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Congressional Review Act (CRA): Frequently Asked Questions [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Congressional Review Act (CRA) is an oversight tool that Congress may use to overturn rules issued by federal agencies. The CRA was included as part of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA), which was signed into law on March 29, 1996. The CRA requires agencies to report on their rulemaking activities to Congress and provides Congress with a special set of procedures under which to consider legislation to overturn those rules. Under the CRA, before a rule can take effect, an agency must submit a report to each house of Congress and the comptroller general containing a copy of the rule; a concise general statement describing the rule, including whether it is a major rule; and the proposed effective date of the rule. After receiving the report, Members of Congress have specified time periods during which they must submit and act on a joint resolution of disapproval to take advantage of the CRA's special 'fast track' procedures. If both houses pass the resolution, it is sent to the President for signature or veto. If the President were to veto the resolution, Congress could vote to override the veto."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carey, Maeve P.; Davis, Christopher M., 1966-
2020-01-14
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Iran's Central Bank Asks Supreme Court to Consider Whether the Bank's Assets Abroad Are Immune from Attachment to Satisfy Terror Judgments [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Document: "Iran's central bank, Bank Markazi, has asked the Supreme Court to reverse a decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (Second Circuit) , which concluded that the bank's assets held in Luxembourg may be ordered transferred to New York for possible satisfaction of terrorism judgments obtained under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). At issue is Bank Markazi's right to payment of bond proceeds of about $1.68 billion being held by, reflected on the books of, and recorded as a debt owed by Clearstream Banking, S.A. (Clearstream), a financial institution in Luxembourg specializing in bond and equity investments. The plaintiffs are a group of judgment creditors against Iran who prevailed in actions they brought under the terrorism exception to the FSIA, including the victims of the 1983 Marine Corps barracks bombing in Beirut, Lebanon (awarded damages in 'Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran'), as well as victims of other terrorist attacks supported by Iran. They are owed approximately $3.8 billion in compensatory damages. Iran defaulted in each of their cases."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer K.
2020-01-14
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Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Document: "The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) is an interagency body comprised of nine Cabinet members, two ex officio members, and other members as appointed by the President, that assists the President in reviewing the national security aspects of foreign direct investment in the U.S. economy. While the group often operated in relative obscurity, the perceived change in the nation's national security and economic concerns following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the proposed acquisition of commercial operations at six U.S. ports by Dubai Ports World in 2006 placed CFIUS's review procedures under intense scrutiny by Members of Congress and the public. In 2018, prompted by concerns over Chinese and other foreign investment in U.S. companies with advanced technology, Members of Congress and the Trump Administration enacted the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA), which became effective on November 11, 2018. This measure marked the most comprehensive revision of the foreign investment review process under CFIUS since the previous revision in 2007, the Foreign Investment and National Security Act (FINSA). On September 17, 2019, the Department of the Treasury proposed regulations for public notice and comment to implement key parts of FIRRMA concerning how certain real estate and noncontrolling investments will be scrutinized."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-
2020-01-14
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Processing of Adults and Family Units Arriving at the Southern Border Without Valid Documents [January 14, 2020] [infographic]
From the Document: "The Trump Administration has implemented a series of policies that change the processing of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) who arrive at the southern border without valid entry documents, many of whom claim asylum or a fear of persecution. These policies include metering, the Migrant Protection Protocols, an interim final rule that makes aliens ineligible for asylum if they reach the southern border through third countries (with limited exceptions), and safe third country agreements with Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador (these agreements are at varying stages of implementation). These policies generally apply to adults and family unites only. (The interim final rule, however, also applies to unaccompanied alien children in formal removal proceedings.)"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Harrington, Ben; Smith, Hillel R.
2020-01-14
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CFIUS Reform: Foreign Investment National Security Reviews [Updated January 14, 2020]
From the Overview: "Some Members of Congress, the Trump Administration, and some U.S. businesses have raised concerns over the risks to continued U.S. technological leadership to support national defense and economic security due to growing foreign direct investment (FDI), primarily by Chinese firms, in U.S. high-tech companies. On August 13, 2018, President Trump signed into law new rules governing foreign investment national security reviews. Known as the 'Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) of 2018' (Title XVII, P.L. 115-232), the legislation amends the current process for the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) (under P.L. 110-49) to review, on behalf of the President, the national security implications of FDI in the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-; Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.
