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Contact Tracing for Air Travel: CDC's Data System Needs Substantial Improvement
From the GAO [Government Accountability Office] Highlights: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has underscored the importance of public health measures aimed at controlling the transmission of communicable diseases. Air travel can play a role in quickly spreading communicable diseases across the world and throughout communities. Given this potential, contact tracing for air passengers is an important measure for protecting public health. GAO was asked to examine CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]'s process for collecting and managing air passengers' contact information to facilitate contact tracing. This report addresses: (1) the factors that affect CDC's ability to collect this information, (2) recent actions CDC has taken to improve the quality of the information it collects, and (3) how effectively it collects and manages this information. GAO reviewed relevant federal documentation, including regulations, orders, technical guidance, and public comments, as well as available CDC data. GAO also interviewed officials from CDC, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and the Federal Aviation Administration, and selected representatives from the aviation, travel, and public health industries."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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2020 Elections: State and Local Perspectives on Election Administration During the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Highlights: "Election officials faced unprecedented challenges in conducting the 2020 elections during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act provided $400 million in grants for states to use to prevent, prepare for, and respond to issues related to the pandemic for the 2020 federal election cycle. The EAC [U.S.
Election Assistance Commission] was responsible for administering the grants. In addition, the EAC serves as a national clearinghouse and resource for the compilation of information and review of procedures with respect to the administration of federal elections. The CARES Act includes a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to report on its ongoing monitoring and oversight efforts related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This report describes (1) the steps states and local jurisdictions took to prepare for and conduct elections in 2020 during the pandemic and the challenges they reported facing, (2) how states and local jurisdictions reported using CARES Act grant funding, and the challenges they reported facing, and (3) what EAC resources and guidance states and local jurisdictions used and their perspectives on such assistance. To address all three objectives, GAO conducted two web-based surveys of election officials. One survey was administered to election offices in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and achieved a response rate of 84 percent. The other survey was administered to a sample of 829 local election jurisdictions. The survey achieved a weighted response rate of 47 percent, and the design and analysis allows GAO to provide national estimates of the perspectives of local election officials."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Expanding Capacity for Vaccines Against Covid-19 and Future Pandemics: A Review of Economic Issues
From the Abstract: "We review economic arguments for using public policy to accelerate vaccine supply during a pandemic. Rapidly vaccinating a large share of the global population helps avoid economic, mortality, and social losses, which in the case of Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] mounted into trillions of dollars. However, pharmaceutical firms are unlikely to have private incentives to invest in vaccine capacity at the socially optimal scale and speed. The socially optimal level of public spending may cause some sticker shock but--as epitomized by the tagline 'spending billions to save trillions'--is eclipsed by the benefits and can be restrained with the help of careful policy design and advance preparations. Capacity is so valuable during a pandemic that fractional dosing and other measures to stretch available capacity should be explored."
University of Chicago. Development Innovation Lab; Becker Friedman Institute. Development Economics Center
Athey, Susan; Castillo, Juan-Camilo; Kremer, Michael, 1964- . . .
2022-07
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Older Adults and Adults with Disabilities: Federal Programs Provide Support for Preventing Falls, but Program Reach is Limited, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "Studies report that each year, about one in four older adults--many of whom may also have a disability-- suffers a fall. According to CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention], falls were the leading cause of death from unintentional injury among older adults in 2020. They cost billions of dollars in medical expenses. However, studies also show that assessing and modifying the home environment or using other interventions can help prevent falls. This report examines (1) what federal programs are designed to provide evidence-based falls prevention, home assessments, or home modifications for older adults and adults with disabilities and what do national data indicate about those at greatest risk of falls, (2) what do federal agencies know about how these programs affect participants' health, and (3) to what extent do federal agencies coordinate their efforts and provide consumer information to those at risk of falls. GAO [Government Accountability Office] analyzed CDC falls data from 2020, the most recent data available, and surveyed relevant federal programs. GAO interviewed officials from national aging and disability organizations; and reviewed studies of federal programs, falls prevention resources, and relevant federal laws and regulations. [...] GAO is making three recommendations, including that CDC examine falls data for adults of various ages and that ACL facilitate additional information sharing across federal programs and among its disability network. The agencies concurred with the recommendations."