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U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: Fy2021 Appropriations [September 4, 2020]
From the Summary: "The United States provides foreign assistance to Latin American and Caribbean countries to support development and other U.S. objectives. U.S. policymakers have emphasized different strategic interests in the region at different times, from combating Soviet influence during the Cold War to promoting democracy and open markets since the 1990s. The Trump Administration has sought to reduce foreign aid significantly and refocus U.S. assistance efforts in the region to address U.S. domestic concerns, such as irregular migration and transnational crime. To date, however, Congress has opted not to adopt many of the Administration's proposals."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Meyer, Peter J.; Martin, Rachel L.
2020-09-04
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United Nations Issues: Congressional Representatives to the U.n. General Assembly [Updated September 4, 2020]
From the Document: "The annual session of the United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly is held at U.N. Headquarters in New York City. The President generally appoints one Democrat and one Republican to serve as U.S. representatives to the session, alternating each year between the House and Senate. At the 74th session, which opened in September 2019, two members of the House of Representatives, Barbara Lee and Cathy McMorris Rodgers, served as congressional representatives. Two members of the Senate will likely serve as representatives to the 75th session, which is scheduled to open on September 15, 2020. In July 2020, U.N. members decided that the Assembly session would be conducted virtually due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is unclear how, if at all, the activities of congressional representatives may be affected by this decision."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa; Weed, Matthew C.
2020-09-04
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SBA EIDL and Emergency EIDL Grants: Data by State [Updated September 4, 2020]
From the Document: "Congress made COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]-related economy injury an eligible expense for the Small Business Administration's (SBA) Economic Injury Disaster Loans (EIDL) in the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-123). It also expanded EIDL eligibility for certain businesses and organizations, and it established an Emergency EIDL Grant program as part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136). COVID-19-related EIDL and Emergency EIDL grants are available to all 50 states, U.S. territories, and Washington, DC. This Insight provides [1] a general overview of SBA EIDL (including eligibility) and the Emergency EIDL Grant program; [2] SBA EIDL data by the number and amount of loans approved by state; and [3] Emergency EIDL Grant program (also referred to as EIDL advance) data by the number and amount of grants approved by state."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lindsay, Bruce R.; Mullins, Maura
2020-09-04
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Global Economic Effects of COVID-19 [Updated September 4, 2020]
From the Summary: "Since the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak was first diagnosed, it has spread to over 200 countries and all U.S. states. The pandemic is negatively affecting global economic growth beyond anything experienced in nearly a century. Estimates so far indicate the virus could trim global economic growth by 3.0% to 6.0% in 2020, with a partial recovery in 2021, assuming there is not a second wave of infections. The economic fallout from the pandemic raises the risks of a global economic recession with levels of unemployment not experienced since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The human costs in terms of lives lost will permanently affect global economic growth in addition to the cost of rising levels of poverty, lives upended, careers derailed, and increased social unrest. Global trade could also fall by 18%, depending on the depth and extent of the global economic downturn, exacting an especially heavy economic toll on trade-dependent developing and emerging economies. The full impact will not be known until the effects of the pandemic peak. This report provides an overview of the global economic costs to date and the response by governments and international institutions to address these effects."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-; Weiss, Martin A.; Schwarzenberg, Andres B. . . .
2020-09-04
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COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options [Updated September 4, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters; loan guaranty and venture capital programs; management and technical assistance training programs; and contracting programs. Congressional interest in these programs has always been high, primarily because small businesses are viewed as a means to stimulate economic activity and create jobs, but it has become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's widespread adverse economic impact on the national economy. This report provides a brief description of the SBA's programs and examines congressional action to assist small businesses during and immediately following the Great Recession (2007- 2009) and during the COVID-19 pandemic[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Lowry, Sean; Lindsay, Bruce R.