2020-01-14
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U.S. Killing of Qasem Soleimani: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated January 13, 2020]
From the Document: "The January 2, 2020, U.S. killing in Iraq of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force (IRGC-QF) Commander Qasem Soleimani, generally regarded as one of the most powerful and important officials in Iran, has potentially dramatic implications for the United States. For Congress, it raises possible questions about U.S. policy in the Middle East, broader U.S. global strategy, U.S. relations with partners and allies, the authorization and legality of U.S. military action abroad, U.S. measures to protect its servicemembers and diplomatic personnel, and congressional oversight of these and related issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); Katzman, Kenneth; Blanchard, Christopher M. . . .
2020-01-13
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Salaries of Members of Congress: Congressional Votes, 1990-2019 [Updated January 13, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The automatic annual adjustment for Members of Congress is determined by a formula using a component of the Employment Cost Index (ECI), which measures rate of change in private sector pay. The adjustment automatically takes effect unless (1) Congress statutorily prohibits the adjustment; (2) Congress statutorily revises the adjustment; or (3) the annual base pay adjustment of General Schedule (GS) federal employees is established at a rate less than the scheduled increase for Members, in which case the percentage adjustment for Member pay is automatically lowered to match the percentage adjustment in GS base pay. Under the ECI formula, Members may not receive an annual pay adjustment greater than 5%."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brudnick, Ida A.
2020-01-13
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Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables [Updated January 13, 2020]
From the Summary: "Congress is required by Article I, Section 6, of the Constitution to determine its own pay. In the past, Congress periodically enacted specific legislation to alter its pay; the last time this occurred affected pay in 1991. More recently, pay has been determined pursuant to laws establishing formulas for automatic adjustments."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brudnick, Ida A.
2020-01-13
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Iranian Offensive Cyberattack Capabilities [January 13, 2020]
From the Document: "Iran's use of cyberspace has evolved from an internal means of information control and repression to more aggressive attacks on foreign targets. The regime has been developing its own cybersecurity software and internet architecture in order to protect and insulate its networks, and it has been developing technological cyber expertise as a form of asymmetric warfare against a superior conventional U.S. military. Iran also has a history of using cyberattacks in retaliation against the United States. In 2010, a computer worm known as Stuxnet was discovered by cybersecurity researchers to have infiltrated the computers that controlled nuclear centrifuges in Iran, causing physical damage and preventing operation. The Stuxnet worm was reported to have been a joint effort between the governments of the United States and Israel. Following the discovery of the Stuxnet malware, U.S. assets experienced an increase in the severity and duration of cyberattacks originating in Iran."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Theohary, Catherine A.