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Nuclear Waste Cleanup: DOE's Efforts to Manage Depleted Uranium Would Benefit from Clearer Legal Authorities, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "EM [Office of Environmental Management] is responsible for cleaning up the nuclear waste left behind at two former federal uranium enrichment sites (Portsmouth, in Ohio, and Paducah, in Kentucky). One of the cleanup-related activities is the conversion of DUF6 [depleted uranium hexafluoride]--a highly corrosive by-product of the uranium enrichment process that can be dangerous to human health and the environment--into depleted uranium oxide. This is a more stable chemical form of depleted uranium that can be disposed of or reused. The conversion facilities began operating at Portsmouth in 2010 and Paducah in 2011, but both facilities stopped conversion operations in March 2020 because of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Senate Report 117-39 accompanying S. 2792, a bill for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review the two conversion facilities. This report examines (1) EM's response to the facilities' COVID-19 shutdown and effects on the facilities' cost and schedule estimates, (2) EM's agreements to provide DUF6 to other entities, and (3) EM's plans for depleted uranium oxide and hydrofluoric acid. GAO reviewed project documentation, transfer and sales agreements, and legislation; and interviewed EM and National Nuclear Security Administration officials, state regulators, and representatives for the disposal facilities. [...] Congress should consider clarifying DOE's [Department of Energy's] authority to sell depleted uranium, as well as any conditions connected to such sales. DOE did not comment on this report."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Case Study of What Was at Stake During the USS Roosevelt's COVID-19 Outbreak: Navigating the Tensions of Leading Under Conditions of Crisis and Uncertainty
From the Abstract: "This article examines two leadership cases of Captain Brett Crozier and Acting Secretary of the Navy Thomas Modly during the crisis caused by Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] conditions aboard the USS [United States ship] Theodore Roosevelt. Based on consideration of over 1,400 definitions of leadership and examining leadership literature published in the 10 top-tier journals between 2000-2020, the research team further explored 74 leadership domains. Transformational, adaptive, authentic, destructive, and toxic leadership were selected as frameworks for analysis of the cases. The study showed that Crozier's leadership aligned more with adaptive, authentic, and transformational frameworks while Modly's words and actions embodied more elements of transactional, destructive, and toxic leadership. In the face of ethical and leadership challenges, Modly and the Navy put forth shifting narratives and justifications for their actions, while Crozier's message remained steadfast and clear. The study concludes by noting how Crozier's values and actions hold more promise for leading under conditions of crisis and uncertainty by modeling classical Aristotelian concepts of arete and phronesis--dimensions of ethos--accounting for how individuals respond to critical moments in the life of a community in authentic, adaptive, and transformational ways."
Air University (U.S.). Press
Hinck, John M.; Davis, Steven B.; Hinck, Edward A.
2022-07
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Research Reliability: Federal Actions Needed to Promote Stronger Research Practices, Report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "In 2019, the U.S. government funded more than $42 billion in basic scientific research across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Unsuccessful attempts to reproduce and replicate research results have been documented across many scientific disciplines, including those funded by NASA, NIH [National Institutes of Health], and NSF [National Science Foundation]. The scientific community has expressed concern over the difficulty of replicating prior research results. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review strategies to improve the reliability of federally funded research. Among other things, this report (1) examines what actions, according to experts, federal agencies could take to foster rigor and transparency in the research they fund; and (2) assesses the extent to which selected federal science funding agencies have taken actions to improve rigor and transparency."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Persistent Chemicals: Technologies for PFAS Assessment, Detection, and Treatment, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Highlights: "PFAS [per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances] are a large group of heat and stain resistant chemicals, first developed in the 1940s. PFAS are used in a wide range of products, including carpet, nonstick cookware, waterproof clothing, and firefighting foam used at airports and military bases. PFAS can persist in the environment, including in water, soil, and air, for decades or longer. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has found that most people in the U.S. have been exposed to two of the most widely studied PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Both have been linked to human health problems. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to conduct a technology assessment on PFAS assessment, detection, and treatment. This report examines (1) technologies for more efficient assessments of the adverse health effects of PFAS and alternative substances; (2) the benefits and challenges of current and emerging technologies for PFAS detection and treatment; and (3) policy options that could help enhance benefits and mitigate challenges associated with these technologies."