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NATO Burden-Sharing: Redefinition for a Changing European Threat
From the thesis abstract: "This thesis develops a model of burden-sharing that includes both operational and non-operational contributions to the common defense. Based on the 'Atlanticist' perspective of recognizing contribution, the model includes categories for standing forces, reserve forces, defense industrial capacity, reserve defense industrial capacity, and related defense factors that historically have not been recognized. This work addresses the availability of information suitable for the comparative evaluation of defense share within the model framework and identifies deficiencies in current data bases relative to the defense industrial capacities of participating nations. Recommendations for providing defense industrial base information center around tailoring OECD [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development] capacity utilization equations to defense industry parameters and reporting capacity and reserve capacity via the NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] Defense Planning Questionnaire."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Martello, Charles P.
1990-12
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Verification Technologies: Measures for Monitoring Compliance With the START Treaty
This report describes the role of monitoring in the arms control verification process. It surveys the types of on-site inspection and their costs, risks, and benefits. It also examines the INF Treaty experience for lessons relevant to START. Our general discussions of the monitoring process and on-site inspections are relevant to other types of arms control as well as to START. The report outlines the monitoring tasks specific to START and suggests the cooperative and unilateral measures available for a START monitoring regime. It does not attempt to predict which of the possible cooperative measures will finally be negotiated in the START Treaty.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1990-12
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Strategy and Logistics for the New World Order
"An interdisciplinary analysis of the post-Cold War world to determine the optimal strategy to attain the national interests of the United States, and the requisite logistic structure to support that strategy. The optimal solution is found to be a strategy based on multinational defense centered on a permanent force of United Nations garrison port complexes. This multilateral force would be augmented by as small a national defense force as necessary to ensure national security. The thesis endeavors to reconnect the cultural and philosophical past of the United States with its immediate future. National interests are identified through examination of American Pragmatism and the philosophies of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. To determine the current status of common defense, based upon the Foreign Military Sales system, an analysis of current data is accomplished. Future threats to the United States are examined with special emphasis on nuclear terrorism. The ability of Islamic nations in North Africa and the Middle East to produce significant quantities of uranium is demonstrated. The grave political as well as ongoing environmental consequences of this recent capability are discussed in detail."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Gildersleeve, Cory W.
1990-12
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NATO's Out-of-Area Dilemma
"NATO has a legitimate right to project force beyond the geographical boundaries of the NATO alliance. That NATO has been unwilling or unable to do so since 1949 results from a combination of factors relating to disagreements between the members over the geographical scope of the alliance, shifts in allied foreign policies and inter-allied tensions brought on by the Cold War. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait moved NATO's out-of-area problem from a subordinate position to the primarily threat facing the alliance. Historically, the Alliance felt that responses to out-of-area security threats should be dealt with on a unilateral basis, even when the Alliance has agreed that their collective vital interests are threatened. The dilemma for NATO is the lack of a unified approach to the out-of-area problem. NATO's boundaries are boundaries of obligation and not boundaries of confinement. Through a review of the language of the treaty and problems inherent in alliance relationships, this thesis will explore the differing perceptions of alliance members regarding the scope of the alliance and why NATO has survived for 40 years yet been unable to deal with the out-of-area problem."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Theodorelos, Susan Lynn
1990-12
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Focused Engagement: A New Military Strategy for Winning the Old Great Game
"What are those critical military objectives? An analysis of the explicit and implicit 'New World Order' tasks suggests that tomorrow's American military must be able to: [1] Deter nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) attack from any quarter while simultaneously pursuing a dramatic reduction of global NBC armaments through verifiable non-proliferation and arms control agreements. [2] Deter conventional attack on the American homeland as well as on those states or regions of vital political and economic significance to us; and, should deterrence fail, defend those same areas through military actions which will result in a termination of conflict on terms favorable to U.S. interests. [3] Maintain and, if necessary, defend the land, sea, air, and space lines of communication necessary for unimpeded global commerce and the fulfillment of our worldwide security requirements. [4] Reduce the threat of international terrorism. [5] Reduce the flow of illicit drugs into the United States. [6] Maintain a robust, expansible industrial and mobilization base sufficient to support the aforementioned military objectives."
National Defense University
Rains, Roger A.
1991
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Implementation in Arizona of the Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1990
"This document is a summary report of two community forums held by the Arizona Advisory Committee on September 15, 1988, in Phoenix and on November 3, 1988, in Tucson. The purpose of the forums was to gather information on the implementation in the State of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). At the forums, the Advisory Committee heard from community representatives, business owners, State and Federal officials, and professionals involved in assisting undocumented aliens with the amnesty/legalization process. The summary report is not an exhaustive review or analysis, but should be helpful to the Commission in its monitoring of IRCA's implementation."
