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Cognitive Defense: Influencing the Target Choices of Less Sophisticated Threat Actors
"With the emergence of non-state threats and new operating environments since the end of the Cold War, the relevance of deterrence as a security tool has repeatedly been called into doubt. Modern adversaries often lack territory, militaries, economies, or even identities to threaten and retaliate against. Their motivations are diverse and they are increasingly selecting soft targets on the basis of opportunity. Governments can no longer be relied upon as they once were to deter attacks against the homeland, shifting the burden of deterrence downward to the private and public parties being targeted. Alternative approaches are needed that account for this fundamental change. Taking inspiration from criminology and behavioral economics, we identify ways in which cognitive biases can be manipulated to
affect adversary target preferences and then explore how this approach can be used to aid defenders on the ground."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Wasson, Jesse; Bluesteen, Christopher
2017-04
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Counterterrorism in the United Kingdom [Self-Study Course]
This self-study course was developed by the Naval Postgraduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security. "Tracing the UK response to violent subnational terrorism back to its efforts against the PIRA [Provisional Irish Republican Army.] in the 1970s through the 1990s, these modules demonstrate how the UK counterterrorism community recognized long ago the serious threat to national security that subnational violence poses, and how its response to the recent violent terrorist activities of al-Qaeda is situated within an environment informed by the earlier 'Irish Troubles.' Additionally, the modules provide an overview of the contemporary counterterrorism organizational structure within the UK, and the challenges it faces in a world of increasing vulnerability and uncertainty." This self study course is comprised of three lecture modules that address counterterrorism in the United Kingdom: Module 1: History, Radicalization and the Current ISIS [Islamic State in Iraq and Syria] and Al-Qaeda Threats; Module 2: Policy Response; and Module 3: The UK's Counterterrorism Structure and the Pursuit of Terrorists.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Smith, Paul Jonathan
2017-04
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Assessing Face Acquisition
"US-VISIT [United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology] requested that the biometrics usability team at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) examine the current US-VISIT face image collection process to identify any usability and human factors that may improve the existing face image capture process. As such this study did not address other technologies or technology solutions. This report presents the results of a study that examined five usability and human factors enhancements to the current US-VISIT collection process: 1) the camera should resemble a traditional camera; 2) the camera should click when the picture is taken to provide feedback to the traveler that the picture is being taken; 3) the camera should be used in portrait mode; 4) the operator should be facing the traveler and the monitor while positioning the camera and 5) provide some marking on the floor (such as footprints) to indicate to the traveler where to stand for the photograph. The study was conducted as follows: first we visited and observed a representative operational setting (Dulles Airport) in order to understand the primary users and the context of use. Based on these observations we identified the 5 usability and human factors enhancements enumerated above that may improve the face image capture process. A usability study was designed that mimicked the operational process but incorporated the 5 enhancements and face images were collected from 300 participants."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Theofanos, Mary; Stanton, Brian; Sheppard, Charles
2008-09
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Challenges and Opportunities of Grid Modernization and Electric Transportation
"The purpose of this white paper is to provide electric company and public power company executives with information addressing the importance of the interaction between transportation electrification and the electric power grid. Grid investments that support electric vehicle transportation as a part of planned modernization efforts can enable a more efficient and cost-effective transition to electric transportation and allow investor-owned electric companies and public power companies to realize new revenue resources in times of flat or declining loads."
United States. Department of Energy
Graham, Robert L.; Francis, Julieta; Bogacz, Richard
2017-03
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Economic and Physical Linkages of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Service Industry to Key Industries of the Economy: An 'Ad Hoc' Analysis
"This report examines the information and communications technology (ICT) services industry in response to a 'quick-response' inquiry by the DOE [Department of Energy] Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. The report answers several key questions: (1) How has the reliance on ICT services evolved in recent years for key infrastructure services such as air travel, freight transport, electricity and natural gas distribution, financial services, and critical health care, and for the household sector? (2) What ICT industry trends explain continued strong linkage to and reliance upon ICT? (3) What is the ICT industry's reliance on grid-supplied power, uninterruptible power supplies, and back-up energy storage technologies? (4) What are the observed direct effects of ICT disruptions induced by electrical system failures in recent history and how resilient are the components of the ICT industry? (5) How has the use of digital communications evolved through the past 100 years?"
