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U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism [May 21, 2013]
"The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States and the subsequent revelation of Al Qaeda cells in Europe gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to combat terrorism and improve police, judicial, and intelligence cooperation among its member states. Other deadly incidents in Europe, such as the Madrid and London bombings in 2004 and 2005 respectively, injected further urgency into strengthening EU counterterrorism capabilities and reducing barriers among national law enforcement authorities so that information could be meaningfully shared and suspects apprehended expeditiously. Among other steps, the EU has established a common definition of terrorism and a common list of terrorist groups, an EU arrest warrant, enhanced tools to stem terrorist financing, and new measures to strengthen external EU border controls and improve aviation security. As part of its drive to bolster its counterterrorism capabilities, the EU has also made promoting cooperation with the United States a top priority. Washington has largely welcomed these efforts, recognizing that they may help root out terrorist cells both in Europe and elsewhere, and prevent future attacks against the United States or its interests abroad. Contacts between U.S. and EU officials on police, judicial, and border control policy matters have increased substantially since 2001. A number of new U.S.-EU agreements have also been reached; these include information-sharing arrangements between the United States and EU police and judicial bodies, two new U.S.-EU treaties on extradition and mutual legal assistance, and accords on container security and airline passenger data. In addition, the United States and the EU have been working together to curb terrorist financing and to strengthen transport security."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2013-05-21
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [April 6, 2006]
"The United States and Europe share a long and intertwined history. Both sides of the Atlantic face a common set of international concerns, have few other comparable partners, and share a deep economic relationship. Nevertheless, numerous foreign policy and trade conflicts have seriously challenged U.S.-European relations in recent years. This report examines the current state of the transatlantic relationship and key issues that may have implications for U.S. interests during the second session of the 109th Congress. It will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2006-04-06
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [July 5, 2006]
"The United States and Europe share a long and intertwined history. Both sides of the Atlantic face a common set of international concerns, have few other comparable partners, and share a deep economic relationship. Despite much improvement in overall relations since the debate over Iraq policy, several foreign policy and trade issues have challenged U.S.-European relations in recent years. This report examines the current state of the transatlantic relationship and key issues that may have implications for U.S. interests during the 109th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Morelli, Vincent L.
2006-07-05
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European Union's 'Constitution' [Updated May 2, 2005]
"In June 2004, the European Union (EU) concluded work on a constitutional treaty that contains changes to the EU's governing institutions and decision-making processes. This new 'constitution' grew out of the 2002-2003 Convention on the Future of Europe and previous EU efforts to institute internal reforms ahead of the Union's expansion from 15 members to 25 in May 2004. The 'constitution' aims to enable a larger EU to operate effectively and prevent gridlock, but it must still be ratified by all member states before it enters into force. This report provides background information on the Convention and describes the EU 'constitution,' its key provisions, next steps, and possible implications for the U.S.-EU relationship. It will be updated as events warrant. For more information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RS21372, 'The European Union: Questions and Answers', and CRS Report RS21344, 'European Union Enlargement.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2005-05-02
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European Union in 2006 and Beyond [Updated April 6, 2006]
"The European Union (EU) has experienced significant changes over the last few years. The EU has enlarged from 15 to 25 members and has been working to implement a new constitutional treaty to institute internal reforms and further political integration. The EU has also taken steps toward developing a common foreign policy and defense arm. This report describes the current status of the EU's constitutional treaty, EU enlargement, the EU's evolving foreign and defense policies, and possible implications for U.S.-EU relations. It will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2006-04-06
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Cybercrime: The Council of Europe Convention [Updated September 28, 2006]
From the Summary: "Forty-three countries, including the United States, have signed the Council of Europe's Convention on Cybercrime of November 2001. The U.S. Senate ratified the Convention on August 3, 2006. The Convention seeks to better combat cybercrime by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative abilities, and boosting international cooperation. Supporters argue that the Convention will enhance deterrence, while critics counter it will have little effect without participation by countries in which cybercriminals operate freely. Others warn it will endanger privacy and civil liberties. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2006-09-28
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Cybercrime: The Council of Europe Convention [Updated July 22, 2004]
From the Summary: "Thirty-eight countries, including the United States, have signed the Council of Europe's Convention on Cybercrime of November 2001. The Convention seeks to better combat cybercrime by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative abilities, and boosting international cooperation. Supporters argue that the Convention will enhance deterrence, while critics counter it will have little effect without participation by countries in which cybercriminals operate freely. Others warn it will endanger privacy and civil liberties. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2004-07-22