2020-09-04
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Resurgence of Chemical Weapons Use: Issues for Congress [Updated September 4, 2020]
From the Document: "With increasing numbers of incidents, the use of chemical weapons (CW) has become a growing international concern two decades after the international community decided to ban them under the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Syrian government forces have used the nerve agent sarin and chlorine bombs dozens of times since 2013 in that country's civil war. The Islamic State used mustard gas in northern Iraq in 2015 and 2016. North Korean agents used the nerve agent VX to assassinate Kim Jong Nam, the half-brother of the North Korean leader, at the Kuala Lumpur International Airport in February 2017. Russian agents used the Soviet-developed 'Novichok'-class nerve agent in an attempted assassination of a former Russian spy Sergei Skripal in the United Kingdom in March 2018. Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny was also poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent in August 2020. Prior to the Syrian civil war, there had been no major use of chemical weapons since the 1995 terror attack by the Aum Shinrikyo in Tokyo and by Iraq in the 1980s during its war with Iran. Some argue that recent use and lack of accountability for such incidents undermine the international norm against chemical weapons."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham
2020-09-04
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Supreme Court October Term 2019: A Review of Selected Major Rulings [September 4, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Supreme Court term that began on October 7, 2019 was one of the most eventful in recent history. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic colored much of the Court's work, leading the Court to close its building to the public indefinitely, postpone oral arguments originally scheduled for March and April of 2020, and, for the first time in history, telephonically conduct oral arguments in roughly a dozen cases over two weeks in May 2020. The Court, which typically recesses for the summer in late June, continued to issue opinions through the second week of July 2020 because of delays caused by the pandemic. And substantively, the October 2019 Term included the Court issuing several orders concerning litigation over various state-government responses to the pandemic. Beyond the effects of the pandemic, the October 2019 Term was notable because the Court issued a host of significant decisions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brannon, Valerie C.; Cole, Jared P.; Garvey, Todd . . .
2020-09-04
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United Arab Emirates (UAE): Issues for U.S. Policy [Updated September 4, 2020]
From the Summary: "The United Arab Emirates (UAE)is a federation of seven principalities or 'emirates.' Its population is assessed at nearly 10 million, but about 90% of the population are expatriates from within and outside the region who work in its open economy. The UAE is a significant U.S. security partnerthat hosts about 3,500 U.S. military personnel at UAE military facilities, buys sophisticated U.S. military equipment, including missile defenses and combat aircraft, and supports U.S. policy toward Iran. The UAE's August 2020 agreement to normalize relations with Israel might further consolidate the U.S.-UAE relationship and help both the United States and Israel counter Iran. UAE policy will likely not change after after UAE President Shaykh Khalifa bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan, who has been largely incapacitated since January 2014, passes from the scene; he is almost certain to be succeeded by his younger brother and defacto UAE leader Shaykh Muhammad bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2020-09-04
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COVID-19 and Emerging Global Patterns of Financial Crime [September 4, 2020]
From the Document: "Criminal groups around the world are exploiting opportunities for illicit profit during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. As criminal behaviors shift, so, too, have the illicit financial footprints left behind. As Congress considers U.S. and international responses to the pandemic, it may also examine the emerging risks and financial patterns associated with COVID-19-related criminal activity, including cybercrime."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosen, Liana W.
2020-09-04
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Protecting Against Rogue Drones [Updated September 3, 2020]
From the Document: "As of September 2020, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) had registered about 1.7 million unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), often referred to as drones. More than 70% are operated by recreational users. FAA estimates that by 2024, about 2.3 million UAS, including 1.5 million recreational drones and model aircraft and about 800,000 commercial UAS,will be registered to fly in U.S. airspace. As the UAS market expands, there may be an increasing risk that rogue drones that either fail to obey safety rules or are operated for nefarious purposes could threaten manned aircraft operations, airports, critical infrastructure facilities, and high-profile events. These concerns have prompted Congress to examine options for detecting and interdicting drones."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elias, Bartholomew
2020-09-03
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Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy and Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated September 3, 2020]
From the Summary: "The United States maintains strong linkages with neighboring Latin America and the Caribbean based on geographic proximity and diverse U.S. interests, including economic, political, and security concerns. The United States is a major trading partner and source of foreign investment for many countries in the region, with free-trade agreements enhancing economic linkages with 11 countries. The region is a large source of U.S. immigration, both legal and illegal; proximity and economic and security conditions are major factors driving migration. Curbing the flow of illicit drugs has been a key component of U.S. relations with the region for more than four decades and currently involves close security cooperation with Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. U.S. support for democracy and human rights in the region has been long-standing, with current focus on Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. Overall, although the region has made significant advances over the past four decades in terms of both political and economic development, notable challenges remain and some countries have experienced major setbacks, most prominently Venezuela. [...] Under the Trump Administration, U.S. relations with Latin America and the Caribbean have generally moved toward a more confrontational approach from one of engagement and partnership during past Administrations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Beittel, June S.; Meyer, Peter J. . . .