United States Commission on Civil Rights
1990-12
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Potential Threats to Spanish Security: Implications for the United States and NATO
"Thirteen years ago, Spain held its first democratic elections since 1936. Prior to those elections, held in June 1977, Spain spent almost forty years under the dictatorship of Generalissimo Francisco Franco, who established an authoritarian regime in Spain following the Spanish Civil War (1936- 1939). Upon Franco's death in November 1975, Prince Juan Carlos de Borbon was crowned as King of Spain in accordance with Franco's 1957 announcement that the monarchy (abolished in 1931) would be restored after his death. Amidst problems ranging from inflation and unemployment to internal friction and, often, opposition from rightist elements, King Juan Carlos eased the Spanish nation-state through the transition into a democracy and, undaunted by an attempted coup by military rightists in 1981, supported what might then have been considered a fragile democracy. Now, nine years later, the entire region of Eastern Europe is in a state of transition, not totally unlike the transition Spain undertook over a decade ago. Thus, it seems particularly appropriate to examine the Spanish experience. The purpose of this study is to examine the security aspects of that experience. As such, it will address both internal security issues such as separatist movements, especially the Basque terrorist organization (ETA), and external security issues such as those posed by Gibraltar, Ceuta, Melilla, and, in spite of the tendency to dismiss it as irrelevant to Spanish security, the Soviet Union. In addition, as the title suggests, this study will address how Spain's security posture can be expected to affect the United States and NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization], particularly as Spain finds a place within the context of a rapidly changing New Europe."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Adams, Tamara K.
1990-12
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Avoiding Racial Conflict: A Guide for Municipalities
"This brochure, 'Avoiding Racial Conflict: A Guide for Municipalities,' is drawn from CRS' extensive experience with local governments. Predicated on the constitutional and statutory requirements of governments to protect civil rights and the accompanying obligation to promote good race relations, the brochure is intended as a guide for local government officials and community leaders to use as they examine the nature of race relations in their community and the measures that can be utilized to both protect the rights of citizens and promote an environment of tolerance, understanding, and harmonious racial and ethnic relations. The suggestions in this publication are not mandatory, of course, but they reflect what are, in CRS experience and judgment, useful ways that local governments can play an active role in easing and preventing racial and ethnic tension."
United States. Community Relations Service
1991
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Mobile Rest and Relief Facilities for Use in a Chemical Warfare Environment
"This technical paper outlines factors which need to be considered in the design, development, and operational us e of Mobile Rest and Relief Facilities (MRRF). These facilities are intended primarily to provide support for military personnel operating in chemical warfare threat areas away from the support of fixed-base military installations. Besides providing a Toxic-Free Area (TFA), the MRRF must also provide the means for personnel to maintain operational effectiveness: food, water, replacement NBC clothing, washing and toilet facilities, lighting, communications equipment and air conditioning. All of these support requirements need to be taken into account in the early stages of the MRRF concept definition and design. Failure to include these requirements in the development of an MRRF will limit its chemical warfare application."
USAF School of Aerospace Medicine
Simpson, Robert E.
1990-12
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From Beirut to Port Arthur: Field Artillery Doctrine and Practice in Low Intensity Conflict
"Field Manual (FM) 6-20, Fire Support in the AirLand Battle, the Army's capstone manual for fire support, states: 'The fire support system must be flexible enough to respond to a number of battlefield situations ranging from the nonlinear characteristics of the high- and mid-intensity conflicts to the special demands of low-intensity conflict.' Given the likelihood of U.S. forces' involvement in the latter, it is critical that the fire support system, and in particular, the field artillery, be able to respond appropriately. That response is governed in large measure by field artillery doctrine. The purpose of this monograph is to assess the viability of that doctrine to contribute to mission success in varied LIC [Low Intensity Conflict] environments. Because doctrine emanates from the principles that comprise a given body of theory, the monograph begins with a capsulation of the classical underpinnings of field artillery theory. Linkages between classical theory and the employment of artillery in the LIC environment are then drawn. Armed with this theoretical foundation, we examine how the artillery has performed historically in each of the four LIC operational categories of combatting [sic] terrorism, peacekeeping operations, support for insurgencies and counterinsurgencies, and peacetime contingency operations. [...] Finally, recommendations are offered to address any deficiencies noted. The study concludes that there are legitimate roles for the field artillery in all four of the operational categories that comprise the low intensity conflict spectrum. By refocusing and retooling field artillery doctrine to encompass the fire support requirements peculiar to the low intensity conflict environment, the field artillery will be better prepared to fulfill its charge within the context of military operations in LIC."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Gregory, William A.