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U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism [December 1, 2014]
"Promoting law enforcement and intelligence cooperation with the United States has been another top EU priority since 2001. Washington has largely welcomed enhanced counterterrorism cooperation with the EU, which has led to a new dynamic in U.S.-EU relations by fostering dialogue on law enforcement and homeland security issues previously reserved for bilateral discussions. Contacts between U.S. and EU officials on police, judicial, and border control policy matters have increased substantially and a number of new U.S.-EU agreements have also been reached; these include information-sharing arrangements between the United States and EU police and judicial bodies, two U.S.-EU treaties on extradition and mutual legal assistance, and accords on container security and airline passenger data. In addition, the United States and the EU have been working together to curb terrorist financing and to strengthen transport security. Nevertheless, some challenges persist in fostering closer U.S.-EU cooperation in these fields. Among the most prominent and long-standing are data privacy and data protection issues. […] Other issues that have led to periodic tensions include detainee policies, differences in the U.S. and EU terrorist designation lists, and balancing measures to improve border controls and border security with the need to facilitate legitimate transatlantic travel and commerce. Congressional decisions related to intelligence-gathering reforms, data privacy, border controls, and transport security may affect how future U.S.-EU counterterrorism cooperation evolves. In addition, given the European Parliament's growing influence in many of these policy areas, Members of Congress may be able to help shape the Parliament's views and responses through ongoing contacts and the existing Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue (TLD). This report examines the evolution of U.S.-EU counterterrorism cooperation and the ongoing challenges that may be of interest in the 113th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2014-12-01
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European Union: Questions and Answers [September 29, 2014]
"The European Union (EU) is a political and economic partnership that represents a unique form of cooperation among sovereign countries. The Union is the latest stage in a process of integration begun after World War II, initially by six Western European countries, to foster interdependence and make another war in Europe unthinkable. Today, the EU is composed of 28 member states, including most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and has helped to promote peace, stability, and economic prosperity throughout the European continent. The EU has been built through a series of binding treaties, and over the years, EU member states have sought to harmonize laws and adopt common policies on an increasing number of economic, social, and political issues. EU member states share a customs union; a single market in which goods, people, and capital move freely; a common trade policy; and a common agricultural policy. Eighteen EU member states use a common currency (the euro). In addition, the EU has been developing a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), which includes a Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), and pursuing cooperation in the area of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) to forge common internal security measures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2014-09-29
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U.S.-EU Cooperation on Ukraine and Russia [September 16, 2014]
"The United States and the 28-member European Union (EU) have pursued similar policies in response to the crisis in Ukraine. Both have provided additional financial aid to bolster Ukraine's political transition, condemned Russia's annexation of Crimea, and called for Russia to end its support of separatists in eastern and southern Ukraine. The United States and the EU have taken steps to isolate Russia diplomatically and imposed targeted economic sanctions in an effort to change Moscow's behavior and bring an end to the conflict. […] Initially, some U.S.-EU differences were evident as the two sides grappled with how best to respond to Russia's actions. EU officials were more wary than their U.S. counterparts of sanctioning Russia because of significant EU-Russian trade and investment ties and the dependence of some EU countries on Russian oil and gas supplies […]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Mix, Derek E.
2014-09-16
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Killing Al Qaeda: The Destruction of Radical Islam using SOFTWAR
This conference paper is from the author's book, "Killing Al Qaeda," copyright 2007 by Chuck de Caro. From the Abstract: "'Killing Al Qaeda' defines the six principles of SOFTWAR: Counterpropaganda, Counterprogramming, Saturation, Seduction, Special Means, and Integration, which can be used to both destroy AQ's [Al Qaeda] warfighter network and crush AQ's efforts to convince the Umma to join the cause of radical Islam. AMOEBA (Aerobureau Matrix Organization for Effecting Behavioral Adjustments) is the organizational form of a 'Virtual Unit,' first developed for DoD in 1996. This Virtual Unit is designed for military-political SCIWPD [Strategic Communications Information Warfare and Public Diplomacy] operations globally. It uses a three part structure: Membrane, which defines the parameters for participation in operations; Protoplasm, for those designated members who perform functions for a given operation; and nucleus for the small group running the OODA [Observe, Orient, Decide, Act] loop. The Mission of the AMOEBA is twofold: (1) Beggaring the AQ alliance by exploiting the weaknesses of networked organizations. (2) Overwhelming AQ propaganda with sets of 'Information Tsunamis'. By using these new organizational systems and methodologies it would be possible to exploit AQ weaknesses quickly and shatter it."
