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Guyana: An Overview [Updated July 14, 2022]
From the Document: "Located on the northern coast of South America between Suriname and Venezuela, English-speaking Guyana has characteristics similar to other Caribbean nations because of a common British colonial heritage (Guyana became independent in 1966). The country participates in Caribbean regional organizations, and its capital, Georgetown, serves as headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), a regional integration organization. Once one of the poorest countries in the hemisphere, Guyana's development prospects have shifted significantly since the discovery of large offshore oil deposits in 2015."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Klein, Joshua
2022-07-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3635, Public Safety Officer Support Act of 2022
From the Bill Summary: "S. 3635 would expand eligibility for death, disability, and education benefits provided by the Public Safety Officers' Benefits (PSOB) Program to public safety officers and their beneficiaries if an officer has died by suicide or become permanently and totally disabled as a result of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or another mental health disorder covered under the bill. S. 3635 would apply prospectively and retroactively to officers who die by suicide or become disabled on or after January 1, 2019. The bill also would require the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to report to the Congress on benefits provided under the bill."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3375, Omnibus Travel and Tourism Act of 2021
From the Bill Summary: "S. 3375 would establish a new office of the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Travel and Tourism within the Department of Commerce (DOC) to recommend ways to enhance and develop support for domestic tourism and to report annually on the forecast for the travel and tourism industry. The bill also would require DOC to collect and report additional data on travel in the United States, develop a 10-year travel and tourism strategy, establish a board to advise it on matters related to the travel industry, and study the effects of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic on the travel and tourism industry. S. 3375 also would affect several transportation programs."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of the Improving Needed Safeguards for Users of Lifesaving Insulin Now Act
From the Document: "The legislation would limit how much private health insurance plans offering coverage in the commercial market and under Medicare Part D could require enrollees to pay out of pocket for certain insulin products. The bill also would allow manufacturers to certify their insulin products if they meet certain pricing criteria. To certify an insulin product, a manufacturer would have to reduce the list price of a product to the price net of negotiated manufacturer rebates in Part D in 2021 and limit growth in prices to inflation. Health plans would be required to cover certified products on formularies without utilization management and could not receive price concessions from manufacturers for those products."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3655, Civil Rights Cold Case Investigations Support Act of 2022
From the Document: "S. 3655 would extend the authorization of the Civil Rights Cold Case Records Review Board within the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) through 2027. The five-member board facilitates investigations of unsolved civil rights cases by increasing the volume of documents available to the public. Under current law, the board's authority will end in 2024. According to the Department of Justice, about 115 civil rights cases remain unsolved. Using information from NARA, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] expects that the costs of implementing the bill would be similar to the costs for other boards, such as the John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Review Board. On that basis, CBO estimates that implementing S. 3655 would cost $5 million over the 2025-2027 period; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriations. NARA is authorized to charge fees to cover some or all of the costs of processing certain requests; those fees are classified as offsetting receipts (or as reductions in direct spending) and are available to spend without further appropriation. Thus, CBO estimates that enacting the bill would have a negligible effect on net direct spending."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-14
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H. Rept. 117-412: National Weather Service Communications Improvement Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 7361, July 14, 2022
From the Document: "The purpose of H.R. 7361 is to require the National Weather Service to improve its current legacy instant messaging communications system (referred to as 'NWSChat') by upgrading to a cloud-based commercial communications system. [...] The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s National Weather Service (NWS) provides weather, water, and climate data, forecasts, warnings, and impact-based decision support services for the protection of life and property, and enhancement of the national economy. To communicate its services with the media and emergency responders, NWS personnel use NWSChat, an instant messaging program utilized to share critical warning decision expertise and weather information. The current legacy communication system has experienced dissemination issues, and the NWS has initiatied [sic] a demonstration effort to migrate NWSChat to a new operational environment. The National Weather Service Communications Improvement Act would support NWS's ongoing efforts to improve the reliability of their instant messaging service by requiring the implementation of a commercial off-the shelf solution."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-14