2020-09-03
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PRWORA's Restrictions on Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Public Benefits: Legal Issues [September 3, 2020]
From the Summary: "Title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) restricts the eligibility of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) for many federal benefit programs. It applies to federal health care, housing, welfare, unemployment, and retirement benefits, as well as many other types of federal benefits."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Harrington, Ben
2020-09-03
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Electoral College: A 2020 Presidential Election Timeline [September 3, 2020]
From the Introduction: "During the course of a presidential election year, the election process for the President and Vice President goes forward within a familiar timeline of events. At the same time these events are taking place, a related series of procedures that governs the actions of the electoral college progresses on a parallel track. This report focuses on the electoral college timeline for the 2020 presidential election."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Neale, Thomas H.
2020-09-03
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Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA): Pension Programs [September 3, 2020]
From the Overview: "Within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) administers pension programs for certain low-income veterans, their surviving spouses, and dependent children. This report focuses on VA's two main VBA pension programs: (1) the Veterans Pension (also known as the Improved Disability Pension), which makes payments to certain disabled, low-income veterans, and (2) the Survivors Pension (also known as the Improved Death Pension), which makes payments to certain low-income surviving spouses and dependent children of deceased veterans. To qualify for either program, a veteran must have become eligible for payments on or after January 1, 1979, served during wartime, discharged under 'other than dishonorable' conditions, and meet net worth limits. The Veterans and Survivors Pension Improvement Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-588) created both pension programs. The third VBA-administered pension program discussed in this report is for Medal of Honor recipients. To receive this benefit, a veteran must have been awarded the Medal of Honor from a U.S. President. It is not an income or needs-based program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salazar, Heather M.
2020-09-03
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Federal Conservation Corps Programs: Options for Congress in Response to COVID-19 [September 3, 2020]
From the Introduction: "In light of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's severe impact on the U.S. labor force, some Members of Congress and other stakeholders have expressed interest in job creation and training programs that may provide work relief to unemployed Americans. In particular, some stakeholders have turned their attention to existing and proposed programs modeled, in part, after the Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The CCC was a federal work relief program operating from 1933 to 1943 that put 3 million unemployed young men to work on projects aimed at the 'conservation and development of the natural resources of the United States.' Although the CCC program ended more than 70 years ago, the program has inspired other federal programs, such as the Youth Conservation Corps (YCC) and the Public Lands Corps (PLC). These two programs are the primary federal job corps initiatives whose missions, similar to the CCC, include enhancing and maintaining America's federal and nonfederal lands and waterways. However, both the YCC and the PLC differ from the original CCC model in key ways. For example, whereas the CCC was a sweeping, federally managed and administered job relief program, the YCC and the PLC are comparatively smaller in scale and operate primarily through cooperative agreements between federal agencies and locally based corps organizations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeSantis, Mark K.
2020-09-03
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SBA Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Loan Forgiveness: In Brief [Updated September 3, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) created the Small Business Administration (SBA) Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) to provide short-term, low-interest loans that could be forgiven under specified circumstances to certain small business and nonprofits. [...] This In Brief report discusses statutes, regulations, and agency guidance relevant to the PPP loan forgiveness process and determination. A summary of the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act is also provided."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Lowry, Sean
2020-09-03
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Impact of COVID-19 [Updated September 3, 2020]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having widespread economic, social, and political effects on Latin America and the Caribbean, a region with strong congressional interest because of deep U.S. linkages. As of September 2, 2020, the region had almost 6.1 million confirmed cases(almost 28% of cases worldwide) and almost 280,000 deaths(almost 33% of deaths worldwide), with the virus continuing to spread at high levels in several countries. Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Colombia, and Chile have the highest numbers of deaths in the region, and Brazil has the highest death toll worldwide after the United States.The rankings change in terms of per capita deaths--Peru has the highest recorded deaths per capita in the region, followed by Chile, Brazil, Mexico, and Panama."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Taft-Morales, Maureen; Seelke, Clare Ribando; Meyer, Peter J. . . .