United States. Department of Energy
Hoffman, Mike G.; Anderson, Dave M.; Niemeyer, Michelle (JM) . . .
2017-01
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United States Border Patrol: Sector Profile - Fiscal Year 2017
This United States Border Patrol document presents sector data for fiscal year 2017. Four datasets are presented: 'Sector Profile - Fiscal Year 2017'; 'Juvenile (0-17 Years Old) and Adult Apprehensions - Fiscal Year 2017'; 'Apprehensions by Gender - Fiscal Year 2017'; and ' Apprehensions / Seizure Statistics - Fiscal Year 2017'.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
2017
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Ending America's Energy Insecurity: Why Electric Vehicles Should Drive the United States to Energy Independence
"The homeland/national security threat posed by the United States' dependence on foreign oil has been part of the American discourse for years; yet nothing has been done. No pragmatic, realistic step-by-step plan has been pursued to end this scourge on the American people. The solution can be found in the problem. Net imports of oil account for approximately 50 percent of the oil the United States consumes. Likewise, 50 percent of oil consumed in the United States is consumed as motor gasoline. If, overnight, the United States stopped using oil to power its unleaded gasoline driven vehicles, if overnight drivers switched to electric vehicles, then overnight the United States would become energy independent. Using historical data to establish the effect of gasoline price changes on consumer vehicle choice, a predictive model has been created showing the expected switch to electric vehicles if the price of gasoline increases and the cost of electric vehicles decreases. There is a cost to energy independence: two to five dollars per gallon of retail gasoline sold. If monies raised from the tax are used to lower the price of electric vehicles, build recharge infrastructure, and dampen the regressive nature of the tax, energy independence is a few short years away."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Stein, Fred
2013-02
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There's a Pattern Here: The Case to Integrate Environmental Security into Homeland Security Strategy
"The time is long overdue to acknowledge that global climate and resource stresses, encompassed by the concept o f environmental security (ES), are an increasingly important part of 'homeland' security (HS) study and practice, by even the most restricted definitions of HS. Environmental security issues will affect global economic and political stability, US national interests, and the risk of war and terrorism. Just as homeland security encompasses many complex issues and interconnected subfields, environmental security (ES) is interdisciplinary by nature. In essence, ES is an emergent discipline borrowing from a combination of environmental studies -- which decades ago integrated environmental science with public policy -- and the broader observations of how environmental change, extreme weather events and resource scarcity issues impact domestic and international security. In a two-part argument, we first observe the growing environmental and resource-related security threats at every level of analysis, from global to individual levels as consequences of warming-induced climate alterations. Next, given the significant impacts on local, regional, and international geopolitical stability, we discuss why environmental security threats must be incorporated into both homeland and national security strategic planning. Developing a theory of environmental security seems central to a more complete understanding of homeland security and a more modern concept of national security."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
O'Sullivan, Terry M.; Ramsay, James D.
2013-06
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Homeland Security Education: A Way Forward
"While there is nothing particularly wrong with proceeding forward into the uncertain future of homeland security education, much of the movement has been without directional evidence and debates as to direction have generated more heat than light. We conducted research to help us determine trajectory based on evidence. This research produced findings informed by three groups of homeland security professionals. One group, consisting of 382 respondents, represented homeland security leaders and administrators graduating from the master of arts program at the Naval Postgraduate School. The second group consisted of faculty teaching in that graduate program. The third group was a subject matter expert panel of national leaders in homeland security. Surveys were conducted across these groups, asking that they score the importance of objectives and capabilities associated with the multitude of disciplines comprising homeland security. We found that strategic collaboration, critical thinking and decision-making, foundations of homeland security, and analytical capabilities are the most important attributes of a graduate program dedicated to homeland security. Cognate or specific knowledge, the category frequently argued about in the literature, was scored as the least important category for graduate education. These capabilities and attributes represent a 'way forward' that is research and evidence-based, but questions remain."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Pelfrey, William V.; Kelley, William D.