1990-11-21
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Technical Rescue Incident Report: Confined Space Rescue on SS Gem State, November 19, 1990, Tacoma, Wa
"At 10:47 a.m. on November 19, 1990, the Tacoma Fire Department received a call to assist in the rescue of a victim who was unconscious from unknown circumstances on board the S.S. Gem State. This ship was an ocean-going freighter undergoing repairs at the Port of Tacoma. The victim was a civilian employee who had been working in the lower decks of the ship. During the ensuing operations several firefighters were overcome by high levels of carbon monoxide, and were transported to the hospital. After an investigation by the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, the Tacoma Fire Department was cited for four 'serious' violations. This report is an account of the initial response, search and rescue operations, the subsequent investigation, and the lessons learned by the Tacoma Fire Department."
United States Fire Administration
1990-11-19
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Executive Order 12735: Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation
"By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the United States of America, find that proliferation of chemical and biological weapons constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States and hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1990-11-16
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Medical Platoon Leaders' Handbook Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
This manual is directed to medical platoon leaders of combat and combat support battalions and cavalry squadrons. However, the manual applies equally to other medical platoon members in accomplishment of their mission. The tactics, techniques, and procedures provided are not all inclusive. They are presented as modes of operation. This manual provides a starting point from which users should develop or tailor techniques and procedures to fit their specific units.
US Army Medical Department Center and School
1990-11-16
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Executive Order 12734: National Emergency Construction Authority
"By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. [United States Code] 1701 'et seq.'), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 'et seq.'), and 3 U.S.C. 301, I declared a national emergency by Executive Order No. 12722, dated August 2, 1990, to deal with the threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States caused by the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. To provide additional authority to the Department of Defense to respond to that threat and in accordance with section 301 of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1631), I hereby order that the emergency construction authority at 10 U.S.C. 2808 is invoked and made available in accordance with its terms to the Secretary of Defense and, at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense, to the Secretaries of the military departments. This order is effective immediately and shall be transmitted to the Congress and published in the Federal Register."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1990-11-14
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Executive Order 12733: Authorizing the Extension of the Period of Active Duty of Personnel of the Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces
"By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 121 and 673b(i) of title 10 of the United States Code, I hereby determine that, in the interests of national security, extending the period of active duty is necessary for the following: units of the Selected Reserve, and members of the Selected Reserve not assigned to a unit organized to serve as a unit of the Selected Reserve, now serving on or hereafter ordered to active duty pursuant to section 673b(a] of title 10 of the United States Code and Executive Order No. 12727 of August 22, 1990. Further, under the stated authority, I hereby authorize the Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary of Transportation with respect to the Coast Guard when the latter is not operating as a service in the Department of the Navy, to extend the period of active duty of such units and members of the Selected Reserve. This order is intended only to improve the internal management of the executive branch, and is not intended to create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by a party against the United States, its agencies, its officers, or any person."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1990-11-13
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German Unification [November 6, 1990]
From the Summary: "In less than a year, East Germany underwent a remarkable political transformation. A combination of massive emigration to the West and huge street demonstrations in cities throughout East Germany led to the collapse of the hard-line regime of Erich Honecker on October 18, 1989. The opening of the border between the two Germanys on November 9 and continuing deep public mistrust of the government provoked an accelerated exodus of East Germans to the West. Political debate in the country quickly shifted from how to reform East Germany to how and when East Germany should be reunited with West Germany. […] In February 1990, West Germany agreed to a 'Two-plus-Four' (the two Germanys and the four victorious allies from World War II) formula for discussing the international ramifications of unification. On September 12, 1990, these talks yielded a treaty restoring full sovereignty to a united Germany. Among the principal provisions of the treaty were agreement that a united Germany would remain in NATO, would make no future border claims, and would remain a non-nuclear state. In addition, in the event of a conventional arms agreement for Europe, Germany will radically reduce its armed forces, and Soviet forces will withdraw from eastern Germany by the end of 1994. The President sent the Treaty to the U.S. Senate on September 26, 1990. On October 10, the Senate gave its advice and consent to the Treaty."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gallis, Paul E.; Woehrel, Steven J.
