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Double Jeopardy, Dual Sovereignty, and Enforcement of Tribal Laws [June 16, 2022]
From the Document: "On June 13, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court in a 6-3 decision upheld [hyperlink] the federal prosecution of a man who had already been convicted of, and punished for, a lesser-included offense by a Court of Indian Offenses. Merle Denezpi argued that the U.S. Constitution's Double Jeopardy Clause should bar the second prosecution, but the Supreme Court disagreed, holding that the second prosecution was for a separate offense and thus not constitutionally barred."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
2022-06-16
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U.S. Army's Mid-Range Capability (MRC) Weapon System [June 16, 2022]
From the Document: "'What Is the Army's Mid-Range Capability (MRC) Weapon System?' Reported improvements to Russian and Chinese artillery systems present a challenge to the U.S. Army. Russia's and China's improved, longer-ranged artillery systems, new employment techniques leveraging unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for target acquisition, and the proliferation of special munitions--such as precision, thermobaric, loitering, and top-attack munitions--have renewed concerns about the potential impact of Russian and Chinese artillery on U.S. combat operations and ground combat systems. In response to this challenge, the U.S. Army is seeking to improve its ability to deliver what it refers to as long-range precision fires (LRPF) by upgrading current artillery and missile systems, developing new longer-ranged cannons and hypersonic weapons, and modifying existing air- and sea-launched missiles for ground launch. Army leadership has stated LRPF is its number one modernization priority. The MRC Weapon System is part of the Army's LRPF modernization portfolio. It is intended to hit targets at ranges between the Army's Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) (about 300 miles maximum range) and the developmental Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW) system (about 1,725 miles maximum range)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2022-06-16
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Funding for Wildfire Management: FY2022 Appropriations for the Forest Service and the Department of the Interior [Updated June 16, 2022]
From the Document: "The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service (FS) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) are responsible for wildfire response and management across the federal lands within their respective jurisdictions. Both FS and DOI generally receive annual discretionary appropriations for wildfire management activities through Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations laws. Wildfire management funding for DOI is provided to the department-level Office of Wildland Fire. Wildfire management appropriations fluctuate annually but overall have risen markedly since FY2000[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoover, Katie
2022-06-16
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Public Law 117-148: Supreme Court Police Parity Act of 2022
From the Document: "An Act To amend title 40, United States Code, to grant the Supreme Court of the United States security-related authorities equivalent to the legislative and executive branches."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-06-16
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Abu Zubaydah and the State Secrets Doctrine [June 16, 2022]
From the Document: "Zayn Al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn (also known as Abu Zubaydah) is a detainee at the U.S. Naval Station at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. He was also the first suspected Al Qaeda detainee rendered [hyperlink] into Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) custody at various 'black sites' abroad for interrogation, including 'Detention Site Blue,' allegedly in Poland, from December 2002 to September 2003. He sought depositions from two former CIA contractors who helped devise the CIA's 'Enhanced Interrogation Program,' for submission to prosecutors in Krakow, Poland, to use in a criminal investigation of Polish officials' alleged complicity in the claimed unlawful detention and torture of Abu Zubaydah. The district court granted the application, and the United States filed a motion to intervene and to quash the subpoenas, citing, among other things, the state secrets privilege. On March 3, 2022, the Supreme Court upheld [hyperlink] the government's assertion of the state secrets privilege and dismissed Abu Zubaydah's suit."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer
2022-06-16
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Drug Policy: Preliminary Observations on the 2022 National Drug Control Strategy, Statement of Triana McNeil, Director, Homeland Security and Justice, Testimony Before the Caucus on International Narcotics Control, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "Drug misuse--the use of illicit drugs and the misuse of prescription drugs--has been a persistent and long-standing public health challenge in the U.S. resulting in significant loss of life and a negative effect on society and the economy. These costs are borne by individuals who misuse drugs, as well as their families and employers, private businesses and nonprofit organizations, and federal, state, and local governments. GAO [Government Accountability Office] has a body of work on drug policy and ongoing work on ONDCP [Office of National Drug Control Policy]'s efforts, including issuance of the National Drug Control Strategy. This statement includes preliminary GAO observations on the 2022 National Drug Control Strategy and related findings from selected GAO reports on federal drug control-related efforts."