2013-02
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Entrepreneurial Security: A Free-Market Model for National Economic Security
"The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) indicates that the majority of the nation's critical infrastructure is owned by the private sector. However, from a policy standpoint, the potential role the entrepreneur and the free-market system might play in critical infrastructure and key resource (CIKR) risk management may not be fully appreciated. Recognizing an environment of budgetary uncertainty for future homeland security expenditures, this article suggests the principals of a freemarket system may be beneficial to national CIKR risk management. Furthermore, the concept of 'entrepreneurial security' is introduced as a potential free-market based paradigm for national CIKR risk management."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Peppers, Shawn F.
2013-06
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Evacuation and Sheltering of People with Medical Dependencies - Knowledge Gaps and Barriers to National Preparedness
"Emergency plans are mandated by a number of federal regulations, often with conflicting definitions, to incorporate people with medical dependencies. However targeted planning for this segment is presently hampered by substantial knowledge deficits defining this population and the potential resource requirements in a disaster. These gaps prevent the development of evidence-based best practices for locating, communicating with, transporting, sheltering, and ensuring the safe recovery of those with medical dependencies. The authors discuss the knowledge gaps in preparing for this population and propose solutions to fill these gaps in order to facilitate enhanced preparedness for people with medical dependencies."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Risoe, Petter; Schlegelmilch, Jeffrey; Paturas, James
2013-02
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Two Faces of DHS: Balancing the Department's Responsibilities
"In forming the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), many of the twenty-two entities transferred to the new Department brought with them a smorgasbord of non-homeland security responsibilities, such as processing legal immigration and enforcing immigration laws, intercepting illegal cross-border trafficking in drugs and arms, enforcing our customs regulations, and keeping our waterways safe. How DHS has operated with its 'split personality' has not become a prominent issue. There remains a growing risk, however, that efforts to manage non-homeland security activities might compromise the department's main job of protecting against terrorism and responding to terrorist attacks and natural disasters as well as accidents with national implications. It is not too late for DHS to focus squarely on this issue."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Kahan, Jerome H.
2013-07
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Supply Chain Resilience: Diversity + Self-organization = Adaptation
"In the last three decades a collection of linear supply chains has become a complex adaptive network of demand creating supply. The benefits are obvious. The risks tend to be insidious. With the 2012 National Strategy for Global Supply Chain Security and the 2013 Implementation Update on the strategy, a public-private process has been engaged for considering risks and cultivating resilience. Complex adaptive systems are not well suited to traditional security mindsets. In the natural environment resilience emerges from diversity, self-organization, and innovation. Are these characteristics appropriate to the supply chain? Can these characteristics be systematically cultivated by private and public decision-makers who influence the supply chain? This essay points to prior examples of dealing with complex adaptive systems to suggest an affirmative conclusion."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Palin, Philip J.
2013-08
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Plan, Type, Source, Report Cycle: A Unifying Concept for National Guard Preparedness
"Unity of effort in homeland response operations has proven over the last decade to be an elusive target. National Guard contributions to homeland response are no exception. Much effort has gone into creation of a dual status commander, and rightfully so. But, much low hanging fruit remains in the form of improvements to National Guard preparedness. A plan, type, source, report cycle supports a National Guard concept for preparedness that enables unity of effort in homeland response operations. The plan, type, source, report concept successfully satisfies a rigorous set of selection criteria and deserves evaluation as an overarching National Guard concept that can be supported by the fifty-four commanders in chief of the National Guard of the various states."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Smith, David W.