1990-11-06
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Department of Defense Directive 3025.14: Protection and Evacuation of U.S. Citizens and Designated Aliens in Danger Areas Abroad
"This Directive updates policies, responsibilities, and procedures for the protection and evacuation of U.S. citizens and designated aliens in danger areas abroad, and assigns responsibilities for noncombatant evacuation operations planning and implementation."
United States. Department of Defense
1990-11-05
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Defense Reorganization: DOD's Efforts to Streamline the Special Operations Command, Briefing Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives
"Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO [General Accounting Office] reviewed the implementation of Department of Defense (DOD) task force's recommendations concerning the U.S. Special Operations Command, focusing on: (1) the progress made in reducing separate Army, Navy, and Air Force component command headquarters to an integrated Special Operations Command headquarters; and (2) other actions taken by the Special Operations Command that would affect the organizational relationships between itself and its components. GAO found that: (1) although the Command was given combatant authority over the special operations forces and schools of all three services, the Secretary of Defense did not accept a recommendation to transfer 231 positions from the service component commands to the Special Operations Command headquarters, and directed that 34 positions be eliminated from the Command headquarters and component command headquarters; (2) Command headquarters and component command headquarters increased their staffing levels despite the staff reduction directive, but expected future staffing increases only in the Air Force Command component; and (3) Command officials believed that its future staff reductions because of DOD budget cuts would be proportionally smaller than reductions for other units, because of the increased importance of special operations."
United States. General Accounting Office
1990-11
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Analysis of Construction Fatalities - The OSHA Data Base 1985-1989
"This report presents the results of an analysis of the 3,496 construction fatalities investigated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and included in the Agency's Integrated Management Informat ion System data base for the period 1985 to 1989. The analysis considered the var iation of the number of fatalities over the 5-year period and the influence of factors such as geography and characteristics of th e workforce, e.g., industry group, age, and union affiliation on these fatality statistics . The analysis also examined the causes of fatalities and the factors influencin g accidents. Statistics from the OSHA data base are compared with construction fatality data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Nati onal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the National Safety Council."
United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1990-11
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National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Report: United Airlines Flight 232
This report explains the crash of a United Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-l0-10 in Sioux City, Iowa, on July 19, 1989. The safety issues discussed in the report are engine fan rotor assembly design, certification, manufacturing, and inspection; maintenance and inspection of engine fan rotor assemblies; hydraulic flight control system design, certification, and protection from uncontained engine debris; cabin safety, including infant restraint systems; and aircraft rescue and firefighting facilities.
United States. National Transportation Safety Board
1990-11-01?
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National Security Directive 52: The FY 1991 Sculpin Nuclear Test Program
In National Security Directive (NSD) 52, President H.W. Bush directs that "in implementing the Sculpin program the following guidance will apply: -- All tests associated with Sculpin will be conducted in compliance with the Limited Test Ban Treaty, with the National Environmental Policy Act and all other relevant environmental law and regulations. -- The Department of Energy shall review each test with design yields near 150 kilotons to reasonably ensure that the device yield does not exceed the Threshold Test Ban Treaty limit. -- It is likely that the Threshold Ban Treaty, along with its new verification protocol, will come into force during the period of implementation of the treaty" granting Soviet inspectors the access allowed by the treaty while protecting classified information and minimizing interference in the U.S. test program" will require careful and close cooperation among U.S. agencies. The testing agency shall continue to coordinate public affairs activities related to the implementation of the Sculpin program, as appropriate, in advance of test events."
United States. White House Office
1990-10-22
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National Security Directive 50: Decisions on START and CFE Issues
In National Security Directive (NSD) 50, President H.W. Bush states, "I remain committed to achieving START [Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty] and CFE [Conventional Armed Forces in Europe] agreements that enhance U.S. national security and strengthen international stability. Consistent with that objective, completion of both treaties during the remainder of 1990 remains as important goal. I have made the following decisions to achieve these two objectives."
United States. White House Office
1990-10-12
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Methodology for Analyzing Global Reach -- Global Power
In response to the extraordinary international developments of the past few years, the Secretary of the Air Force published a white paper, The Air Force and U.S. National Security: Global Reach--Global Power in June 1990. Secretary Rice's paper describes a planning framework to develop Air Force capabilities which, combined with the capabilities of the Army, Navy, and Marines, will underwrite U.S. national security strategy. The changing environment offers significant challenges to the analysis community. To meet these challenges, the Air Force Center for Studies and Analyses has developed an analytical framework and methodology for analyzing Air Force capabilities to provide Global Reach--Global Power.