2020-01-13
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Brexit: Status and Outlook [Updated January 13, 2020]
From the Document: "After the 2016 referendum in which 52% of voters in the United Kingdom (UK) favored leaving the European Union (EU), 'Brexit' was originally scheduled to occur on March 29, 2019. In early 2019, Parliament repeatedly rejected the withdrawal agreement negotiated between then-Prime Minister Theresa May's government and the EU. Boris Johnson became prime minister in July 2019, following May's resignation. Given continued political deadlock over Brexit in the UK, the EU granted the UK three deadline extensions, with the most recent lasting until January 31, 2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.; Archick, Kristin; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias
2020-01-13
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2020 [Updated January 13, 2020]
From the Document: "This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Plagakis, Sofia
2020-01-13
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Defense Primer: Strategic Nuclear Forces [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Document: "Since the early 1960s the United States has maintained a 'triad' of strategic nuclear delivery vehicles. These include long-range land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), long-range submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and long-range heavy bombers equipped to carry nuclear-armed cruise missiles and nuclear-armed gravity bombs. The number of nuclear warheads carried on these delivery vehicles peaked in the late 1980s, at around 14,000 warheads. It has been declining ever since, both as the United States complies with limits in U.S.-Russian arms control agreements and as it has changed requirements after the Cold War. At the present time, the United States is reducing its forces to comply with the New START Treaty [Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty], which entered into force in early 2011."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2020-01-10
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Federal Employees' Retirement System: Summary of Recent Trends [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Summary: "This report describes recent trends in the characteristics of annuitants and current employees covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) and the Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS) as well as the financial status of the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund (CSRDF)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-
2020-01-10
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Defense Primer: Command and Control of Nuclear Forces [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. President has sole authority to authorize the use of U.S. nuclear weapons. This authority is inherent in his constitutional role as Commander in Chief. The President can seek counsel from his military advisors; those advisors are then required to transmit and implement the orders authorizing nuclear use. But, as General John Hyten, then the Commander of U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM), noted during his September 2016 confirmation hearing, his job is to give advice, while the authority to order a launch lies with the president."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2020-01-10
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Iraq: Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Overview: "After more than 16 years of confronting conflict, violence, and zero-sum political competition, Iraqis are struggling to redefine their country's future and are reconsidering their relationships with the United States, Iran, and other third parties. Since seeking international military assistance in 2014 to regain territory seized by the Islamic State organization (IS, aka ISIS/ISIL), Iraqi leaders have implored international actors to avoid using Iraq as a battleground for outsiders' rivalries and have attempted to build positive, non-exclusive ties to their neighbors and to global powers. Nevertheless, Iraq has become a venue for competition and conflict between the United States and Iran, with resulting violence now raising basic questions about the future of the U.S.- Iraqi partnership and regional security. Durable answers to these questions may depend on the outcome of fluid political developments in Iraq, where mass protests forced the resignation of the government in late 2019, but transition arrangements and electoral plans have yet to be decided."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Christopher M.
2020-01-10
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Low-Yield, Submarine-Launched Nuclear Warhead: Overview of the Expert Debate [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Document: "The Trump Administration is developing a new low-yield version of the W-76 warhead for existing submarinelaunched Trident II (D-5) missiles. Unclassified sources state that the current W76-1 warhead has an explosive yield of around 100 kilotons. The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) has said the low-yield version, the W76-2, would be configured 'for primary-only detonation.' This could mean a yield of less than 10 kilotons. Congress appropriated $65 million for work on the W76-2 warhead in FY2019 and $10 million to complete the work in FY2020. NNSA completed the first modified warhead in February 2019 and planned to begin delivering warheads to the Navy by late 2019. Congress provided the Navy with $19.6 million in the FY2020 NDAA [National Defense Authorization Act] (P.L. 116-92) to begin integrating the warhead into the submarine force. NNSA has not disclosed the total number of planned W76-2 warheads, although it is expected to be a very small portion of the W76 stockpile (estimated, in unclassified sources, to be around 1,300 total warheads)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2020-01-10
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Major Votes on Free Trade Agreements and Trade Promotion Authority [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Document: "This report compiles the final congressional votes on free trade agreements (FTAs), trade promotion authority (TPA), and U.S membership to the World Trade Organization (WTO)"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hammond, Keigh E.
2020-01-10
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Offshore Energy Agency Appropriations, FY2020 [January 10, 2020]
From the Document: "Three entities in the Department of the Interior (DOI) share responsibility for managing the nation's ocean energy resources, which cover approximately 1.7 billion acres on the U.S. outer continental shelf (OCS). The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) administers offshore energy leasing and mineral development; the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) oversees offshore operational safety and environmental protection; and the Office of Natural Resources Revenue (ONRR) manages public revenues from federally regulated offshore and onshore energy and natural resource projects. BOEM, BSEE, and ONRR receive appropriations in the annual Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill. Issues include determining the aggregate and program-level appropriations for each entity and considering related legislative proposals by the Trump Administration."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Comay, Laura B.