United States. Government Accountability Office
McNeil, Triana
2022-06-15
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Threat of Transnational Repression from China and the U.S. Response
From the Webpage: "The Chinese Communist Party and government engage in transnational repression against Uyghurs, Hong Kongers, Tibetans, dissidents, and others in order to silence criticism, conduct surveillance, and in some cases repatriate critics and others deemed sensitive. Freedom House characterizes China's campaign of transnational repression as 'the most sophisticated, global, and comprehensive . . . in the world.' The Party and government use a variety of methods to engage in transnational repression, including the use of technology to surveil and harass victims abroad, threats to a victim's family or loved ones who still live in China, abuse of INTERPOL [International Criminal Police Organization] mechanisms to secure repatriations, and in-person intimidation and kidnapping overseas. This hearing will look at the administration's approach to countering China's transnational repression. The hearing will solicit administration witnesses' input regarding what steps their agencies have taken to counter China's transnational repression, how their agencies coordinate with interagency and international partners on the issue, and where they see opportunities for further action."
United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China
2022-06-15
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H. Rept. 117-371: Brycen Gray and Ben Price COVID-19 Cognitive Research Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 7180, June 15, 2022
From the Purpose of the Bill: "The purpose of the bill is to provide for multidisciplinary research at the National Science Foundation on the disruption of regular cognitive processes associated with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] infection."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-06-15
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Federal Support for School Safety and Security [Updated June 15, 2022]
From the Introduction: "In the United States, more than 50 million students are enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools that educate children from pre-kindergarten through 12th grade; nearly 20 million more students attend degree-granting postsecondary institutions. Students' safety and security is a paramount concern of federal, state, and local governments, as well as for school districts, institutions of higher education (IHEs), students' families, and Members of Congress. [...] The ED [U.S. Department of Education ], HHS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services], DOJ [U.S. Department of Justice], and DHS programs discussed in this report encompass prevention, mitigation and response, or recovery efforts that provide direct or indirect funding for school and campus safety and security initiatives. The program summaries in this report are not comprehensive. In many cases, other Congressional Research Service (CRS) products are referenced as sources for more detailed information about individual programs. This report also provides an overview of federal programs and initiatives that support school safety and security efforts in other ways, such as data collection and technical assistance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dragoo, Kyrie E.; James, Nathan; Duff, Johnathan H. . . .
2022-06-15
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Middle East and North Africa: Implications of 2022 Russia-Ukraine War [June 15, 2022]
From the Summary: "The 117th Congress is examining the global implications of Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing war while considering Ukraine-related legislation and FY2023 authorization and appropriations proposals, and conducting oversight of Biden Administration policies. This report provides information and analysis on the effects that Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing war are having on the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), a region of continuing strategic and foreign policy salience to Congress and to U.S. strategic interests. Russia's war against Ukraine has both direct and indirect effects on the countries of the MENA region, imposing costs on the region's populations and posing dilemmas for its leaders. The Russia-Ukraine war and its side effects amplify the risk of instability in the MENA region and introduce new complexities to some regional relationships. The most practical and immediate implications may come as a result of fiscal, societal, and humanitarian effects in the MENA region, particularly through energy and food commodity market changes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Christopher M.
2022-06-15
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Federal Role in Orphan Oil and Gas Well Reclamation [June 15, 2022]
From the Document: "Production of oil and gas in the United States began in the late 19th century and continues to contribute to meeting U.S. fuel and petrochemical demands. Over time, federal and state requirements were put in place to manage such aspects of oil and gas development as siting, safety, emissions, and reclamation. Prior to federal and state regulations, many oil and gas wells were 'orphaned,' or left unreclaimed. In many cases, particularly for early oil and gas development, little is known about the status, location, and depth of those wells. Additionally, more recent oil and gas wells, operating subject to federal or state regulation, could become orphaned if a well operator is unwilling or financially unable to complete reclamation of a well site that has ceased production operations. The federal role in reclaiming orphan oil and gas wells has been limited to wells located on federal lands. In the 117th Congress, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58) expanded the federal role in reclaiming orphan oil and gas wells by increasing funding for the federal reclamation program and establishing a grant program to assist state and tribal orphan well programs. This In Focus discusses the federal and state roles in permitting wells, background of orphan oil and gas wells, potential environmental impacts, and related provisions in the IIJA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Larson, Lance N.
