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Presidential Declaration of Climate Emergency: NEA and Stafford Act [July 26, 2022]
From the Document: "This Insight provides selected considerations related to the President's ability to declare a climate emergency under the National Emergencies Act [...] and/or the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
2022-07-26
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Section 307 and Imports Produced by Forced Labor [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Document: "Section 307 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. §1307) prohibits importing any product that was mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part by forced labor, including forced or indentured child labor. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) enforces the prohibition. [...] U.S. customs law has prohibited importing goods produced by certain categories of labor since the end of the nineteenth century. Beginning in 1890, the United States prohibited imports of goods manufactured with convict labor. In 1930, Congress expanded this prohibition in Section 307 of the Tariff Act to include any (not just manufactured) products of forced labor. Although a few Members brought up humanitarian concerns during debate, the central legislative concern was protecting domestic producers from competing with products made with forced labor. As such, Section 307 allowed the admission of products of forced labor if it could be shown that no comparable product was made in the United States or the level of domestic production did not meet domestic demand ('consumptive demand' clause)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Casey, Christopher A.; Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.
2022-07-26
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Navy DDG(X) Next-Generation Destroyer Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy's DDG(X) program envisages procuring a class of next-generation guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) to replace the Navy's Ticonderoga (CG-47) class Aegis cruisers and older Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) class Aegis destroyers. The Navy wants to procure the first DDG(X) in FY2030. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $195.5 million in research and development funding for the program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-26
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Department of Veterans Affairs: Abortion Policy [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Document: "The primary mission of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is to provide health care services to veterans. To accomplish this goal, VA has promulgated regulations to create a standard medical benefits package. The medical benefits package expressly excludes abortion services and abortion counseling in all instances, effectively prohibiting VA providers from providing those services to veteran patients. VHA provides medically necessary health care for the management of a miscarriage. It is unclear whether this prohibition on abortion services is required by statute or solely by regulation--a result of potentially conflicting language in the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-585) and the Veterans' Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-262). In recent years, Congress has considered bills to require VA to include abortion counseling in the medical benefits package. VHA also provides health care to dependents, spouses, and caregivers of veterans who meet certain eligibility criteria through the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA). Under CHAMPVA, VA will pay for the cost of abortion services only if a physician certifies that the life of the mother would be endangered should the fetus be carried to term. This differs from the provision of health care for veterans in which abortion services are prohibited under any circumstance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sussman, Jared S.
2022-07-26
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Indonesia [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Document: "With over 270 million citizens, Indonesia is the most populous country in Southeast Asia, the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation, and the world's third-largest democracy (after India and the United States). It has the world's 16th largest economy and the 10th largest when ranked by purchasing power parity. It straddles important sea lanes and borders the Strait of Malacca, one of the world's busiest trade routes, as well as the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Over the past two decades, Indonesia has become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair. In the most recent, held in April 2019, President Joko Widodo was reelected to a second five-year term. The U.S.-Indonesia relationship has broadened in recent years, with closer military and counterterrorism cooperation and a range of new educational, environmental, and energy initiatives initiated in the Obama Administration."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dolven, Ben
2022-07-26
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Navy Shipboard Lasers: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on shipboard solid state lasers (SSLs) that the Navy is developing for surface-ship self-defense. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests continued research and development funding for these efforts. The issue for Congress is whether to modify, reject, or approve the Navy's acquisition strategies and funding requests for shipboard laser development programs. Decisions that Congress makes on this issue could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the defense technology and industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-26