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Air Quality Information: Need Remains for Plan to Modernize Air Monitoring, Statement of J. Alfredo Gómez, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, Testimony Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "Information from the national ambient air quality monitoring system shows that the United States has made progress in reducing air pollution. It also shows that risks to public health and the environment continue in certain locations. EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] and state and local agencies cooperatively manage the system. [...] This testimony discusses (1) needs for additional air quality information and (2) challenges in meeting those needs. [...] In its November 2020 report, GAO [Government Accountability Office] made two recommendations, including that EPA develop an air quality monitoring modernization plan that aligns with leading practices for strategic planning and risk management. EPA generally agreed with the recommendations. EPA has begun working with state, tribal, and local air agencies to implement them."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Gómez, J. Alfredo
2022-07-13
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Nuclear Waste Cleanup: Enhanced Coordination, Prioritization, and Leadership Commitment Could Improve DOE Research and Development Efforts, Statement of Nathan Anderson, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Energy, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "R&D [research & development] has played an essential role in EM's [Environmental Management's] efforts to clean up contamination from decades of nuclear weapons production and energy research. Such R&D has led to safer, more efficient, and more effective cleanup approaches. Prior studies have found that investments in R&D could reduce the future costs of EM's cleanup efforts. These costs have increased by nearly $250 billion in the last 10 years and are included on GAO's [Government Accountability Office's] High Risk List. However, funding designated for nuclear cleanup R&D has declined since 2000. This testimony discusses the extent to which EM (1) coordinates R&D across the EM complex, (2) prioritizes cleanup-related R&D efforts, and (3) has had sustained and consistent leadership commitment. [...] In its October 2021 report, GAO made four recommendations, including that DOE [Department of Energy] develop (1) a system to collect R&D information across the complex and (2) a comprehensive approach to prioritizing R&D. DOE concurred with both recommendations and is considering how best to implement them."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Anderson, Nathan
2022-07-13
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Navy Next-Generation Logistics Ship (NGLS) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy's Next-Generation Logistics Ship (NGLS) program envisages procuring new medium-sized at-sea resupply ships for the Navy. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $3.0 million in research and development funding for the program. The Navy's five-year (FY2023- FY2027) shipbuilding plan programs the procurement of the first NGLS in FY2026 at a cost of $150.0 million and the second in FY2027 at a cost of $156.0 million."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-13
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Regulating Drinking Water Contaminants: EPA PFAS Actions [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Document: "The detection of certain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in some public water supplies has generated public concern and increased attention to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) actions to respond to PFAS using Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) authorities. For more than a decade, EPA has been evaluating PFAS under SDWA to determine whether a national drinking water regulation is warranted for one or more of these substances. In March 2021, EPA finalized determinations to develop SDWA regulations for the two most frequently detected PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (86 'Federal Register' 12272). EPA's determination triggers a SDWA requirement to propose a regulation within 24 months (e.g., by March 2023 for PFOA and PFOS), and finalize the rule within 18 months of the proposal. EPA's 2021 'PFAS Strategic Roadmap' states that it intends to propose a PFOA and PFOS drinking water regulation by fall 2022, and finalize the rule by fall 2023. In addition, the 116 th Congress enacted legislation directing EPA to increase PFAS monitoring in water supplies, and authorizing appropriations for grants to address PFAS in public water supplies, among other provisions. The 117th Congress provided appropriations for such grants."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humphreys, Elena H.