2022-06-15
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No Judicial Review of Fact Findings for Certain Discretionary Immigration Relief, Rules Supreme Court [June 15, 2022]
From the Document: "On May 16, 2022, the Supreme Court decided 'Patel v. Garland' [hyperlink], a case concerning the scope of an Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) provision barring judicial review of decisions denying certain forms of discretionary immigration relief. Specifically, this case asked whether 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) [hyperlink] (Subsection (B)(i)) precludes review by the federal courts of a nondiscretionary, factual determination that an alien is ineligible for discretionary relief from removal. In Patel v. Garland, the Supreme Court held that applicants may not seek judicial review of 'any judgment relating' to the granting of discretionary relief from removal, including underlying factual findings."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Santamaria, Kelsey Y.
2022-06-15
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Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP): Background and Funding [Updated June 15, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report begins by describing the population using emergency food assistance. It goes on to discuss the TEFAP [The Emergency Food Assistance Program] program, including its administration at the federal, state, and local levels, eligibility rules, and funding structure. The report concludes by summarizing TEFAP's role in disaster response and recent reauthorizations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Billings, Kara Clifford
2022-06-15
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Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief [Updated June 15, 2022]
From the Summary: "Israel has forged close bilateral cooperation with the United States in many areas. A 10-year bilateral military aid memorandum of understanding--signed in 2016--commits the United States to provide Israel $3.3 billion in Foreign Military Financing and to spend $500 million annually on joint missile defense programs from FY2019 to FY2028, subject to congressional appropriations. Some Members of Congress have increased their scrutiny over Israel's use of U.S. security assistance, contributing to debate on the subject."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2022-06-15
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Defense Primer: Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) [Updated June 15, 2022]
From the Overview and Mission: "The Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) is a voluntary high school program of instruction administrated by the Department of Defense (DOD) through the military departments. A key purpose of JROTC, according to 10 U.S.C. §2031 (as amended by P.L. 116-283), is 'to instill in students in United States secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship, service to the United States (including an introduction to service opportunities in military, national, and public service), and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment.' JROTC was established as an Army program by the National Defense Act of 1916 (P.L. 64-85) and in 1964 expanded to the Navy and Air Force. Congress authorized Coast Guard JROTC units at two schools: the Maritime and Science Technology Academy in Miami, FL, in 1989 (P.L. 101-225), and Camden County High School, NC, in 2005 (P.L. 109-241). In FY2021, there were about 3,500 JROTC units operating in every state and in DOD schools overseas. Eighth-grade students are allowed to participate in JROTC if physically co-located with 9th -12th grade students. Homeschooled students may also participate."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.
2022-06-15
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Calculation and Use of the Disaster Relief Allowable Adjustment [Updated June 15, 2022]
From the Document: "The Budget Control Act (P.L. 112-25, hereinafter the BCA) established mechanisms to limit federal spending, as well as ways to adjust those limits to accommodate certain priority spending. One of these mechanisms--a limited 'allowable adjustment' to discretionary spending limits to pay for the congressionally designated costs of major disasters under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act--represented a new approach to paying for disaster relief. In the past, while some funding for disaster costs had been included in annual appropriations measures as part of the regular funding process, many of these costs had been designated as emergency requirements and were included in supplemental appropriations measures on an ad hoc basis. This disaster relief designation allowed a limited amount of additional appropriations for disaster costs into the annual appropriations process, instead of relying on emergency designations and supplemental appropriations bills. The formula to calculate the size of the adjustment was revised in 2018. Although the statutory authority for the adjustment has expired, the FY2022 budget resolution included an adjustment for disaster relief that continues to effectively exempt such funding from spending limits within the congressional budget process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
2022-06-15
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Who Pays for Long-Term Services and Supports? [Updated June 15, 2022]
From the Document: "Long-term services and supports (LTSS) refers to a broad range of health services and other types of assistance that are needed by individuals over an extended period of time. The need for LTSS affects persons of all ages and is generally measured by limitations in an individual's ability to perform daily personal care activities such as eating, bathing, or dressing. The probability of needing LTSS increases with age. As the U.S. population aged 65 and older continues to increase in size, and individuals continue to live longer post-retirement, the demand for LTSS is expected to increase. In addition, advances in medical and supportive care may allow younger persons with disabilities to live longer[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Colello, Kirsten J.