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Navy Next-Generation Logistics Ship (NGLS) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy's Next-Generation Logistics Ship (NGLS) program envisages procuring new medium-sized at-sea resupply ships for the Navy. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $3.0 million in research and development funding for the program. The Navy's five-year (FY2023- FY2027) shipbuilding plan programs the procurement of the first NGLS in FY2026 at a cost of $150.0 million and the second in FY2027 at a cost of $156.0 million."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-26
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Navy Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy wants to begin procuring a new class of nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN), called the Next-Generation Attack Submarine or SSN(X), in the mid-2030s. The SSN(X) would be the successor to the Virginia-class SSN design, which the Navy has been procuring since FY1998. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $237.0 million in research and development funding for the SSN(X) program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-26
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Navy TAGOS-25 (Previously TAGOS[x]) Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The first of a planned class of seven new TAGOS-25 class ocean surveillance ships was procured in FY2022 at a cost of $434.4 million. The Navy wants to procure the second ship in FY2025. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests no FY2023 procurement funding for the program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-26
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Navy Large Unmanned Surface and Undersea Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential issues for Congress for three types of large unmanned vehicles (UVs) that the Navy wants to develop and procure in FY2023 and beyond: [1] Large Unmanned Surface Vehicles (LUSVs); [2] Medium Unmanned Surface Vehicles (MUSVs); and [3] Extra-large Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (XLUUVs). The Navy wants to acquire these large UVs as part of an effort to shift the Navy to a more distributed fleet architecture, meaning a mix of ships that spreads the Navy's capabilities over an increased number of platforms and avoids concentrating a large portion of the fleet's overall capability into a relatively small number of high-value ships (i.e., a mix of ships that avoids 'putting too many eggs into one basket'). The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $549.3 million in research and development funding for these large UVs and LUSV/MUSV-enabling technologies, and $60.7 million in additional funding for core technologies for XLUUV and other Navy UUVs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-26
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U.S. Forest Carbon Data: In Brief [Updated July 26, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The 'flux'--or flow--of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is the dominant contributor to the observed warming trend in global temperatures. Trees, however, store ('sequester') CO2 from the atmosphere, accruing significant stores of carbon over time. Trees also release some CO2 back into the atmosphere (e.g., emissions). This process is known as the forest 'carbon cycle'. The forest carbon cycle starts with the sequestration and accumulation of atmospheric CO2 due to tree growth. The accumulated carbon is stored in five different pools in the forest ecosystem: aboveground biomass (e.g., leaves, trunks, and limbs), belowground biomass (e.g., roots), deadwood, litter (e.g., fallen leaves and stems), and soils. As trees or parts of trees die, the carbon cycles through those different pools, specifically from the living biomass pools to the deadwood, litter, and soil pools. The length of time carbon stays in each pool varies considerably, ranging from months (litter) to millennia (soil). The cycle continues as carbon flows out of the forest ecosystem and returns to the atmosphere through several processes, including respiration, combustion (e.g., fire), and decomposition."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoover, Katie; Riddle, Anne A.
2022-07-26
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Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Navy's Columbia (SSBN-826) class program, a program to design and build a class of 12 new ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) to replace the Navy's current force of 14 aging Ohio-class SSBNs. Since 2013, the Navy has consistently identified the Columbia-class program as the Navy's top priority program. The Navy procured the first Columbia-class boat in FY2021 and wants to procure the second boat in the class in FY2024. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $5,857.8 million (i.e., about $5.9 billion) in procurement and advance procurement (AP) funding for the program. The program poses a number of funding and oversight issues for Congress. Decisions that Congress makes on the Columbia-class program could substantially affect U.S. military capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