2013-07
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Hybrid Targeted Violence: Challenging Conventional 'Active Shooter' Response Strategies
From the abstract: "Hybrid Targeted Violence (HTV) is defined as an intentional use of force to cause physical injury or death to a specifically identified population using multifaceted conventional weapons and tactics. This article introduces the HTV concept to challenge first responders to prepare for violent 'hybrid' multi-threat incidents. These incidents may involve conventional weapons, the use of fire as a weapon, chemical weapons, and/or improvised explosives. Attacks of this nature defy conventional thinking about the role of police, fire, and emergency medical professionals. HTV events demand cooperative strategies to efficiently neutralize complex threats that are beyond the capacity of a single first responder discipline. Recent and historical HTV incidents are identified to reinforce the compelling need for a paradigm shift in thinking that goes beyond conventional 'active shooter' scenarios that do not advance 'Whole Community' interdependent response strategies."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Frazzano, Tracy L.; Snyder, G. Matthew
2014-02
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Operational Epidemiological Modeling: A Proposed National Process
"To support the successful integration of civilian and military domestic disaster medical response, the Yale New Haven Center for Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response (YNH-CEPDR) and US Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) have established the National Center for Integrated Civilian-Military Domestic Disaster Medical Response (ICMDDMR). As part of the ICMDDMR, YNH-CEPDR has conducted research to determine the requirements of a national operational epidemiological modeling process to integrate modelers with operational decision makers during an infectious disease event of national significance. This article presents a proposed process that is based on research and consultation with a workgroup of interagency and organizational stakeholders."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Lenart, Brienne; Schlegelmilch, Jeffrey; Bergonzi-King, Linda . . .
2013-02
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Homeland Security Affairs: IEEE 2012 Conference on Technology for Homeland Security - Best Papers
This supplement of Homeland Security Affairs includes the following five papers: "A Compressed Sensing Approach for Detection of Explosive Threats at Standoff Distances using a Passive Array of Scatterers"; "Return-Oriented Vulnerabilities in ARM Executables"; "Security and Performance Analysis of Passenger Screening for Mass-transit"; "Intelligent Radiation Sensor System (IRSS) Advanced Technology Demonstrator (ATD)"; and "A Video-based Hyper-focal Imaging Method for Iris Recognition in the Visible Spectrum."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
2013-04
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Enabling Public Safety Priority Use of Commercial Wireless Networks
"By providing public safety users with roaming access to commercial broadband networks on a priority basis, it's possible to increase the capacity, coverage, and reliability beyond what's possible with dedicated public safety networks alone. This article quantifies the advantages with respect to capacity, showing that by establishing multiple arrangements with commercial carriers in every locality, public safety can access an amount of capacity that has been projected for very serious emergencies without seriously compromising quality of service for commercial customers. However, this article also demonstrates some of the issues that must be addressed when crafting roaming agreements between public safety and commercial carriers. LTE [Long Term Evolution] technology provides a wide range of capabilities to support priority and roaming, but these must be used in accordance with policies and governance structures that have yet to emerge. It must be decided whether priority and resource allocation decisions are made in an automated way or with human intervention, and if the latter, the locus of control. Moreover, agreements must find ways to accommodate significant technical differences in commercial networks, even though they all comply with a common (LTE) standard, and to support changes in technology and needs over the coming years. This will require a single entity with the expertise and authority to bridge public safety stakeholders, commercial carriers, and technical standards bodies."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Peha, Jon M.; Hallahan, Ryan
2013-08
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Preparedness Revisited: W(h)ither 'PPD-8'?
From the abstract: "The most important purpose of 'Presidential Policy Directive (PPD-8)' on national preparedness is to establish a foundation that can be adapted to and utilized by stakeholders of all kinds and at all public and private levels. 'PPD-8' appeared somewhat abruptly on the scene, essentially replacing 'Homeland Security Policy Directive (HSPD-8)', which had accomplished much but suffered setbacks and stalled in its effectiveness. Perhaps the single most important step the Obama Administration can take at this point is to make as clear as possible to the nation not only about the need for, but also the challenges encountered in implementing a national preparedness plan. Efforts need to be redoubled if serious and sustained progress is to be made by the end of the President's second term. On balance, given that the fundamental elements of 'PPD-8' are similar to 'HSPD-8' but even more complex, the author's view is that the newer initiative faces the reality of ultimately being overwhelmed by powerful analytic difficulties and/or governance-related impediments - falling short of its goals, which may simply be too ambitious to realize."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Kahan, Jerome H.