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Coast Guard: Actions Needed to Enhance IT Program Implementation, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "The U.S. Coast Guard, a component of the Department of Homeland Security, relies extensively on IT [information technology] systems and services to carry out its 11 statutory missions. It also relies on operational technology, which encompasses a broad range of programmable systems or devices that interact with the physical environment, such as sensors and radar. Historically, the Coast Guard has had longstanding issues managing its technology resources. As such, it plans to spend $93 million to improve the reliability and performance of these resources in fiscal year 2022. The 'William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021' included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review several aspects of the Coast Guard's IT program. This report addresses, among other things, the extent to which the Coast Guard (1) has a process to plan for network capacity; (2) has cybersecurity risk management processes for IT and for operational technology; and (3) has incorporated federal requirements in its strategy for cloud computing."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Air Travel and Communicable Diseases: Federal Leadership Needed to Advance Research, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has intensified ongoing concerns about air travel's role in spreading disease and raised questions about the safety of passengers and crew. Research that could provide quality information on communicable diseases in air travel can help to protect public health. The CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act includes a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to monitor and report on federal efforts related to the COVID-19 pandemic. GAO was also asked to review research on disease transmission in air travel. This report examines: (1) the status of research on communicable diseases in air travel, including stakeholders' views on additional needed research and challenges to conducting it, and (2) the extent to which FAA [Federal Aviation Administration] and other federal agencies are advancing such research."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Credit Reform: Transparency Needed for Evaluation of Potential Federal Involvement in Projects Seeking Loans, Report to the Chairman, Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "FCRA [Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990] was enacted to improve the accuracy of the cost of federal credit programs reported in the federal budget, among other things. It requires agencies to measure the government's cost of federal credit programs over the length of a loan. This facilitates better cost comparisons between credit and noncredit programs. FCRA applies only to loans and loan guarantees made to non-federal borrowers. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review how the non-federal borrower concept is applied in practice. This report examines (1) OMB's [Office of Management and Budget] policies for evaluating whether federal loan programs would potentially fund a federal borrower or federal activities; and (2) processes that selected agencies--EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] and the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Transportation--use to screen loan applications for potential federal activities."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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U.S. Courts: Action Needed to Improve IT Management and Establish a Chief Information Officer, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Highlights: "The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts relies on IT [information technology] systems to manage information to support its lines of business. These lines of business include case management, court administration, and probation and pretrial services. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review the Office's IT management. This report evaluates, among other things, the extent to which the Office (1) implemented selected leading IT workforce planning and management practices, (2) implemented selected best practices for planning and managing IT projects, and (3) has a CIO [Chief Information Officer] with the authority to exercise enterprise control and oversight of the Office's IT workforce and project portfolio."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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National Highways: Analysis of Available Data Could Better Ensure Equitable Pavement Condition, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "The National Highway System is key to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility. It comprises approximately 220,000 miles of roads and accounts for about 54 percent of all vehicle miles traveled. Poor pavement condition on National Highway System roads could pose safety issues and impede the flow of traffic. House Report 116-106 included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review issues related to pavement condition of the National Highway System. This report assesses the extent to which: (1) pavement condition varies on the National Highway System and (2) FHWA [Federal Highway Administration] assesses National Highway System pavement condition within states, such as at the local level."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Trafficking in Persons Report, July 2022
From the Document: "Survivors of human trafficking play a vital role in combating this crime. Their perspective and experience should be taken into consideration to better address this crime and to craft a better response to it. [...] The goal of this introduction is to highlight and emphasize the importance of meaningful survivor engagement - specifically with experts with lived experience of human trafficking for whom sufficient time has passed since their victimization - and to share context, lessons learned, and guidance to governments, international organizations, civil society, private sector entities, and other stakeholders who wish to further their survivor engagement efforts. While many anti-trafficking stakeholders have long consulted survivors in their work, it is imperative that this engagement be done in a responsible and meaningful way and that stakeholders develop and improve upon their approaches to doing so. This effort will bolster inclusivity, help prevent sensationalism, and reduce potential re-traumatization of survivors. It will also promote more effective criminal justice responses that provide remedies for victims and survivors and help prevent trafficking crimes. This year's introduction seeks to establish a solid foundation for how to responsibly engage survivors through trauma-informed approaches that promote transparency, trust, equity, inclusivity, and commitment to collaboration."