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Multiyear Procurement (MYP) and Block Buy Contracting in Defense Acquisition: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Summary: "Multiyear procurement (MYP) and block buy contracting (BBC) are special contracting mechanisms that Congress permits the Department of Defense (DOD) to use for a limited number of defense acquisition programs. Compared to the standard or default approach of annual contracting, MYP and BBC have the potential for reducing weapon procurement costs by a few or several percent. Under annual contracting, DOD uses one or more contracts for each year's worth of procurement of a given kind of item. Under MYP, DOD instead uses a single contract for two to five years' worth of procurement of a given kind of item without having to exercise a contract option for each year after the first year. DOD needs congressional approval for each use of MYP. There is a permanent statute governing MYP contracting--10 U.S.C. 3501 (the text of which was previously codified at 10 U.S.C. 2306b). Under this statute, a program must meet several criteria to qualify for MYP."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
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Taiwan: Political and Security Issues [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Document: "Taiwan, which officially calls itself the Republic of China (ROC), is a democracy of 23 million people located across the Taiwan Strait from mainland China. Its government claims 'effective jurisdiction' over the island of Taiwan, the archipelagos of Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu, and other outlying islands. Taiwan also claims disputed geographic features in the East and South China Seas. The People's Republic of China's (PRC's or China's) stated determination to unify with Taiwan at an unspecified future date, combined with U.S. security commitments related to Taiwan, make Taiwan the hotspot that could most plausibly draw the United States and China into armed conflict. U.S.-Taiwan relations have been unofficial since January 1, 1979, when the United States established diplomatic relations with the PRC and broke them with self-ruled Taiwan, over which the PRC claims sovereignty."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lawrence, Susan V.; Campbell, Caitlin
2022-07-25
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Mexico: Addressing Missing and Disappeared Persons [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Document: "Mexico faces significant human rights concerns amidst record violence related to drug trafficking and organized crime. As of July 2022, the Mexican government has registered more than 101,300 cases of missing or disappeared persons. Some 32.2% of cases were reported since President Andrés Manuel López Obrador took office in December 2018. Some cases, referred to as 'enforced disappearances,' have involved the complicity of state security forces. Congress has sought to address the general human rights situation in Mexico, as well as the specific issue of enforced disappearances, through foreign assistance and conditions on that assistance, hearings, and letters to Mexican and U.S. Administrations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando; Martin, Rachel L.
2022-07-25
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'Quad': Security Cooperation Among the United States, Japan, India, and Australia [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Document: "The Biden Administration has boosted the profile of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, aka 'the Quad,' as a centerpiece of its Indo-Pacific strategy aimed at strengthening the United States' position in and commitment to the region. The four-country coalition, comprised of the United States, Japan, India, and Australia, claims a common platform of protecting freedom of navigation and promoting democratic values in the region. The first leader-level summit, held virtually in March 2021, produced the first-ever joint leaders' statement. A September 2021 Quad Leaders' Summit produced an expanded statement outlining four broad areas of cooperation: vaccine production and distribution; climate change mitigation efforts and clean energy development; the promotion of transparency and high-standard governance in the field of critical and emerging technologies; and the development of a regional infrastructure partnership. Working groups in these areas are pushing forward with efforts to flesh out these priorities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Kronstadt, K. Alan; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-
2022-07-25
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U.S.-Singapore Relations [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Overview: "Though geographically only about three times the size of Washington, DC, and with a population of about 5.9 million, the city-state of Singapore exerts economic and diplomatic influence on par with much larger countries. Its stable government, strong economic performance, educated citizenry, and strategic position along key shipping lanes afford it a large role in regional and global affairs. For the United States, Singapore has been a partner in both trade and security initiatives and an advocate of a strong U.S. role in the Asia-Pacific region. At the same time, Singapore's leaders have aimed to maintain close relations with China, and to maintain positive ties with all regional powers. The United States and Singapore have extensive trade and investment ties. The U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which went into effect in January 2004, was the first U.S. bilateral FTA with an Asian country. In 2019, U.S.- Singapore trade totaled about $91.6 billion, and Singapore was the 14th largest goods export market for the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dolven, Ben; Chanlett-Avery, Emma