2014-02
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Resilience Redux: Buzzword or Basis for Homeland Security
From the abstract: "Since 9/11, resilience, a term used widely in many disciplines, has occupied a place in homeland security policy and programs. Peaking in importance as the last decade ended, resilience has begun to retreat as an official driver of U.S. homeland security strategy. Preparedness, which can yield resilience as one of its outcomes, has become the official focus. However, resilience is still used in a variety of ways with different meanings by homeland security officials and in various official documents. Non-governmental experts and institutions have not slackened their efforts to research, write about, and teach resilience in relation to homeland security. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the ebb and flow of resilience in homeland security policy and investigate the future role resilience might play in homeland security policy."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Kahan, Jerome H.
2015-02
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Measuring the Deterrence Value of Securing Maritime Supply Chains against WMD Transfer and Measuring Subsequent WMD Risk Reduction
From the abstract: "We propose a methodology to analyze the risk of an adversary exploiting the maritime supply chain by smuggling a WMD in a container. We call this risk 'WMD transfer risk'. We describe an extension of an existing modeling/simulation tool wherein we show how to quantify the deterrence effects of optimal investments in WMD detection technology at U.S. ports; and measure subsequent reduction in WMD transfer risk. From a theoretical perspective, the implications of notional results from this model are different from implications of the results of traditional 'game theoretical' models. From a practitioner perspective, our results emphasize the importance of tailoring foreign intelligence gathering efforts, hardening foreign ports against exploitation in addition to hardening U.S. ports, and comparing simulated optimal technology costs to real-world R&D [Research and Development]and implementation costs. The audience for our proposal includes WMD detection technology engineers, law enforcement and security personnel, port operators, and agency executives."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Hollan, Ian; Lewis, T. G. (Theodore Gyle), 1941-; Taquechel, Eric F.
2015-02
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Towards a Unified Homeland Security Strategy: An Asset Vulnerability Model
From the abstract: " The 2013 National Infrastructure Protection Plan represents the latest attempt to rectify a faltering program that has suffered from the absence of a viable risk measure. This article introduces an Asset Vulnerability Model (AVM) to overcome recognized challenges and provide strategic direction in the form of (1) baseline analysis, (2) cost-benefit analysis, and (3) decision support tools. AVM is predicated on Θ, an attacker's probability of failure based on research in game theory. The Θ risk formulation provides a unifying structure within the Department of Homeland Security by combining elements from the Risk Management Framework and National Preparedness System. But critical infrastructure is not the only means of domestic catastrophic attack. Thus this article also proposes a policy framework supported by game theory to extend AVM protection to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear stockpiles. In this manner, AVM may account for protective investments and lead the nation towards a unified homeland security strategy."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
White, Richard
2014-02
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EMS and Homeland Security
"Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is a vital partner in everyday emergency response and in homeland security. To date EMS has not been included in most homeland security activities and EMS needs to expand its role in this enterprise. EMS should play a greater role in disaster response, recovery, intelligence gathering, fusion centers, and syndromic surveillance. EMS could increase its value in homeland security and make real contributions with some additional training and protocols."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Kemp, Mac
2014-06
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Changing Homeland Security: In 2010, Was Homeland Security Useful?
"The failure of public safety disciplines to prevent the September 11, 2001 attack gave 'homeland security' its chance to emerge as a competing paradigm for organizing the nation's security. But the other disciplines that contribute to the homeland security enterprise have not simply waited for this new discipline to emerge. They responded to the twenty-first century's national security threats by getting better at what they do. They may be eliminating the need for homeland security as a distinct public safety/national security paradigm. At the end of 2010, we were better prepared as a nation to prevent attacks and respond to disasters than we were a decade ago. But that progress may have more to do with the work of homeland security practitioners than with homeland security intellectuals. If homeland security is to become a useful academic and professional discipline, it has to demonstrate how looking at enduring problems through a homeland security framework adds significant value not provided by other disciplines."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Bellavita, Christopher
2011-02
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National Crime Victimization Survey: Criminal Victimization, 2007
"In 2007 U.S. residents experienced an estimated 23 million violent and property victimizations, according to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Criminal victimizations in 2007 included approximately 5.2 million violent crimes and 17.5 million property crimes. The rates for every major violent and property crime measured by the NCVS in 2007 were at or near the lowest levels recorded since 1973, the first year that such data were available. The overall victimization rate in 2007 for violent crimes was 20.7 per 1,000 persons, which was not significantly different from the 2005 rate of 21.1 per 1,000 persons (table 1). For property crimes, the overall rate of 146.5 per 1,000 households in 2007 was somewhat lower than the rate of 154.2 per 1,000 households in 2005. As in previous years, about half of the violent crimes and almost two-thirds of the property crimes measured by the NCVS in 2007 were not reported to police."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Rand, Michael R.