2022-07-13
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Assessment of FEMA's Public Assistance Alternative Procedures Program
From the Highlights: "Title IV of the 'Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended by the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013,' requires the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General to assess the effectiveness of the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Public Assistance Alternative Procedures (PAAP) for permanent work projects. [...] We made two recommendations to enhance overall PAAP program effectiveness."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2022-07-13
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Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Overview: "As of summer 2022, Egypt, like many World Bank-classified lower middle income countries, is feeling financial strain as a result of a confluence of crises. Russia's invasion of Ukraine, rising interest rates in the United States and Europe, and continued global supply chain strains resulting from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have all contributed to budgetary and inflationary pressures, forcing the Egyptian government to reevaluate long-standing policies while turning to foreign creditors for additional support. As Egypt experiences these external shocks, it is attempting to modernize its economy and reassert itself diplomatically on the regional stage. Led by President Abdel Fattah al Sisi (hereinafter referred to as President Sisi), a former military officer who took power in a 2013 takeover that many observers termed a coup, Egypt has embarked on a number of rebuilding projects, exemplified by the construction of the $58 billion New Administrative Capital (NAC[...]). In November 2022, Egypt will host the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) in Sharm el Sheikh. Military modernization also is ongoing, as Egypt has become the world's third-largest importer of weapons, acquiring fighter planes and warships from Russian and European suppliers."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell
2022-07-13
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Federal Agency Rule Expands Asylum Officers' Authority [July 13, 2022]
From the Document: "Under a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Department of Justice (DOJ) interim final rule (IFR) issued in March 2022, asylum officers (AOs) within DHS's U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) may determine whether non-U.S. nationals ('aliens' under governing law) encountered at the border who show a credible fear of persecution or torture ('credible fear') are entitled to asylum and related protections. 'See' Procedures for Credible Fear Screening and Consideration of Asylum, Withholding of Removal, and CAT Protection Claims by Asylum Officers, 87 Fed. Reg. 18,078 (Mar. 29, 2022). The IFR, which shall be implemented in a phased manner, departs from prior regulations that strictly authorized immigration judges (IJs) within DOJ's Executive Office for Immigration Review to adjudicate those asylum claims. This In Focus provides an overview of the IFR."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2022-07-13
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Introduction to U.S. Economy: Personal Saving [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Document: "Personal saving, which includes the saving of households but not of businesses or government, can have a significant impact at both the individual and economy-wide levels in the long and short terms. The personal saving rate was disrupted by the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, which resulted in a rapid increase and subsequent decrease in this metric, making future trends in personal saving uncertain."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weinstock, Lida R.
2022-07-13
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H. Rept. 117-406: Federal PFAS Research Evaluation Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 7289, July 13, 2022
From the Purpose of the Bill: "H.R. 7289, the Federal PFAS [Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances] Research Evaluation Act, directs the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to enter into agreements with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) to conduct consensus studies to assess research and knowledge gaps related to human exposure, toxicity, management, treatment and development of alternatives of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-13
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Russia's 2022 Invasion of Ukraine: Related CRS Products [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Document: "On February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation invaded Ukraine, with wide-ranging implications for U.S. national security and an array of global geopolitical and economic issues. This report compiles CRS [Congressional Research Service] products on various aspects of this conflict, and is updated regularly as new products are developed. It also includes some products published before the invasion that offer relevant background and context. To contact specific CRS experts, congressional clients may the author information on each of the products below, or consult CRS Report R47036, 'Russia's Invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and Related Policy Issues: CRS Experts,' coordinated by Julie Kim."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Danon, Zoe; Blum, David A.
2022-07-13
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Grand Strategy of Gertrude Bell: From the Arab Bureau to the Creation of Iraq
From the Foreword: "In this monograph, Dr. Gregg provides a rich depiction of Gertrude Bell, an extraordinary individual who helped to shape British grand strategy in the Middle East during World War I and became one of the principal architects of the modern state of Iraq during the interwar period. This description of Bell's work as both a military strategist and a grand strategist offers important insights into how Great Britain developed an unconventional warfare strategy in the Middle East during World War I and its attempts to stabilize the region after the war. [...] Britain's efforts at stability operations in Iraq following World War I demonstrate the inherent tensions in balancing an intervening country's objectives and priorities with those of the country the intervening country is trying to stabilize--especially, the challenges of creating transitional governments and including the population in stability operations. This monograph should be read by anyone who wants to understand British military and grand strategy in the Middle East during World War I, the important perspective and skills Bell brought to shaping these efforts, and the challenges of securing a lasting postwar peace."
Army War College (U.S.). Press
Gregg, Heather S.
2022-07-13
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Promoting Public Safety in Indian Country
This memorandum, dated July 13, 2022, is regarding "Promoting Public Safety in Indian Country." From the Memorandum: "It is a priority of the Department of Justice to address the disproportionately high rates of violence experienced by American Indians and Alaska Natives (Al/AN), and relatedly, the high rates of indigenous persons reported missing. In November 2021 , the Department established a Steering Committee dedicated to marshalling the Department's resources and personnel to address these issues. The Steering Committee undertook a review--in close consultation with Tribal leaders and stakeholders--of the Department's relevant guidance, policies, and practices to improve the law enforcement response in Indian country."