2022-07-25
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State Laws Restricting or Prohibiting Abortion [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Document: "The Supreme Court's decision in 'Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization' [hyperlink] overruled 'Roe v. Wade' [hyperlink], providing states with greater discretion [hyperlink] to restrict abortion access, including by limiting abortion prior to fetal viability. This Sidebar provides an overview of existing or recently passed state laws prohibiting or limiting abortion prior to 24 weeks' gestational age, which for many years was widely considered [hyperlink] the point of viability, though medical advancements may have moved that point earlier. The Sidebar also identifies 'trigger laws' that generally prohibit abortion that were set to go into effect, either automatically or following action by a state official, if the Supreme Court ever overturned 'Roe v. Wade.' This Sidebar does not address any exceptions to these restrictions, such as in the case of a medical emergency, or restrictions to specific methods of abortion, such as medication abortion. Links to the full text of statutes listed in this Legal Sidebar are available through the Law Librarians' Society of Washington, DC Legislative Sourcebook [hyperlink]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Deal, Laura
2022-07-25
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Navy DDG-51 and DDG-1000 Destroyer Programs: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report presents background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Navy's Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) and Zumwalt (DDG-1000) class destroyer programs. The Navy began procuring DDG-51s, also known as Aegis destroyers, in FY1985, and a total of 89 have been procured through FY2022, including two in FY2022. The Navy procured three DDG-1000 class destroyers in FY2007-FY2009 and plans no further procurement of DDG-1000s. The Navy's FY2023 budget requests the procurement of two DDG-51s in FY2023. The Navy's FY2023 budget submission also requests and multiyear procurement (MYP) contract for DDG51s scheduled for procurement in FY2023-FY2027. Potential issues for Congress for the DDG-51 program in FY2023 include the number of firm ships to include in an MYP contract for the DDG-51 program for FY2023-FY2027, the Navy's future force-level goal for large surface combatants (or LSCs, meaning cruisers and destroyers), and how the Navy proposes to transition several years from now from procurement of DDG-51s to procurement of a successor destroyer design now in development called the DDG(X). Decisions that Congress makes on these issues could substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
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Navy Constellation (FFG-62) Class Frigate Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and discusses potential issues for Congress regarding the Navy's Constellation (FFG-62) class frigate program, a program to procure a new class of 20 guided-missile frigates (FFGs). The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests the procurement of the fourth ship in the program. The FFG-62 program presents several potential oversight issues for Congress. Congress's decisions on the program could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
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Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Summary: "Israel has forged close bilateral cooperation with the United States in many areas. A 10-year bilateral military aid memorandum of understanding--signed in 2016--commits the United States to provide Israel $3.3 billion in Foreign Military Financing and to spend $500 million annually on joint missile defense programs from FY2019 to FY2028, subject to congressional appropriations. Some Members of Congress have increased their scrutiny over Israel's use of U.S. security assistance, contributing to debate on the subject."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2022-07-25
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Iran and Nuclear Weapons Production [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Document: "Iran's nuclear program has generated widespread concern that Tehran is pursuing nuclear weapons. According to U.S. intelligence assessments, Tehran has the capacity to produce nuclear weapons at some point, but has halted its nuclear weapons program and has not mastered all of the necessary technologies for building such weapons. (For additional information, see CRS Report RL34544, 'Iran's Nuclear Program: Status', by Paul K. Kerr.) Since the early 2000s, Tehran's construction of gas centrifuge uranium enrichment facilities has been the main source of proliferation concern. Gas centrifuges enrich uranium by spinning uranium hexafluoride (UF6) gas at high speeds to increase the concentration of the uranium235 (u-235) isotope. Such centrifuges can produce both low-enriched uranium (LEU), which can be used in nuclear power reactors, and highly enriched uranium (HEU), which is one of the two types of fissile material used in nuclear weapons. Tehran asserts that its enrichment program is meant to produce fuel for peaceful nuclear reactors."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kerr, Paul K.