United States. Department of the Air Force
Parnell, Gregory S.; Eilers, Richard L.; Richard, Philip A.
1990-10-11
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Joint Department of Energy/Department of Defense Nuclear Weapon System Safety, Security, and Control Activities
This DOE order establishes policy, procedures, authorities, and responsibilities addressing joint nuclear weapon and nuclear weapon system safety, security, and control activities in conjunction with the Department of Defense.
United States. Department of Energy
1990-10-10
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National Security Directive 48: Nuclear Weapons Deployment Authorization for FY 1990 and FY 1991
In National Security Directive (NSD) 48, President H.W. Bush directs that "the Secretary of Defense is authorized to deploy nuclear weapons during FY 1990 and FY 1991 as indicated in the Tables 1 and 2, subject to future policy and programming decisions. Deployment figures are end-fiscal-year levels and are to be achieved in an orderly manner consistent with operational requirements."
United States. White House Office
1990-10-10
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National Security Directive 47: Counterintelligence and Security Countermeasures
In National Security Directive (NSD) 47, President H.W. Bush directs that "our CI [counterintelligence] and SCM [security countermeasures] initiatives should focus on the following goals. We must: -- Anticipate, detect, and neutralize human and technical operations conducted by foreign intelligence services targeting U.S. interests. -- Adapt to the CI and security implications of the new U.S. policy of furthering the political and economic integration of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe into the world economy. " Reduce our vulnerabilities to intelligence exploitation by foreign services within the United States and abroad by enhancing the security and CI integrity of our programs, operations, personnel, and installations worldwide. -- Maintain an effective mechanism to plan for and forecast the changing CI and SCM environments worldwide; to recommend operational, analytic, and security initiatives; to identify priority targets and resources; and to address evolving issues. To achieve these goals, we should emphasize offensive initiatives but also provide defensive enhancements and allocate resources in accordance with these priorities as ranked."
United States. White House Office
1990-10-05
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Chemical Warfare and Chemical/Biological Defense Research Program Obligations
Public Law 91-121 required the Department of Defense to make an annual report to Congress on the funds obligated for chemical warfare and biological defense research, development and procurement programs. Contents of this report include: Chemical research, defensive equipment program, chemical agent alarm technology, chemical detection and identification technology, chemical decontamination investigation, physical protection against chemical agents, remote sensing alarms, protective masks, biological research, and biological defense against biological agents.
United States. Department of Defense
1990-09-30
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Plan to Address Issues Related to the Persian Gulf Crisis, National Security and International Affairs Division
"Operation 'Desert Shield' has become one of the most significant multinational military operations in the past 40 years - one that holds long-term implications for the United States. How well the United States will fare in the crisis and the aftermath is uncertain at this point. However, it could be a significant sign of our military posture and standing in world affairs into the next century. We have prepared this plan to guide our efforts in evaluating issues arising from the Persian Gulf crisis. We have received several requests from the Congress related to some of these issues and expect to receive other requests. Our work is intended to assist US. policymakers, government administrators, and legislators in decisions they face as events unfold in the region."
United States. General Accounting Office
1990-10
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Customs Automation: Weakness in Revenue Collection at John F. Kennedy International Airport, Report to the Regional Commissioner, U.S. Customs Service, New York Region
GAO reviewed Customs Service's John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) Area Office's security, controls, and accountability over revenue collection. GAO found that: (1) physical security weaknesses at the cashier's office in the JFK Area Office included uncontrolled checks, an unlocked safe, unlocked doors, and inappropriate access; (2) inadequate separation of duties existed; (3) employees failed to adhere to stated procedures pertaining to accountability, control, and storage of prenumbered collection documents; (4) the JFK office untimely deposited revenue, resulting in lost interest revenue; (5) there was an excessive number of prenumbered collection documents in use; (6) Customs' deposit information system cited some inaccurate collection dates for some deposits; (7) some inspectors failed to timely turn their collections into the cashier's office; and (8) the identified weaknesses substantially heightened the office's vulnerability to fraud, waste, and abuse.
United States. General Accounting Office
1990-09-27
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Report on the Survey of DoD Personnel Security Investigation Policies for Personnel that Transfer into a DoD Component
"The survey was initiated because of a continuing perception that individuals thought to have been appropriately investigated by a losing Government agency or DoD Component were being unnecessarily investigated when they transferred between Government agencies or DoD Components."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
1990-09-19