2020-09-03
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Resources for Tracking Federal COVID-19 Spending [Updated September 2, 2020]
From the Summary: "Congress has responded to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with supplemental appropriations measures providing relief and assistance to individuals and families, state and local governments, businesses, health care providers, and other entities. [...] This report provides selected sources for tracking COVID-19 relief and assistance spending. It includes links to and information on government sources detailing spending amounts at various levels, including consolidated spending by multiple government agencies,spending by individual government agencies, and spending to specific recipients and geographies. The sources themselves are large government databases, individual agencies, oversight entities, and selected nongovernmental entities that attempt to repackage information on spending amounts obtained from available government sources. Due to the continually evolving nature of information provided by sources that track federal COVID-19 spending, this report may be updated frequently."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Teefy, Jennifer; Kreiser, Maria
2020-09-02
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COVID-19: Presidential Order Deferring Individual Payroll Taxes [Updated September 2, 2020]
From the Document: "On August 8, 2020, President Trump issued a presidential memorandum ordering the deferral of individual payroll tax obligations from September 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020. The deferral is for employees with biweekly compensation of generally less than $4,000. The memorandum directed the Secretary of the Treasury to issue guidance to implement this policy. On August 28, 2020, guidance was provided in IRS [Internal Revenue Service] Notice 2020-65. A September 2, 2020, letter to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) asks for an expedited determination if the guidance in IRS Notice 2020-65 constitutes a rule according to the Congressional Review Act in an effort to force a congressional vote to overturn the deferral. This Insight discusses the individual payroll tax deferral outlined in the memorandum, compares this order to the business payroll tax deferral provided in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136), and addresses questions related to potential economic effects."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sherlock, Molly F.; Marples, Donald J.
2020-09-02
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Venezuela Regional Humanitarian Crisis and COVID-19 [Updated September 2, 2020]
From the Document: "The deteriorating humanitarian situation in Venezuela has elevated congressional concerns about the country, which remains in a deep crisis under the authoritarian rule of President Nicolás Maduro. Even before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Venezuelans were facing a lack of food, medicine and health, and access to social services. Political persecution, hyperinflation, loss of income, and oppressive poverty also contributed to a dire situation. According to household surveys, the percentage of Venezuelans living in poverty increased from 48.4% in 2014 to 96% in 2019 (80% in extreme poverty). Millions require humanitarian assistance, with pregnant and nursing women, those with chronic illnesses, indigenous people, migrants, children under five, and people with disabilities particularly in need. In February 2020, the U.N. World Food Program (WFP) released an assessment showing that in 2019, 9.3 million Venezuelans were food insecure, with 2.3 million people at severe levels. Many Venezuelans reported that the price of food presented more of an obstacle than the availability of food. Many households did not have reliable access to potable water and reported interruptions in electrical service and gas supplies. With a collapsed health system, overall health indicators, particularly infant and maternal mortality rates, worsened. Previously eradicated diseases such as diphtheria and measles also became a major concern."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando; Margesson, Rhoda
2020-09-02
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National Flood Insurance Program Borrowing Authority [Updated September 2, 2020]
From the Document: "This Insight evaluates the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) borrowing authority to receive loans from the Treasury and the current financial situation of the NFIP."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.
2020-09-02
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Navy LPD-17 Flight II and LHA Amphibious Ship Programs: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated September 2, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on two types of amphibious ships being procured for the Navy: LPD-17 Flight II class amphibious ships and LHA-type amphibious assault ships. Both types are built by Huntington Ingalls Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding (HII/Ingalls) of Pascagoula, MS. The Navy's FY2021 budget submission poses multiple issues for Congress concerning these two types of ships, including potentially significant institutional issues regarding the preservation and use of Congress's power of the purse under Article 1 of the Constitution, and for maintaining Congress as a coequal branch of government relative to the executive branch. Congress's decisions on the LPD-17 Flight II and LHA programs could also affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-09-02
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Why Have Stock Market and Real Economy Diverged During the COVID-19 Pandemic? [September 2, 2020]
From the Document: "During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the stock market and the economy have experienced major turning points--the economic expansion of more than 10 years ended in February, and the U.S. stock market ended an 11-year bull run in March. While the economy continued in a deep recession, a common U.S. stock market gauge, the Standard & Poors (S&P) 500 index--an index including 500 large U.S. publicly-traded companies and capturing around 80% of market capitalization-- rebounded to higher than pre-pandemic levels as of August 2020. This Insight explores this seeming disconnect between the state of the economy and the performance of capital markets, as illustrated by price movements of the S&P 500."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Su, Eva
2020-09-02
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Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 [Updated September 2, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The 116th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in evaluating support for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies, from jet aircraft and the internet to communications satellites, shale gas extraction, and defenses against disease. [...] This report begins with a discussion of the overall level of R&D in President Trump's FY2021 budget request, followed by analyses of R&D funding in the request from a variety of perspectives and for selected multiagency R&D initiatives. The remainder of the report discusses and analyzes the R&D budget requests of selected federal departments and agencies that, collectively, account for approximately 98% of total federal R&D funding."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sargent, John F.; Croft, Genevieve K.; Esworthy, Robert . . .