2022-07-25
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Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the 'Gerald R. Ford' (CVN-78) class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier (CVN) aircraft carrier program. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $2,995.2 million (i.e., about $3.0 billion) in procurement funding for the program. Congress's decisions on the CVN-78 program could substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
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Navy Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Navy's new Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) program, which envisions procuring a class of up to 35 new amphibious ships to support the Marine Corps, particularly in implementing a new Marine Corps operational concept called Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO). The Navy had previously envisioned procuring the first LAW in FY2023, but the Navy's FY2023 budget submission defers the procurement of the first LAW to FY2025. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $12.2 million in research and development funding for the program. The LAW program poses a number of potential oversight matters for Congress. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's annual funding requests and envisioned acquisition strategy for the program. Congress's decisions regarding the program could affect Navy and Marine Corps capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
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Navy LPD-17 Flight II and LHA Amphibious Ship Programs: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on two types of amphibious ships being procured for the Navy: LPD-17 Flight II class amphibious ships and LHA-type amphibious assault ships. Both types are built by Huntington Ingalls Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding (HII/Ingalls) of Pascagoula, MS. The Navy's LPD-17 Flight II and LHA shipbuilding programs pose multiple oversight issues for Congress. Congress's decisions on the LPD-17 Flight II and LHA programs could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base. A separate CRS report discusses the Navy's new Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
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Navy John Lewis (TAO-205) Class Oiler Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the John Lewis (TAO205) class oiler shipbuilding program, a program to build a new class of 20 fleet oilers for the Navy. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's annual ship authorization and funding requests and acquisition strategy for the program. Congress's decisions on this issue could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
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Availability of Legislative Measures in the House of Representatives (The '72-Hour Rule') [Updated July 22, 2022]
From the Summary: "House rules govern the length of time legislative measures must be available to Members before being considered on the floor. For measures reported from committee, a draft of the committee report must have been available for 72 hours. Conference reports must also have been available for 72 hours and special rules for considering measures for one legislative day. Bills and joint resolutions that have not been reported by committee, and therefore are not accompanied by a written report, may also not be considered on the House floor unless the text of the measure has been available for 72 hours. Proposed committee reports, unreported bills and joint resolutions, conference reports, and joint explanatory statements are considered available under these rules if they are publicly available in electronic form on a website designated by the Committee on House Administration for this purpose, http://docs.house.gov [hyperlink]. The House has several means by which it can choose to waive these availability requirements and call up, debate, and vote on a measure in a single calendar day even if the text of the measure was not made available prior to consideration. These include (1) considering a measure under the suspension of the rules procedure or by unanimous consent, (2) adopting a special rule that waives the 72-hour requirement, (3) adopting a special rule that waives the one-day requirement for another special rule, and (4) convening a second legislative day on the same calendar day. Waiving availability requirements allows the House to act quickly when necessary, such as near the end of a session."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rybicki, Elizabeth
2022-07-22
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Coast Guard Cutter Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 22, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Coast Guard's programs for procuring National Security Cutters (NSCs), Offshore Patrol Cutters (OPCs), and Fast Response Cutters (FRCs). The Coast Guard's proposed FY2023 budget requests $60.0 million, $650.0 million, and $16.0 million in procurement funding, respectively, for the NSC, OPC, and FRCs programs. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Coast Guard's funding requested and acquisition strategies for the NSC, OPC, and FRC programs. Congress's decisions on these three programs could substantially affect Coast Guard capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-22
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Dark Web: An Overview [July 22, 2022]
From the Document: "Many observers of the World Wide Web (web) have described it as having layers. One layer, the 'surface web', contains indexed content easily accessible with a traditional search engine such as Google. Another layer, the 'deep web', contains unindexed content that cannot be accessed with a simple Google search. Within the deep web is a segment known as the 'dark web'--a layer where content is intentionally concealed. The dark web may be used for legitimate purposes as well as to conceal criminal or otherwise malicious activities. It is the exploitation of the dark web for illegal practices that has garnered particular interest from law enforcement officials and policymakers."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Finklea, Kristin M.
2022-07-22
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Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations [Updated July 22, 2022]
"Each year, Congress considers 12 distinct appropriations measures to fund federal programs and activities. One of these is the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations bill, which includes funding for U.S. diplomatic activities, cultural exchanges, development, security, humanitarian assistance, and participation in multilateral organizations, among other international activities. On March 28, 2022, the Biden Administration released its proposed FY2023 budget request, which called for $66.00 billion in new budget authority for SFOPS accounts ($65.94 billion after rescissions of prior year funding). The FY2023 request, including rescissions, represented a 17.2% increase from FY2022 enacted base appropriations (excluding emergency funding to address crises in Afghanistan and Ukraine) and a 22.8% decrease from total FY2022 enacted appropriations (this calculation has changed and may continue to change with the enactment of supplemental FY2022 appropriations). Consistent with previous budget requests and annual SFOPS appropriations measures, the budget request divided SFOPS into two main components: [1] Department of State and Related Agency [...] [and 2] Foreign Operations and Related Programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgenstern, Emily M.; Gill, Cory R.
2022-07-22