United States. Office of the Deputy Attorney General
Monaco, Lisa Oudens, 1968-
2022-07-13
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Supreme Court Addresses Major Questions Doctrine and EPA's Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions [July 12, 2022]
From the Document: "On June 30, 2022, the Supreme Court decided 'West Virginia v. EPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency],' a case with significant implications for U.S. environmental policy and, more broadly, for Congress's ability to delegate authority over significant policy decisions to executive agencies. The Court held that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) exceeded its authority under Section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) in its 2015 emission guidelines for existing fossil fuel-fired power plants, which were based in part on 'generation shifting,' or shifting electricity generation from higher-emitting sources to lower-emitting ones. Under that decision, EPA retains the ability to regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from power plants and other sources, but it now faces more constraints in how it regulates those emissions. Additionally, the Court's articulation and application of the 'major questions doctrine' could present further hurdles for EPA or other agencies that wish to implement novel regulatory programs to address climate change or other significant policy issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bowers, Kate R.
2022-07-12
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Department of Justice Grant Funding in the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act [July 12, 2022]
From the Document: "The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA, P.L. 117-159) provides '$1.5 billion in funding for Department of Justice (DOJ) grants' [hyperlink] to help address gun violence, which includes [1] $750 million for state crisis intervention programs, [2] $300 million for the Matching Grant Program for School Security (school security grants), [3] $200 million for grants to upgrade criminal and mental health records in the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), and [4] $250 million for community violence intervention and prevention programs. DOJ is required to distribute these funds in equal amounts each fiscal year from FY2022 to FY2026."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
James, Nathan
2022-07-12
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Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 12, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program--the Coast Guard's program for acquiring new PSCs (i.e., heavy polar icebreakers). The Coast Guard's proposed FY2023 budget requests $167.2 million in procurement funding for the PSC program and $125.0 million in procurement funding for the purchase of an existing commercially available polar icebreaker that would be used to augment the Coast Guard's polar icebreaking capacity until the new PSCs enter service. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Administration's FY2023 procurement funding request for the PSC program, and, more generally, whether to approve, reject, or modify the Coast Guard's overall plan for procuring new polar icebreakers. Congress's decisions on this issue could affect Coast Guard funding requirements, the Coast Guard's ability to perform its polar missions, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-12
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Coast Guard Cutter Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 12, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Coast Guard's programs for procuring National Security Cutters (NSCs), Offshore Patrol Cutters (OPCs), and Fast Response Cutters (FRCs). The Coast Guard's proposed FY2023 budget requests $60.0 million, $650.0 million, and $16.0 million in procurement funding, respectively, for the NSC, OPC, and FRCs programs. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Coast Guard's funding requested and acquisition strategies for the NSC, OPC, and FRC programs. Congress's decisions on these three programs could substantially affect Coast Guard capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base. The NSC, OPC, and FRC programs have been subjects of congressional oversight for many years, and were previously covered in other CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports dating back to 1998 that are now archived. The Coast Guard's plans for modernizing its fleet of polar icebreakers are covered in a separate CRS report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-12
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Climate Change and Adaptation: Department of Defense [July 12, 2022]
From the Document: "Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin has stated that 'to keep the nation secure, [the Department of Defense (DOD)], must tackle the existential threat of climate change.' DOD has released a number of documents outlining how it plans to adapt to and address climate change, including the 2021 'DOD Climate Risk Analysis' and the 'DOD Climate Adaptation Plan'. Congress may conduct oversight of the implementation of these plans. Congress could also consider examining possible climate risks and assessing possible implications for global security, military readiness and infrastructure, and DOD force structure when considering authorization, appropriations, and other legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kaileh, Hibbah; Sayler, Kelley M.
2022-07-12
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Introduction to U.S. Economy: Consumer Spending [Updated July 12, 2022]
From the Document: "Consumer spending is a key driver of short-run economic growth in the U.S. economy. This In Focus provides an overview of consumer spending, summarizes recent trends, describes its relationship with the business cycle, and discusses policy that can impact and be affected by consumer spending."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weinstock, Lida R.