Command and Control Research Program (U.S.)
de Caro, Chuck
2007
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Avenging 9/11: Defeating a New Kind of Enemy
"The 9/11 attacks on the New York and Washington were neither criminal acts nor cowardly ones; they were brilliantly-conceived, meticulously-planned and courageously-executed acts of war against the United States. The attacks and the subsequent and continuing US reaction have demonstrated the hard reality that the United States is engaged in a new kind of guerrilla war whose main proponent is the stateless ex-Saudi terrorist Usama Ben Laden [UBL]. The success that UBL has achieved is simply put: One individual, primarily self-supported, has managed to engage a superpower with various large scale acts of violence now including the death of thousands of Americans and billions of dollars, and that after a decade of cat-and-mouse and almost another year of active US military and covert operations, that man is apparently still alive and his cause is growing!"
Command and Control Research Program (U.S.)
de Caro, Chuck
2002
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United Kingdom: Issues for the United States [Updated February 28, 2008]
"This report assesses the current state of U.S.-UK relations. It examines the pressures confronting London as it attempts to balance its interests between the United States and the EU, and the prospects for the future of the U.S.-UK partnership, especially in the unfolding Brown era. It also describes UK views on political, security, and economic issues of particular importance to the United States, and their implications for U.S. policy that may be of interest in the second session of the 110th Congress. This report will be updated as needed. For information on broader transatlantic relations, see CRS Report RL32577, The United States and Europe: Possible Options for U.S. Policy, by Kristin Archick."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2008-02-28
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NATO and the European Union [Updated January 29, 2008]
"Since the end of the Cold War, both NATO and the European Union (EU) have evolved along with Europe's changed strategic landscape. While NATO's collective defense guarantee remains at the core of the alliance, members have also sought to redefine its mission as new security challenges have emerged on Europe's periphery and beyond. At the same time, EU members have taken steps toward political integration with decisions to develop a common foreign policy and a defense arm to improve EU member states' abilities to manage security crises, such as those that engulfed the Balkans in the 1990s. The evolution of NATO and the EU, however, has generated some friction between the United States and several of its allies over the security responsibilities of the two organizations. U.S.-European differences center around threat assessment, defense institutions, and military capabilities. Successive U.S. administrations and the U.S. Congress have called for enhanced European defense capabilities to enable the allies to better share the security burden, and to ensure that NATO's post-Cold War mission embraces combating terrorism and countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. U.S. policymakers, backed by Congress, support EU efforts to develop a European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) provided that it remains tied to NATO and does not threaten the transatlantic relationship. Most EU member states support close NATO-EU links, but also view ESDP as a means to give themselves more options for dealing with future crises, especially in cases in which the United States may be reluctant to become involved."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gallis, Paul E.; Archick, Kristin
2008-01-29
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European Union Enlargement [Updated November 9, 2007]
"The European Union (EU) views the enlargement process as a historic opportunity to promote stability and prosperity in Europe. On January 1, 2007, Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU, enlarging the Union to 27 countries. The EU's last enlargement in May 2004 brought in Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. In 2005, the EU agreed to open accession negotiations with Turkey and Croatia, and named Macedonia as an official EU candidate; in December 2006, the EU partially suspended talks with Turkey over ongoing disputes over Cyprus. Although the EU maintains that the enlargement door remains open, 'enlargement fatigue' has become a serious issue in Europe and some experts believe that EU enlargement may be reaching its limits. The status of EU enlargement is one of many transatlantic issues likely to be of interest to the 110th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kim, Julie; Archick, Kristin
2007-11-09
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National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs, Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces Hearing on Post Iraq and Afghanistan: Current and Future Roles for UAS and the Fiscal Year 2014 Budget Request, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 23, 2013
This is the April 23, 2013 hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs, held before the Committee on Armed Services. From the statement of Michael Turner: "While there are multiple uses for unmanned aerial systems in the National Airspace System, the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International has recently concluded that over 100,000 new jobs could be created by 2025 through UAS [Unmanned Aircraft Systems] use, primarily in the commercial and civilian market areas of precision, agriculture, and public safety. The migration of UAS aircraft and sensor technology to the civilian sector will provide for greater competition, innovations in technology for both civilian and military missions, and eventually decrease cost for both the Government and private sector. The U.S. military will continue to use unmanned aerial systems for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions, as well as weapons delivery platforms. Turning to our subject today, the fiscal year 2014 budget request for unmanned aerial systems, the Department of Defense plans to invest $2.3 billion for research, development, and procurement of unmanned aerial systems. The request for year 2014, unfortunately, is a decrease of $1.1 billion from the request for the fiscal year 2013. The administration plans to produce some 234 fewer unmanned aerial systems than last year. I have concerns about whether this request will meet both the warfighter requirements and the emerging technologies and opportunities of UASs and UAVs [Unmanned aerial vehicle]." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Steven Pennington, Patrick E. Tierney, and Dyke D. Weatherington.