2022-06-15
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Israel: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated June 15, 2022]
From the Overview: "U.S.-Israel defense, diplomatic, and economic cooperation has been close for decades, based on common democratic values, religious affinities, and security interests. On May 14, 1948, the United States was the first country to extend de facto recognition to the state of Israel. Subsequently, relations have evolved through legislation, bilateral agreements, and trade. U.S. officials and lawmakers often consider Israel's security as they make policy choices in the Middle East. Congress regularly enacts legislation to provide military assistance to Israel and explicitly support its security. Such support is part of a regional security order--based heavily on U.S. arms sales to Israel and Arab countries--that has avoided major Arab-Israeli interstate conflict for nearly 50 years. Israel has provided benefits to the United States by sharing intelligence, military technology, and other innovations. While Israel is the largest regular annual recipient of U.S. military aid, some Members of Congress have sought greater scrutiny of some of Israel's actions. Some U.S. lawmakers express concern about Israel's use of U.S. military assistance against Palestinians, in light of entrenched Israeli control in the West Bank and around the Gaza Strip, and diminished prospects for a negotiated Israeli-Palestinian two-state solution. A few seek oversight measures and legislation to distinguish certain Israeli actions in the West Bank and Gaza from general U.S. support for Israeli security."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2022-06-15
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Intelligence Community Whistleblower Provisions [Updated June 15, 2022]
From the Summary: "Intelligence community (IC) whistleblowers are employees or contractors of the federal government working in any of the 18 elements of the IC who disclose their reasonable belief of a violation of law, rule, or regulation; gross mismanagement; waste of resources; abuse of authority; or a substantial danger to public health and safety. The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) whistleblowing policy and guidance generally are publicly available, and address the process for making protected disclosures and identify whistleblower protections for IC contractors, members of the Armed Forces, and federal IC employees. IC whistleblower protections have evolved in response to perceptions of gaps that some observers argued left these whistleblowers vulnerable to reprisal. The first whistleblower legislation specific to the IC, enacted in 1998, was limited to specifying a process for IC whistleblowers to make a complaint but offered no specific protections. Subsequent legislation, enacted in 2010, included general provisions for protecting IC whistleblowers, with no additional guidance on standards for implementation. Presidential Policy Directive (PPD)-19, signed in 2012, provided the first specific protections against reprisal actions for making a complaint. The Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (P.L. [public law] 113-126) codified these provisions, which were further supported by IC implementation policy. In early 2018, Congress passed legislation to address perceived gaps in protections for IC contractors. Other provisions in Title 10 of the U.S. Code, along with DOD implementing guidance, provide protections for members of the Armed Forces, including those assigned to elements of the IC."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeVine, Michael E.