2020-09-02
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Air Force F-15EX Fighter Program [Updated September 2, 2020]
From the Document: "In FY2020, the Trump Administration proposed to buy eight F-15EX aircraft for $1.1 billion, the first installment toward a planned initial buy of 144 planes. Subsequently, Congress authorized $985.5 million and appropriated $1.05 billion for the program. The Administration's FY2021 budget requests $1.27 billion for 12 more F-15EXs; the plan set forth in FY2020 had called for 18 in FY2021. This acquisition represents a change from previous Air Force plans to procure only stealthy 'fifth-generation' fighter aircraft. What is an F-15EX, and why might the Air Force have changed plans?"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gertler, Jeremiah
2020-09-02
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What Happens If the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Lapses? [Updated September 2, 2020]
From the Document: "This Insight provides a short overview of what would happen if the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) were not to be reauthorized by September 30, 2020, and allowed to lapse."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.
2020-09-02
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Social Security: Raising or Eliminating the Taxable Earnings Base [Updated September 2, 2020]
From the Summary: "Social Security taxes are levied on covered earnings up to a maximum level set each year. In 2020, this maximum--formally called the 'contribution and benefit base', and commonly referred to as the 'taxable earnings base' or the 'taxable maximum'--is $137,700. The taxable earnings base serves as both a cap on contributions and on benefits. As a contribution base, it establishes the maximum amount of a worker's earnings that is subject to the payroll tax. As a benefit base, it establishes the maximum amount of earnings used to calculate benefits. Since 1982, the Social Security taxable earnings base has risen at the same rate as average wages in the economy. Because the cap is indexed to the average growth in wages, the share of the population below the cap has remained relatively stable at roughly 94%. However, due to increasing earnings inequality, the percentage of aggregate covered earnings that is taxable has decreased from 90% in 1982 to 84% in 2017."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Li, Zhe
2020-09-02
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China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress [Updated September 1, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on China's naval modernization effort and its implications for U.S. Navy capabilities. In an era of renewed great power competition, China's military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. The issue for Congress for this CRS [Congressional Research Service] report is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China's naval modernization effort. Decisions that Congress reaches on this issue could affect U.S. and allied security, Navy capabilities and funding requirements, and the defense industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-09-01
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Lebanon [Updated September 1, 2020]
From the Document: "Lebanon, a country of 5.5 million people, faces the worst economic crisis in its history amid ongoing political unrest, the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], and an August 2020 explosion that severely damaged the port of Beirut and surrounding densely populated areas. Lebanon hosts the largest number of refugees in the world per capita (over one million, mostly Syrians), which has raised social tensions and strained public services. U.S. policy toward Lebanon has focused on countering the influence of Iran and Hezbollah, and on bolstering the Lebanese state--while calling for reforms to counter corruption and mismanagement."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humud, Carla E.
2020-09-01
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FDA's Role in the Medical Product Supply Chain and Considerations During COVID-19 [September 1, 2020]
From the Background: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the medical product supply chain globally and domestically. Although certain concerns about the U.S. medical product supply chain predate the emergence of COVID-19, the ongoing pandemic has made addressing those concerns and understanding the supply chain a more urgent priority. Of particular concern for some are the United States' reliance on foreign sources of medical products and the federal government's ability to oversee the supply chain and mitigate future disruptions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Green, Victoria R.; Dabrowska, Agata; Costin, Kate M.
2020-09-01