2008-12
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DoD Policy on Cluster Munitions
"Ensuring that the U.S. military is ready to fight adversaries now and in the future is fundamental to ensuring our nation's security. Accordingly, it is critically important that the U.S. military has effective weapons that meet its needs and that minimize unintended harm, including to civilians, our own forces, and other friendly forces, from unexploded ordnance. The following establishes the Department's policy regarding cluster munitions and adjusts the previous policy, established by then-Secretary Gates on June 19, 2008, on standards for the procurement of new cluster munitions and the authority to retain and use cluster munitions currently in active inventories."
United States. Department of Defense
2017-11-30
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Graduated Mobilization Response: A Key Element of National Deterrent Strategy
"On 15 September 1987, the National Security Advisor to the President made development of a mobilization doctrine and system based on graduated response to early warning one of the seven priority National Security Emergency Preparedness (NSEP) goals to be achieved by 1989. In the classic construct, mobilization is the act of preparing for war or other emergency through assembling and organizing national resources. It is the process of marshalling industrial, economic, intrastructure, human, and government resources needed to support responses to national security threats and domestic crises Y-e, the U.S. and other democratic nations cannot afford to maintain full preparedness for every contingency conceivable. The purpose of Graduated Mobilization Response (GMR) is to provide the National Command Authorities a range of political, economic, and military options that will assist in the management of a national security crisis. These options are designed with two goals in mind: first, to improve deterrence and avoid war; and second, to prepare for war should it come."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Taibl, Paul
1988-04
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National Crime Victimization Survey: Criminal Victimization, 2006
"NCVS [National Crime Victimization Survey] estimates based on new methods Violent and property crime rates in urban and suburban areas of the United States remained stable between 2005 and 2006, according to findings from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Due to changes in survey methodology in 2006 that mainly affected rural areas, national-level estimates were not comparable to estimates based on NCVS data from previous years. Continuity between urban and suburban areas in the sample for both years enabled year-to-year comparisons for these areas. [...] The U.S. Census Bureau, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), and a panel of outside experts extensively reviewed the 2006 NCVS data and determined that there was a break in series between 2006 and previous years that prevented annual comparison of criminal victimization at the national level. This was mainly the result of three major changes in the survey methodology [1] introducing a new sample to account for shifts in population and location of households that occur over time [2] incorporating responses from households that were in the survey for the first time [3] using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI)."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Rand, Michael R.; Catalano, Shannan
2007-12
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Final Investigation Report: West Fertilizer Company Fire and Exlplosion
This is the final report of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board's (CSB's) investigation into West Fertilizer Company fire and explosion on April 17, 2013. "The violent detonation fatally injured 12 emergency responders and three members of the public. Local hospitals treated more than 260 injured victims, many of whom required hospital admission. The blast completely destroyed the WFC facility and caused widespread damage to more than 150 offsite buildings. The WFC explosion is one of the most destructive incidents ever investigated by [CSB] as measured by the loss of life among emergency responders and civilians; the many injuries sustained by people both inside and outside the facility fenceline; and the extensive damage to residences, schools, and other structures."
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2016-01
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U.S. Government Zika Vaccine Strategy
From the introduction: "To address the Zika virus public health threat, the Departments of Health and Human Services and Defense are coordinating efforts to help accelerate the development of Zika virus vaccines. Given the need for a vaccine to prevent disease caused by Zika notably including Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS), these departments and their respective agencies (hereafter referred to as U.S. Government or USG) developed this Strategy in support of the following Goal and vaccine development Aims."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2017-09-07