2022-06-15
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of H.R. 7606, the Lower Food and Fuel Costs Act
From the Document: "The Lower Food and Fuel Costs Act would appropriate $700 million for the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to assist agricultural producers with the costs of nutrient management and precision agriculture and for renewable fuels infrastructure. The bill also would create a special investigator for meat and poultry within USDA, create a food and supply chain task force, authorize USDA to make new loans and grants for livestock processing, expand eligible purposes of conservation loans to include precision agriculture, and authorize the year-round sale of E15 [ethanol 15] grade ethanol fuel. Sections 603 and 604 would increase federal cost sharing for certain activities related to environmental protection and would authorize additional uses for funds appropriated under current law for the Environmental Quality Incentives Program and the Conservation Stewardship Program. CBO estimates that enacting those sections would have insignificant effects on direct spending over the 2022-2032 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-06-14
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 14, 2022: Trends in Acute Hepatitis of Unspecified Etiology and Adenovirus Stool Testing Results in Children -- United States, 2017-2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This [name of series] issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Trends in Acute Hepatitis of Unspecified Etiology and Adenovirus Stool Testing Results in Children - United States, 2017-2022"
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-06-14
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Government Efficiency and Effectiveness: Additional Opportunities to Reduce Fragmentation, Overlap, and Duplication and Achieve Billions of Dollars in Financial Benefits, Statement of Gene L. Dodaro Comptroller General of the United States, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Spending Oversight, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate
From the Document: "I am pleased to be here today to discuss opportunities to reduce fragmentation, overlap, and duplication, and achieve cost savings and other financial benefits for the federal government. GAO [Government Accountability Office] issues annual reports on federal programs, agencies, offices, and initiatives--either within departments or government-wide--that have duplicative goals or activities. As part of this work, GAO also identifies additional opportunities for greater efficiency and effectiveness that result in cost savings or enhanced revenue collection. Opportunities exist for achieving billions of dollars in financial benefits and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a wide range of federal programs in other areas such as, but not limited to, defense, health, and energy."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Dodaro, Gene L.
2022-06-14
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Remote Sales Tax: Initial Observations on Effects of States' Expanded Authority, Statement of James R. Mctigue, Jr., Director, Tax Policy and Administration, Testimony Before the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "Sales tax is an important revenue source for the 45 states with a statewide sales tax, making up an average of about one-third of states' total tax collections. Over the past quarter century, electronic commerce (e-commerce) sales have grown rapidly. However, until recently states could not require e-commerce and other businesses operating out-of-state to collect taxes on sales to residents of their states unless the business had a physical presence in the state. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to testify on how states and businesses have been affected by the 'Wayfair' decision. This statement summarizes GAO's findings from a November 2017 report (GAO18-114 [hyperlink]) and initial observations from ongoing work examining (1) the current landscape of remote sales tax requirements, (2) how state revenue has been affected by these requirements, and (3) what types of costs businesses have incurred in complying with the requirements. For the part of this statement based on ongoing work, GAO administered a survey to revenue agencies in all 45 states with a statewide sales tax and the District of Columbia. Forty-three states and the District of Columbia responded, for a response rate of 95 percent. GAO also interviewed multiple organizations representing states and businesses, as well as businesses engaged in e-commerce and multistate taxation, selected to represent a broad range of perspectives."
United States. Government Accountability Office
McTigue, James R., Jr.
2022-06-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 816, Diplomatic Support and Security Act of 2022
From the Document: "S. 816 would alter the Department of State's process for investigating serious security incidents at U.S. government missions overseas to promote a culture of risk management instead of risk avoidance. The bill also would require the department to include more information about risk assessments in its monthly briefings to the Congress. On the basis of information about the costs to prepare similar reports, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that satisfying that requirement would cost less than $500,000 over the 2022-2027 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds. Under current law, the department must appoint an Accountability Review Board to investigate a security breach caused by foreign intelligence activities or a security incident involving loss of life, serious injury, or significant destruction of property. Such boards determine whether security measures were adequate and properly implemented and whether to subject any employees who are found accountable to adverse personnel actions. The board can administer oaths, issue subpoenas, and require testimony and depositions."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-06-14
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Department of Homeland Security Fusion Center Engagement and Information Sharing Strategy for 2022-2026
From the Document: "This document outlines a multi-year commitment to supporting our law enforcement and homeland security partners in states and cities nationwide, and describes how DHS enables information sharing vital to fusion centers' missions and our national security. Threats may take the form of international terrorism, transnational organized crime, domestic violent extremism, cyber intrusions, and many other dangers to Americans. All such threats to our homeland will be answered with the most informed responses by DHS and our partners. Under Secretary Mayorkas's leadership, the Department is committed to supporting our partners across every level of government, including by sharing timely and actionable information and intelligence. In line with this commitment, this strategy will help ensure the Homeland Security Enterprise is equipped with the tools to keep our communities safe and resilient."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2022-06-14?