United States. Department of State
2022-07
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Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools in 2019-20: Findings from the School Survey on Crime and Safety
From the Introduction: "Using data from the School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS), this report presents findings both on crime and violence in U.S. public schools and on the practices and programs schools have used to promote school safety. SSOCS is managed and funded by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). NCES is part of the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences. The study has been fielded eight times, most recently during the 2019-20 school year. The 2019-20 SSOCS (SSOCS:2020) was funded in part by the Department's Office of Safe and Healthy Students. SSOCS collects data from public school principals about violent and nonviolent crimes in their schools. The survey also collects data on school security measures, school security staff, mental health services, parent and community involvement at school, and staff training. SSOCS data can be used to study how violent incidents in schools relate to the programs and practices that schools have in place to prevent crime"
Institute of Education Sciences (U.S.)
Wang, Ke; Kemp, Jana; Burr, Riley . . .
2022-07
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Examining Pandemic Evictions: A Report on Abuses by Four Corporate Landlords During the Coronavirus Crisis
From the Executive Summary: "This staff report presents findings from an investigation conducted by the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis into the eviction filing practices of four large corporate landlords--Pretium Partners (through its companies Progress Residential and Front Yard Residential ) (Pretium), Invitation Homes, Ventron Management (Ventron), and The Siegel Group (Siegel)--during the first 16 months of the coronavirus pandemic. The Select Subcommittee launched an investigation into these companies' eviction and rental assistance practices in July 2021 following reports indicating that they had filed to evict tenants at high rates despite the existence of federal eviction moratoriums and Congress' appropriation of more than $46 billion in federal rental assistance."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Oversight and Reform. Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis
2022-07
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Tribal Crime Data Collection Activities, 2022
From the Document: "The Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA) of 2010 requires the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) to (1) establish and implement a tribal crime data collection system, (2) consult with Indian tribes to establish and implement this data collection system, and (3) report annually to Congress on the data collected and analyzed in accordance with the act. The act specifies data collection and analysis of crimes committed on federally recognized reservations, in tribal communities, and on identified trust lands, commonly referred to as Indian country. In 2010, there were 334 federally and state-recognized American Indian reservations in the United States, with an estimated 4.8 million persons living on these reservations or in Alaska Native villages."
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Office of Justice Programs; United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
2022-07
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State Water Resources Control Board: it Lacks the Urgency Necessary to Ensure That Failing Water Systems Receive Needed Assistance in a Timely Manner
From the Document: "Our audit of the State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board) focused on the board's efforts to help provide Californians with safe drinking water. Nearly a million Californians face possible long-term, negative health outcomes--including an increased risk of liver and kidney problems, as well as cancer--because they receive unsafe drinking water from a failing water system. The State Water Board reported that more than 370 such systems, providing water to more than 920,000 people, were not meeting water quality standards as of December 2021. More than two-thirds of these systems are located in disadvantaged communities with significant financial need. The State Water Board has funding available to help these failing systems improve the quality of their drinking water. Nonetheless, the board has generally demonstrated a lack of urgency in providing this critical assistance. In fact, the time necessary for water systems to complete applications for funding and for the State Water Board to approve and award that funding nearly doubled from 17 months in 2017 to 33 months in 2021."
California. State Auditor (2013- )
2022-07
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2022 Long-Term Budget Outlook
From the Visual Summary: "In this report, the Congressional Budget Office describes its projections of what the federal budget would look like over the next 30 years if current laws generally remained unchanged; it also presents the economic forecast underlying those projections. The United States faces a challenging fiscal outlook according to those extended baseline projections, which show budget deficits and federal debt held by the public growing steadily in relation to gross domestic product (GDP) over the next three decades."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07
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Roadmap to Telehealth Efficacy: Care, Health, and Digital Equities
From the Executive Summary: "The United States has long struggled with a health care system that is both expensive and often inaccessible when it comes to providing certain populations with equitable care. The White House and Congress acted quickly to transition patients to telehealth during the height of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. However, the future adoption and use of telehealth will depend on how the U.S. health care system addresses coverage and reimbursement, medical licensure, and service modalities. Equally important is policy coherence, or a 'telehealth 2.0 roadmap', to effectively harmonize the goals of value-based care, health disparities, and digital access. This approach to telehealth can improve patient outcomes, offer more inclusive telehealth adoption, and increase ways in which health care is delivered and received as the nation continues to mitigate the public health crisis. In this paper, we propose flexibilities within the current health care system that accommodate the changes imposed by new technologies, as well as continued government incentives to drive more competitive options and alternatives for health care delivery. In the end, we argue that government must continue to promote the use of remote health care and leverage national investments in broadband infrastructure to drive the complementary use of telehealth with traditional health care. We also propose that current modality flexibilities remain in place, especially as the nation undergoes efforts to close the digital divide."