2022-07-12
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Introduction to U.S. Economy: Unemployment [Updated July 12, 2022]
From the Document: "This In Focus provides an introduction to the official unemployment rate and alternative measures of unemployment, briefly examines the reasons for unemployment, and places the unemployment rate in a broader economic context."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weinstock, Lida R.
2022-07-12
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Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress [Updated July 12, 2022]
From the Summary: "Names for Navy ships traditionally have been chosen and announced by the Secretary of the Navy, under the direction of the President and in accordance with rules prescribed by Congress. Rules for giving certain types of names to certain types of Navy ships have evolved over time. There have been exceptions to the Navy's ship-naming rules, particularly for the purpose of naming a ship for a person when the rule for that type of ship would have called for it to be named for something else. Some observers have perceived a breakdown in, or corruption of, the rules for naming Navy ships. Section 370 of the FY2021 NDAA [[National Defense Authorization Act]] (H.R. 6395/P.L. 116-283 of January 1, 2021) established a commission regarding the removal and renaming of certain assets of the Department of Defense (including ships) that commemorate the Confederate States of America or any person who served voluntarily with the Confederate States of America."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-12
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S. Rept. 117-129: Technological Hazards Preparedness and Training Act of 2022, to Accompany S. 4166, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, July 12, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "S. 4166, the Technological Hazards Preparedness and Training Act of 2022, expands the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) preparedness programming capacity to help more communities address technological hazards, such as from radiological or chemical sources. The bill also requires FEMA to identify communities with the highest risk of and vulnerability to a technological hazard in each state, ensure state governments are aware of the threat and the availability of FEMA technical assistance and training to address this threat, and provide an annual report to Congress on the activities taken to implement this bill. It provides FEMA an authorization of appropriations of $20,000,000 for fiscal years 2023 through 2024."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-12
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Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol: 07/12/22 Select Committee Hearing [video]
This is the July 12, 2022 video recording of the Select Committee hearing on "Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol." The Duration of the video is three hours, seven minutes, and thirty-five seconds.
United States. Congress. House. Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol
2022-07-12
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S. Rept. 117-128: Disaster Contract Improvement Act, to Accompany S. 3512, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, July 12, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "S. 3512, the Disaster Contract Improvement Act, requires the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Administrator to establish an advisory group comprised of individuals and government entities that engage in debris removal in disaster recovery efforts. The advisory group must determine whether current procedures and guidance in place are sufficient to provide debris removal contract oversight. If current procedures are not sufficient, the bill requires FEMA, in consultation with the advisory group, to develop and implement recommendations to improve current guidance and procedures concerning debris removal contracts. The bill requires FEMA to conduct trainings and outreach on any guidance or support materials developed under this section. The bill also requires the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to conduct a study about the use, benefits, and challenges of advance contracts that state, local, and tribal governments have entered into for debris removal. The bill also requires GAO to study the process for setting reimbursement rates for debris removal programs, the use of penalties for violations of law and regulations relating to debris removal, fraud, waste, and abuse relating to debris removal programs; and make recommendations for improvements to oversight and fraud prevention across the debris removal program."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-12
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H. Rept. 117-404: Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2022, Report to Accompany H.R. 5460, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, July 12, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 5460, the ''Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2022,'' would allow the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to create a visa waiver program limited to the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), permitting visitors for tourism, business, or medical purposes from certain countries to enter only the USVI without seeking a visa from the Department of State. A limited visa waiver program already exists for the U.S. territories of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). To determine which countries to include in the USVI Visa Waiver Program, H.R. 5460 authorizes the Secretary to apply the same criteria currently used in the Guam-CNMI Visa Waiver Program. Such criteria shall include regulatory provisions preventing recalcitrant countries from remaining in the Guam-CNMI Visa Waiver Program. H.R. 5460 also requires the Secretary to consider countries in the Caribbean Community for inclusion in the USVI Visa Waiver Program, but explicitly prohibits inclusion of countries if such inclusion would increase fraud or abuse in our nonimmigrant visa system."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-12