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How Treasury Issues Debt [Updated June 14, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury) is responsible for issuing federal government debt. Debt issuance is a core component of Treasury's role as the manager of government operations, as it is needed when tax revenue collections are insufficient to meet the demand of federal obligations. The primary objective of Treasury's debt management strategy is to finance the government's borrowing needs at the lowest cost over time. To accomplish this Treasury adheres to three principles: (1) to issue debt in a regular and predictable pattern, (2) to provide transparency in the decisionmaking process, and (3) to seek continuous improvements in the auction process. [...] This report examines Treasury's debt management practices, focusing on the auction process, how prices and interest rates of securities are determined, and the role of market participants in the process. It also addresses the role of debt in influencing present and future budget outcomes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Driessen, Grant A.
2022-06-14
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Introduction to Financial Services: The Federal Reserve [Updated June 14, 2022]
From the Document: "The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 (12 U.S.C. [United States Code] 221 et seq.) created the Federal Reserve (Fed) as the nation's central bank. The Fed is composed of 12 regional Federal Reserve banks overseen by a Board of Governors in Washington, DC. 'Figure 1' illustrates the city in which each bank is headquartered and the area of each bank's jurisdiction. The board is composed of seven governors nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The President selects (and the Senate confirms) a chair and two vice chairs from among the governors, one of whom is responsible for supervision. The governors serve nonrenewable 14-year terms, but the chair and vice chairs serve renewable four-year terms. Board members are chosen without regard to political affiliation. Regional bank presidents are chosen by their boards with the approval of the Board of Governors." This document discusses the structure of the Federal Reserve, responsibilities of the Federal Reserve, mandate and Congressional oversight, and policy issues.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Labonte, Marc
2022-06-14
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Romania: An Overview [Updated June 14, 2022]
From the Document: "With a population of almost 20 million, Romania is the largest country in southeastern Europe. After the end of communist rule in 1989, Romania adopted a Euro-Atlantic orientation, joining NATO in 2004 and the European Union (EU) in 2007. Romania's strategic Black Sea location, steadfast commitment to its security partnership with the United States, and shared concerns about Russia make it a key U.S. ally in the region. Romanian officials have unequivocally condemned Russia's 2022 war on Ukraine and have supported EU sanctions against Russia and NATO's enhanced deterrence and defense posture in the eastern part of the alliance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Garding, Sarah E.
2022-06-14
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Summary of Selected Biden Administration Actions on Supply Chains [Updated June 14, 2022]
From the Document: "This CRS [Congressional Research Service] Insight presents selected Biden Administration actions on supply chains. The U.S. economy has faced many supply disruptions and bottlenecks since the beginning of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. These supply issues have contributed to high inflation throughout 2021 and thus far in 2022. For more information on supply chain disruptions and their effect on the U.S. economy, see CRS Insight IN11926 [hyperlink]. The first section of this Insight focuses on select executive orders signed by President Biden aimed at supply chain issues. The second section focuses on other Administration actions and goals to reduce supply chain disruptions and bottlenecks. Both sections are organized in chronological order. Each header provides a hyperlink to a description of the action in question."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weinstock, Lida R.
2022-06-14
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Short- and Long-Term Solutions to Extreme Drought in the Western United States [June 14, 2022]
From the Document: "Chairman Manchin, Ranking Member Barrasso, and Members of the committee, thank you for inviting the Congressional Research Service (CRS) to provide testimony on short and long-term solutions to extreme drought in the western United States. [...] My comments today will largely focus on drought not in any one specific location, but as a broader policy issue. I will start by providing background and context on drought in general, including abbreviated information on the status of the current drought in the western United States and prospects for future droughts. I will then provide a broad survey of federal drought policy and authorities, along with a summary of some current proposals for new and modified approaches to address drought"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Stern, Charles V.
2022-06-14