Brookings Institution. Governance Studies Program
Lee, Nicol Turner; Yaraghi, Niam; Lai, Samantha
2022-07
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Federal Sentencing of Illegal Reentry: The Impact of the 2016 Guideline Amendment
From the Introduction: "In 2016, the United States Sentencing Commission promulgated an amendment that comprehensively revised the guideline covering illegal reentry offenses--§ [section] 2L1.2 (Unlawfully Entering or Remaining in the United States). The amendment, Amendment 802, became effective November 1, 2016, and represented the most comprehensive revision of a major guideline in the last two decades. This report examines the impact of Amendment 802 by looking back at sentencings under §2L1.2 over the last ten fiscal years. The report first describes the concerns leading to the amendment, including that §2L1.2's 12- and 16-level increases were overly severe and led to variances, and that using the 'categorical approach' to apply enhancements was overly complex, resource intensive, and increased litigation and uncertainty. After outlining the changes made by Amendment 802, the report assesses its impact on guideline application for §2L1.2 offenders and on appeals involving §2L1.2."
United States Sentencing Commission
Kachnowski, Vera M.; Russell, Amanda
2022-07
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Propensity, Conditions, and Consequences: Effective Coercion Through Understanding Chinese Thinking
From the Document: "This paper will briefly explore the development of Chinese philosophy from Confucianism and Daoism to Marxist and Maoist communism, and the origins of Western 'causal' thinking in contrast to Chinese 'correlative' thinking. The paper will explain how these styles of thinking led to a Western 'ends, ways, and means' method of planning, while the Chinese use 'propensity, conditions, and consequences.' The paper will then use Chinese correlative thought to develop a 'propensity model' to describe how China attempts to coerce other parties. It will then investigate how the divergent approaches to thought can yield disparate results when attempting and interpreting coercive actions using three case studies: the 2006 Valiant Shield exercise, the 2016 decision to deploy a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense antimissile battery to South Korea, and a 2022 Taiwan Strait transit. The paper will conclude with implications of these findings on U.S. and PRC [People's Republic of China] thought."
China Aerospace Studies Institute (U.S.)
Marcrum, Kyle
2022-07
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Comprehensive Cyber Review, July 2022
From the Executive Summary: "In May 2021, Deputy Attorney General Lisa O. Monaco directed the Department of Justice to conduct a comprehensive review of the Department's cyber-related activities and to develop actionable recommendations to enhance and expand the Department's efforts. This report summarizes the findings from that review. It evaluates many different facets of the Department's cyber capabilities, both 'offensive' ('i.e.', how it investigates, prosecutes, and combats cyber threats) and 'defensive' ('i.e.', how it protects its own networks from continuous malicious cyber activity). It also evaluates the Department's engagement with various governmental and private-sector partners; its preparation for emerging technologies; and the ways in which it is building and retaining its cyber workforce for the future. As stated in the memorandum announcing the review, the focus has been on actionable recommendations to enhance and expand the Department's efforts against fast-changing cyber threats. To that end, the review has already made a number of interim recommendations that Department leadership has accepted and implemented."
United States. Department of Justice
Monaco, Lisa Oudens, 1968-
2022-07
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China Maritime Report No. 22: Logistics Support for a Cross-Strait Invasion: The View from Beijing
From the Summary: "The PLA [People's Liberation Army] believes that logistics support is one of the key determinants of a successful large-scale invasion of Taiwan. Logistics support includes transport, materiel and oil supply, medical care, search and rescue, logistics infrastructure protection, and maintenance of war materiel reserves. Despite the recognized importance of logistics support, it is likely the PLA does not currently possess the requisite logistics capabilities to successfully support a large-scale amphibious landing on Taiwan and a possible protracted conflict involving the United States and allies. Key deficits include a lack of amphibious ships (both military and civilian), transport aircraft, and war reserves. The PLA also continues to face difficulties with landing the requisite logistics supplies during the critical beach assault phase, constructing maritime transfer platforms or temporary wharves to sustain resupply if intact ports are not rapidly captured, establishing a landing base for logistics operations, maintaining the flow of logistics during on-island combat, and establishing strategic war reserves to support the large-scale operation and possibly prolonged conflict. These problem areas might be resolved with several years of sustained effort and complex training."
Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute
McCauley, Kevin N.
2022-07
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Israel: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated July 1, 2022]
From the Summary: "Since Israel's founding in 1948, successive U.S. Presidents and many Members of Congress have demonstrated a commitment to Israel's security and to close U.S.-Israel cooperation. Strong bilateral ties influence U.S. policy in the Middle East, and Congress provides active oversight of the executive branch's actions. Israel is a leading recipient of U.S. foreign aid and a frequent purchaser of major U.S. weapons systems. The two countries signed a free trade agreement in 1985, and the United States is Israel's largest trading partner. Legislation in Congress frequently includes proposals to strengthen U.S.-Israel cooperation. Israel has a robust economy and an active democracy. Israel has experienced a period of unprecedented political instability since April 2019."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2022-07-01
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Federal Support for Reproductive Health Services: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated July 1, 2022]
From the Introduction: "Human reproductive health services are preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services related to reproductive systems, functions, and processes. Federal support for these services is administered in different ways because federal agencies, departments, and programs have different missions. This report first defines six different types of reproductive health services that may receive federal support, noting restrictions where relevant. The report first discusses services related to fertility, then discusses screening, prevention, and treatment of reproductive health conditions, and concludes with a discussion of gender-affirming services."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-; Wyatt, Taylor R.; Siddalingaiah, Simi V.
2022-07-01
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Climate and Health Outlook: U.S. Seasonal Forecast for Health, July 2022
From the Document: "Welcome to the third edition of the Climate and Health Outlook from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Climate Change and Health Equity (OCCHE). The Climate and Health Outlook is an effort to inform health professionals and the public on how our health may be affected in the coming month(s) by climate events and provide resources to take proactive action. This edition expands beyond extreme heat to include additional climate-related health hazards."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2022-07
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What Do Federal Firearms Offenses Really Look Like?
From the Introduction: "This report provides in-depth information on federal firearms offenders sentenced under the primary firearms guideline, § [section] 2K2.1. The Commission has published reports on various aspects of firearms offenses, including reports on armed career criminals, mandatory minimum penalties, and firearms offenders' recidivism rates. The Commission's prior research shows that firearms offenders are generally younger, have more extensive criminal history, and are more likely to commit a new crime than other offenders. The Commission's previous research also shows that firearms offenders are more likely than other offenders to engage in violent criminal behavior. This publication continues the Commission's work and provides detailed information about offenders sentenced under §2K2.1. Section 2K2.1 is historically one of the most frequently applied guidelines and its application has accounted for an increased percentage of the federal caseload in recent years. Section 2K2.1 covers offenses involving the unlawful receipt, possession, or transfer of firearms, as well as offenses involving prohibited weapons and stolen firearms. While use or possession of a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence or controlled substance offense is covered by a different guideline, §2K2.1 covers conspiracies to do the same. [...] This report examines how the offenses were committed, whether the offenses involved violence, and whether the offenders have a history of engaging in violent criminal behavior. This report also provides data on offender and offense characteristics, and sentences imposed for the firearms crimes committed by offenders sentenced under §2K2.1."
United States Sentencing Commission
Iaconetti, Matthew; Kyckelhahn, Tracey; Kerbel, Amanda
2022-07
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H. Rept. 117-401: State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill, 2023, Report Together with Minority Views, to Accompany H.R. 8282, July 1, 2022
From the Document: "The Committee on Appropriations submits the following report in explanation of the accompanying bill making appropriations for the Department of State, foreign operations, and related programs, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2023, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-01
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Federal Research Centers: Revising DOD Oversight Policy Could Assure Access to Performance and Effectiveness Information, Report to Congressional Committees
From the GAO [Government Accountability Office] Highlights: "FFRDCs [Federally Funded Research and Development Centers] are intended to meet DOD's long-term research and development needs that cannot be met effectively by the department or private sector alone. DOD historically awards FFRDC contracts on a sole-source basis (i.e., noncompetitively). Some industry representatives have raised questions about this approach, stating that others could provide similar support to DOD. An explanatory statement included a provision for GAO to review DOD-sponsored FFRDCs. This report describes the analyses DOD conducts to justify the award of sole-source FFRDC contracts, and assesses the extent to which DOD oversight includes an evaluation of FFRDC performance and effectiveness. GAO reviewed relevant federal and defense regulations, documents, and guidance; interviewed relevant officials; and analyzed contracting documents."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