United States. Government Printing Office
2013
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European Parliament [May 19, 2014]
"Between May 22 and May 25, 2014, the 28 member states of the European Union (EU) will hold elections for the next European Parliament (EP). The Parliament is a key EU institution that represents the citizens of the EU. It works closely with the two other main EU bodies, the European Commission (the EU's executive) and the Council of the European Union (also known as the Council of Ministers, in which the national governments of the EU's 28 member states are represented). Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) serve five-year terms, and have been directly elected since 1979. The next EP will have 751 seats. Once limited to being a consultative assembly, the EP has accumulated more power over time. Experts assert that the EU's latest effort at institutional reform--the Lisbon Treaty, which entered into force on December 1, 2009--has increased the relative power of the EP within the EU considerably. The EP now shares legislative power with the Council of Ministers in most policy areas, giving the EP the right to accept, amend, or reject the vast majority of EU laws (with some exceptions in areas such as tax matters or foreign policy). The Lisbon Treaty also gives the EP the power to decide on the allocation of the EU budget jointly with the Council, the right to approve or reject international agreements, and greater decision-making authority on trade-related issues. At the same time, some analysts contend that the EP still lacks the legitimacy of national parliaments and that many European citizens remain unaware of the EP's role within the EU."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2014-05-19
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European Union: Questions and Answers [July 31, 2014]
"The European Union (EU) is a political and economic partnership that represents a unique form of cooperation among sovereign countries. The Union is the latest stage in a process of integration begun after World War II, initially by six Western European countries, to foster interdependence and make another war in Europe unthinkable. Today, the EU is composed of 28 member states, including most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and has helped to promote peace, stability, and economic prosperity throughout the European continent. The EU has been built through a series of binding treaties, and over the years, EU member states have sought to harmonize laws and adopt common policies on an increasing number of economic, social, and political issues. EU member states share a customs union, a single market in which goods, people, and capital move freely, a common trade policy, and a common agricultural policy. Eighteen EU member states use a common currency (the euro). In addition, the EU has been developing a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), which includes a Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), and pursuing cooperation in the area of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) to forge common internal security measures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2014-07-31
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U.S.-EU Cooperation on Ukraine and Russia [August 7, 2014]
"The United States and the European Union (EU) have pursued similar policies in response to the crisis in Ukraine. Both have provided additional financial aid to bolster Ukraine's political transition, condemned Russia's annexation of Crimea, and called for Russia to end its support of separatists in eastern and southern Ukraine. The United States and the EU have taken steps to isolate Russia diplomatically and imposed several rounds of sanctions in an effort to change Moscow's behavior and bring an end to the conflict in eastern Ukraine. (For background, see CRS Report RL33460, 'Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy,' by Steven Woehrel.) At the same time, some U.S.-EU tensions have been evident as the two sides have grappled with how best to respond to Russia's actions in Ukraine. Frictions have been perhaps most pronounced on the issue of sanctions. Between March and early July 2014, the EU and the United States announced visa bans and asset freezes on several dozen Russians and Ukrainians. In contrast to the United States, however, the EU did not sanction members of Russian President Vladimir Putin's 'inner circle' or key firms or banks associated with them due to concerns about antagonizing Russia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Mix, Derek E.