2020-01-10
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North American Development Bank [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The North American Development Bank (NADB) is a binational financial institution created and funded by Mexico and the United States. The NADB provides loans and grants to public and private entities for environmental and infrastructure projects on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. Modeled after the multilateral development banks (MDBs), such as the World Bank, the NADB has a unique environmental focus and is the only development bank that also finances projects in the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weiss, Martin A.
2020-01-10
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Guyana: An Overview [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Document: "Located on the north coast of South America, English-speaking Guyana has characteristics common of a Caribbean nation because of its British colonial heritage-- the country achieved independence from Britain in 1966. Guyana participates in Caribbean regional organizations and forums, and its capital of Georgetown serves as headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), a regional integration organization. Current congressional interest in Guyana is focused on the conduct of general elections planned for March 2020, at a time when the country is poised to become a major oil producer."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2020-01-10
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H.R. 1865 and the Look-Through Treatment of Payments Between Related Controlled Foreign Corporations [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Document: "The House amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R. 1865, the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, extended certain expiring provisions, including a number that were last extended through 2019 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-113). This legislation was signed into law on December 20, 2019 (P.L. 116-94). Among these provisions are the look-through rules, which allow certain payments between related corporations to be excluded. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that extending the look-through rules for a year will cost $0.7 billion. The look-through rules were originally enacted in the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-222), for 2006 through 2008, and subsequently extended."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gravelle, Jane
2020-01-10
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Proposed U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Overview: "On November 30, 2018, President Trump and the leaders of Canada and Mexico signed the United States-MexicoCanada Agreement (USMCA). USMCA would revise and modernize the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), in place since 1994. Pursuant to trade promotion authority (TPA), the Administration notified Congress of its intention to enter into USMCA. [...] On December 13, 2019, the Trump Administration submitted to Congress the proposed USMCA implementing legislation. On the same day, the United States-Mexico Canada Implementation Act (H.R. 5430) was introduced in the House of Representatives. On December 16, the companion bill was introduced in the Senate (S. 3052). The House Ways and Means Committee approved the legislation on December 17, 2019, and the full House approved the bill on December 19, 2019, by a vote of 385-41. The Senate Finance Committee approved the legislation on January 7, 2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Villarreal, M. Angeles; Fergusson, Ian F.
2020-01-10
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SECURE Act and the Retirement Enhancement and Savings Act Tax Proposals (H.R. 1994 and S. 972) [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Document: "Both the House and the Senate have considered legislation that addresses issues associated with tax-favored retirement plans. On May 23, the House passed the Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement (SECURE) Act of 2019, H.R. 1994. Chairman Grassley and Ranking Member Wyden of the Senate Finance Committee introduced the Retirement Enhancement and Savings Act of 2019, S. 972. The two bills have a number of similar provisions. Many of the provisions were also included in legislation passed by the House at the end of the 115th Congress (H.R. 88). The Grassley-Wyden bill has also been introduced in past Congresses. The provisions of the SECURE Act were included in the House amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R. 1865, the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020. This legislation was signed into law on December 20, 2019 (P.L. 116-94)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gravelle, Jane
2020-01-10
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USMCA: Labor Provisions [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Overview: "The proposed U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), signed in late 2018, requires implementing legislation that must be approved by Congress before it can enter into force. [...] Labor issues were a major congressional concern throughout the USMCA negotiations and remained an issue after the three countries concluded the agreement in September 2018. In response, the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) and some Members of the House of Representatives negotiated changes to the USMCA; most of the changes were dedicated to labor modifications. USTR then negotiated the amendments with Canada and Mexico."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Villarreal, M. Angeles; Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.
2020-01-10
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USMCA: Amendment and Key Changes [Updated January 10, 2020]
From the Overview: "On December 10, 2019, the United States, Canada, and Mexico agreed to a protocol of amendment to the proposed U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). The amendments include modifications to key elements of the original text in regard to dispute settlement, labor and environmental provisions, intellectual property rights (IPR), and steel and aluminum requirements in the rules of origin for autos. On December 13, the Trump Administration submitted to Congress the proposed USMCA implementing legislation, which also reflects the recent amendments. On the same day, the United States-Mexico-Canada Implementation Act (H.R. 5430) was introduced in the House of Representatives. On December 16, the companion bill was introduced in the Senate (S. 3052). The House Ways and Means Committee approved the legislation on December 17, 2019, and the full House approved it on December 19, 2019, by a vote of 385-41. On January 7, 2020, the Senate Finance Committee approved the legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Villarreal, M. Angeles; Fergusson, Ian F.
