total of $597 million in procurement funding for the NSC, OPC, and FRC programs. It also proposes a rescission of $70 million in FY2020 procurement funding that Congress provided for the NSC program. NSCs are the Coast Guard's largest and most capable general-purpose cutters; they are replacing the Coast Guard's 12 Hamilton-class high-endurance cutters. NSCs have an estimated average procurement cost of about $670 million per ship."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-22
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Navy Virginia (SSN-774) Class Attack Submarine Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress [March 22, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Navy has been procuring Virginia (SSN-774) class nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) since FY1998. The one Virginia-class boat that the Navy is requesting for procurement in FY2021 would be the 33 rd boat in the class. The Navy's FY2020 budget submission had projected that the Navy would request two Virginia-class boats in FY2021. Virginia-class boats scheduled for procurement in FY2019-FY2023 are being procured under a multiyear procurement (MYP) contract. Most Virginia-class boats procured in FY2019 and subsequent years are to be built with the Virginia Payload Module (VPM), an additional, 84-footlong, mid-body section equipped with four large-diameter, vertical launch tubes for storing and launching additional Tomahawk missiles or other payloads."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-22
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Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 22, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Columbia-class program, a program to design and build a class of 12 new ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) to replace the Navy's current force of 14 aging Ohio-class SSBNs. The Navy has identified the Columbia-class program as the Navy's top priority program. The Navy wants to procure the first Columbia-class boat in FY2021. The Navy's proposed FY2021 budget requests $2,891.5 million in procurement funding, $1,123.2 million in advance procurement (AP) funding, and $397.3 million in research and development funding for the program. The program poses a number of funding and oversight issues for Congress. Decisions that Congress makes on the Columbia-class program could substantially affect U.S. military capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-22
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Navy DDG-51 and DDG-1000 Destroyer Programs: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 22, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report presents background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Navy's Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) and Zumwalt (DDG-1000) class destroyer programs. The Navy's proposed FY2021 budget requests funding for the procurement of two DDG-51s. Decisions that Congress makes concerning destroyer procurement could substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-22
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Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 22, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the 'Gerald R. Ford' (CVN-78) class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier (CVN) aircraft carrier program. The Navy's proposed FY2021 budget requests $2,714.2 million (i.e., about $2.7 billion) in procurement funding for the program. Congress's decisions on the CVN-78 program could substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-22
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Navy Frigate (FFG[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 22, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and discusses potential issues for Congress regarding the Navy's FFG(X) program, a program to procure a new class of 20 guided-missile frigates (FFGs). The Navy's proposed FY2021 budget requests $1,053.1 million (i.e., about $1.1 billion) for the procurement of the second FFG(X). The FFG(X) program presents several potential oversight issues for Congress. Congress's decisions on the program could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-03-22
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COVID-19 Economic Stimulus: Business Payroll Tax Cuts [March 20, 2020]
From the Document: "The economic fallout from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has accelerated rapidly. Policymakers continue to evaluate tax policy economic relief options. Payroll tax cuts for businesses are one option that would provide economic assistance to business activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sherlock, Molly F.; Marples, Donald J.
2020-03-20
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Targeted Tax Relief for Industries Impacted by the Coronavirus: Selected Policy Issues [March 20, 2020]
From the Document: "One of the policy options being considered to minimize the damage to the U.S. economy from the domestic spread of the coronavirus is tax relief targeted at industries that have experienced substantial drops in revenue. To date, growing numbers of cruise lines, airlines, hotels, restaurants, retailers, and energy producers seem to have been hit the hardest by the economic impact of the virus. Depending on what happens to the spread of the coronavirus within the United States in coming weeks, other industries could be similarly affected. The prospect of a prolonged domestic coronavirus outbreak raises concerns about the solvency of severely affected companies and the job security of their employees. This is a particular concern for smaller firms. Without lines of credit, many of them may find it difficult to stay in business."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Guenther, Gary L.
2020-03-20
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State and Local Fiscal Conditions and Economic Shocks [March 20, 2020]
From the Document: "Policymaker attention to the COVID [coronavirus disease]-19 economic shock has included its potential effect on state and local governments. This Insight summarizes the underlying forces affecting state and local finances following a negative economic shock, examines tools available to them in response to such forces, and briefly discusses federal assistance offered in recent recessions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Driessen, Grant A.
2020-03-20
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Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2020 [Updated March 20, 2020]
From the Summary: "President Trump's budget request for FY2020 included approximately $134.1 billion for research and development (R&D). Several FY2019 appropriations bills had not been enacted at the time the President's FY2020 budget was prepared; therefore, the President's budget included the FY2018 actual funding levels, 2019 annualized continuing resolution (CR) levels, and the FY2020 request levels. On February 15, 2019, Congress enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019 (P.L. 116-6). This act included each of the remaining appropriations acts, completing the FY2019 appropriations process. The act also rendered the CR levels identified in the budget no longer relevant, though for some agencies the exact amount of R&D funding in the act remained uncertain. The analysis of government-wide R&D funding in this report compares the President's request for FY2020 to the FY2018 level."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sargent, John F.
2020-03-20
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USDA Domestic Food Assistance Programs' Response to COVID-19: P.l. 116-127 and Related Efforts [Updated March 20, 2020]
From the Document: "U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) programs are often part of emergency response efforts, providing program flexibilities, foods for distribution, and benefits for redemption. Emergencies generate different FNS responses and vary with states' requests. During the COVID-19 pandemic, access to food--particularly in light of school closures--has been a concern for many. Some also view the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) as a force for economic stimulus. This Insight discusses P.L. 116-127's food assistance provisions, which supplement FNS's existing COVID-19 response with new funds and authorities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Aussenberg, Randy Alison; Billings, Kara Clifford
2020-03-20