2014-08-07
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U.S. Congress and the European Parliament: Evolving Transatlantic Legislative Cooperation [June 7, 2011]
"The United States and the European Union (EU) share an extensive, dynamic, and for many a mutually beneficial political and economic partnership. A growing element of that relationship is the role that the U.S. Congress and the European Parliament (EP)--a key EU institution--have begun to play, including in areas ranging from foreign and economic policy to regulatory reform. Consequently, some officials and experts on both sides of the Atlantic have asked whether it would be beneficial for Congress and the EP to strengthen institutional ties further and to explore the possibility of coordinating efforts to develop more complementary policies in some areas. […] While there appears to be no formal opposition within Congress to increasing contacts with the European Parliament, some point out that with the exception of a few Members with previous experience in the Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue (TLD), Congress as a whole has been seen at best ambivalent to such efforts and has not demonstrated as much enthusiasm as the EP about forging closer relations. This observation had been noted by the EP itself since the beginning of the 112th Congress given that neither the new Chair nor the Vice-Chair of the USTLD were announced until early June. This report provides background on the Congress--EP relationship and the role of the TLD. It also explores potential future options should an effort to strengthen ties between the two bodies gain momentum."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Morelli, Vincent L.
2011-06-07
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Russia and the Terror War
This Naval War College Point Paper was prepared in response to the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. The Naval War College commissioned more than thirty papers addressing strategy and policy, operational concepts, and national security decision making related to the terror war. These papers were intended as contributions to U.S. national security policy deliberations, and to assist the U.S. Navy as it planned its response to future terrorist threats. The purpose of this Point Paper was "to explore Russia's contribution to the war against terror." It provides a brief background and discusses the diplomatic, intelligence, and military capabilities that Russia is providing.
Navy Warfare Development Command (U.S.)
Goldstein, Lyle
2001-12-11
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NATO and the European Union [January 4, 2005]
"Since the end of the Cold War, both NATO and the European Union (EU) have evolved along with Europe's changed strategic landscape. While NATO's collective defense guarantee remains at the core of the alliance, members have also sought to redefine its mission as new security challenges have emerged on Europe's periphery and beyond. At the same time, EU members have taken steps toward political integration with decisions to develop a common foreign policy and a defense arm to improve EU member states' abilities to manage security crises, such as those that engulfed the Balkans in the 1990s. […] This report addresses several questions central to the debate over European security and the future of the broader transatlantic relationship. These include: What are the specific security missions of NATO and the European Union, and what is the appropriate relationship between the two organizations? What types of military forces are necessary for NATO's role in collective defense, and for the EU's role in crisis management? Are NATO and EU decision-making structures and procedures appropriate and compatible to ensure that there is an adequate and timely response to emerging threats? What is the proper balance between political and military tools for defending Europe and the United States from terrorism and weapons proliferation? This report will be updated as events warrant. For more information, see CRS Report RS21864, 'The NATO Summit at Istanbul, 2004', by Paul Gallis, and CRS Report RS21372, 'The European Union: Questions and Answers', by Kristin Archick."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Gallis, Paul E.
2005-01-04
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European Union Enlargement [Updated March 7, 2005]
From the Summary: "On May 1, 2004, 10 states joined the European Union (EU), enlarging the Union to 25 members. The EU views the enlargement process as an historic opportunity to promote stability in Europe and further the integration of the continent by peaceful means. In addition to the 10 new members (Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia), Bulgaria and Romania hope to accede to the EU by 2007. Turkey and Croatia are expected to begin accession negotiations in 2005 provided they fulfill certain political conditions. Macedonia has also applied for EU membership. This report will be updated as necessary. For additional information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RS21372, 'The European Union: Questions and Answers', and CRS Report RL32071, 'Turkey: Update on Selected Issues'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2005-03-07
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [November 21, 2006]
"The United States and Europe share a long and intertwined history. Both sides of the Atlantic face a common set of international concerns, have few other comparable partners, and share a deep economic relationship. Despite much improvement in overall relations since the debate over Iraq policy, several foreign policy and trade disputes remain. This report examines the current state of the transatlantic relationship and key issues that may have implications for U.S. interests. It will be updated as events warrant. Also see CRS Report RL32577, 'The United States and Europe: Possible Options for U.S. Policy', by Kristin Archick."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Morelli, Vincent L.