2020-01-10
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Appeals Court Says First Amendment Limits Regulation of Online Political Advertising: Implications for Congress [January 10, 2020]
From the Document: "The proliferation of online political advertising has sparked a national conversation about its perceived harms. Some have argued that online political ads are more likely than their offline counterparts to include false claims and facilitate foreign influence in U.S. elections. These criticisms have led to calls for more government regulation of online political advertising, and some government officials have responded to that call. For example, in June, the chair of the Federal Election Commission (FEC), the federal entity that generally regulates political campaign communications, advanced a rule proposal that would require certain online political advertisements to contain attribution statements, known as 'disclaimers.' Another example is the Honest Ads Act, which would extend federal campaign finance law disclosure and disclaimer requirements to online platforms for paid internet and paid digital communications and would require online platforms to maintain a publicly available file of requests to purchase certain political advertising. That bill was incorporated into H.R. 1 (116th Cong.), which passed the House in March 2019, and has been reintroduced as a stand-alone bill in both the House and the Senate. While there have been few, if any, enacted federal laws focusing on online political advertisements, a number of states have passed legislation on this front."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brannon, Valerie C.; Whitaker, L. Paige
2020-01-10
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2019-2020 Iran Crisis and U.S. Military Deployments [January 9, 2020]
From the Document: "The January 2, 2020, U.S. drone strike against Iranian Major General Qasem Soleimani, the subsequent Iranian counter-strike on bases hosting U.S. personnel in Iraq, and recent deployments of U.S. military forces to the Middle East have prompted widespread concerns about whether the United States is preparing to engage in another major military campaign in the region. Yet at present, the flow of additional forces into the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) area of responsibility (AOR) suggests that the Department of Defense (DOD) is posturing itself in the region defensively, with the ability to respond to aggression, if necessary. The design of this posture may be altered should there be changes to security or political conditions on the ground, or political objectives for the region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-01-09
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Army Corps of Engineers: Continuing Authorities Programs [Updated January 9, 2020]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resources development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. The standard process for a USACE project requires two separate congressional authorizations--one for studying feasibility and a subsequent one for construction--as well as appropriations for both (see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report R45185, 'Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes'). Additionally, Congress has granted USACE programmatic authorities to undertake cost-shared projects of limited scope and cost without requiring project-specific congressional authorization. These programmatic USACE authorities are referred to as Continuing Authorities Programs (CAPs). Congress has consistently funded USACE CAPs above the President's request since FY2013."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E
2020-01-09
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Processing of Adults and Family Units Arriving at the Southern Border Without Valid Documents [January 9, 2020] [infographic]
From the Document: "The Trump Administration has implemented a series of policies that change the processing of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) who arrive at the southern border without valid entry documents, many of whom claim asylum or a fear of persecution. These policies include metering, the Migrant Protection Protocols, an interim final rule that makes aliens ineligible for asylum if they reach the southern border through third countries (with limited exceptions), and a Safe Third Country Agreement with Guatemala. These policies generally apply to adults and family units only. (The interim final rule, however, also applies to unaccompanied alien children in formal removal proceedings.)"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Harrington, Ben; Smith, Hillel R.
2020-01-09
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Kosovo: In Brief [January 9, 2020]
From the Overview: "The Republic of Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008, nearly a decade after the end of a brief but lethal conflict between Serbian forces and a Kosovo Albanian insurgency led by the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). Since 2008, Kosovo has been recognized by more than 100 countries. The United States and most European Union (EU) member states recognize Kosovo, whereas Serbia, Russia, China, and various other countries do not. The United States has strongly supported Kosovo's state-building and development efforts, as well as its ongoing dialogue with Serbia to normalize their relations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Garding, Sarah E.
2020-01-09