2006-11-21
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European Union Enlargement [Updated December 27, 2005]
From the Summary: "On May 1, 2004, 10 states joined the European Union (EU), enlarging the Union to 25 members. The EU views the enlargement process as a historic opportunity to promote stability and prosperity in Europe. In addition to the 10 new members (Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia), Bulgaria and Romania hope to accede to the EU in 2007. Turkey and Croatia began accession negotiations in October 2005. Macedonia was named as a candidate for EU membership in December 2005. This report will be updated as necessary. For additional information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RS21372, 'The European Union: Questions and Answers', by Kristin Archick, and CRS Report RL32071, 'Turkey: Update on Selected Issues', by Carol Migdalovitz."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2005-12-27
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U.S.-E.U. Cooperation Against Terrorism [Updated October 16, 2006]
From the Summary: "The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to improve law enforcement cooperation against terrorism both among its 25 member states and with the United States. Washington has largely welcomed these efforts, recognizing that they may help root out terrorist cells and prevent future attacks. However, the United States and the EU continue to face several challenges as they seek to promote closer cooperation in the police, judicial, and border control fields. This report will be updated as needed. For more information, see CRS [Congressional Research Services] Report RL31509, 'Europe and Counterterrorism: Strengthening Police and Judicial Cooperation', by Kristin Archick."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2006-10-16
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European Union's 'Constitution' [March 7, 2005]
From the Document: "In June 2004, the European Union (EU) concluded work on a constitutional treaty that contains changes to the EU's governing institutions and decision-making processes. This new 'constitution' grew out of the 2002-2003 Convention on the Future of Europe and previous EU efforts to institute internal reforms ahead of the Union's expansion from 15 members to 25 in May 2004. The 'constitution' aims to enable a larger EU to operate effectively and prevent gridlock, but it must still be ratified by all member states before it enters into force. This report provides background information on the Convention and describes the EU 'constitution,' its key provisions, next steps, and possible implications for the U.S.-EU relationship. It will be updated as events warrant. For more information, see CRS Report RS21372, 'The European Union: Questions and Answers', and CRS Report RS21344, 'European Union Enlargement'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2005-03-07
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European Union in 2005 and Beyond [Updated March 7, 2005]
From the Summary: "The European Union (EU) experienced significant changes in 2004 as it enlarged from 15 to 25 members and continued work on a new constitutional treaty to institute internal reforms and further EU political integration. In 2005, the EU is expected to build on these efforts and seek to implement several recent foreign policy and defense initiatives. This report describes the current status of the EU's 'constitution,' EU enlargement, the EU's evolving foreign and defense policies, and possible implications for U.S.-EU relations. It will be updated as events warrant. For more information, see CRS Report RS21372, 'The European Union: Questions and Answers.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2005-03-07
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European Union: Questions and Answers [Updated March 7, 2005]
From the Summary: "This report provides answers to key questions related to the European Union (EU). It describes the EU's evolution, its governing institutions, trade policy, and efforts to forge common foreign and defense policies. The report also addresses the EU-U.S. and EU-NATO relationships. It will be updated as events warrant. For more information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RS21344, 'European Union Enlargement', and CRS Issue Brief IB10087, 'U.S.-European Union Trade Relations: Issues and Policy Challenges'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2005-03-07
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Northern Ireland: The Peace Process [September 27, 2006]
"For years, the British and Irish governments have sought to facilitate a peaceful settlement to the conflict in Northern Ireland. After many ups and downs, the two governments and the parties participating in the peace talks announced an agreement on April 10, 1998. The implementation of the resulting Good Friday Agreement continues to be difficult. A political stalemate in Northern Ireland since 2002 has halted the peace process and forced London to suspend the devolved government and to resume governance of the province. British and Irish leaders have set a November 24, 2006, deadline to revive talks on governance in Northern Ireland. This report will be updated as events warrant. See also CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RS21692, 'Northern Ireland: The 2003 Election', by Kristin Archick."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Morelli, Vincent L.
2006-09-27
