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Pandemic Surveillance Discrimination
From the Webpage Abstract: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has laid bare the abiding tension between surveillance and privacy. Public health epidemiology has long utilized a variety of surveillance methods--such as contact tracing, quarantines, and mandatory reporting laws--to control the spread of disease during past epidemics and pandemics. Officials have typically justified the resulting intrusions on privacy as necessary for the greater public good by helping to stave off larger health crisis. The nature and scope of public health surveillance in the battle against COVID-19, however, has significantly changed with the advent of new technologies. [...] This Essay examines the discord between public health surveillance and privacy rights and argues that the bio-surveillance technologies being used to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic--such as contact tracing apps, GPS [Global Positioning System] ankle monitors and other wearables, the collection of cell phone location data, genomic testing, and targeted quarantines--can potentially exacerbate discrimination against racial minorities and immigrants. The Essay concludes with legal and policy solutions on how to utilize public health surveillance tools to prevent the spread of COVID-19 while guarding against privacy violations and racial bias."
University of Pittsburgh. School of Law
Sundquist, Christian Powell
2021-10-27?
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Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting: EUA Amendment Request for Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for Use in Children 5 Through 11 Years of Age
From the Executive Summary: "On October 6, 2021, Pfizer submitted a request to FDA to amend its Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) to expand use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Vaccine (BNT162b2) for prevention of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] in individuals 5 through 11 years of age (hereafter 5-11 years of age). The proposed dosing regimen is a 2-dose primary series, 10 µg mRNA/per dose, administered 3 weeks apart. This EUA request initially included safety data from 1,518 BNT162b2 recipients and 750 placebo (saline) recipients 5-11 years of age who are enrolled in the Phase 2/3 portion (Cohort 1) of an ongoing randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, C4591007. [...] This October 26, 2021 VRPBAC [sic] [Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee] meeting is being held to discuss whether, based on the totality of scientific evidence available, the benefits of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine when administered as a 2-dose series (10 µg each dose, 3 weeks apart) outweigh its risks for use in children 5-11 years of age."
United States. Food and Drug Administration
2021-10-26
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Delayed Epidemic Peak Caused by Infection and Recovery Rate Fluctuations
From the Abstract: "Forecasting epidemic scenarios has been critical to many decision-makers in imposing various public health interventions. Despite progresses in determining the magnitude and timing of epidemics, epidemic peak time predictions for H1N1 and COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] were inaccurate, with the peaks delayed with respect to predictions. Here, we show that infection and recovery rate fluctuations play a critical role in peak timing. Using a susceptible-infected-recovered model with daily fluctuations on control parameters, we show that infection counts follow a lognormal distribution at the beginning of an epidemic wave, similar to price distributions for financial assets. The epidemic peak time of the stochastic solution exhibits an inverse Gaussian probability distribution, fitting the spread of the epidemic peak times observed across Italian regions. We also show that, for a given basic reproduction number R0, the deterministic model anticipates the peak with respect to the most probable and average peak time of the stochastic model. The epidemic peak time distribution allows one for a robust estimation of the epidemic evolution. Considering these results, we believe that the parameters' dynamical fluctuations are paramount to accurately predict the epidemic peak time and should be introduced in epidemiological models."
American Institute of Physics
Arutkin, Maxence; Faranda, Davide; Alberti, Tommaso . . .
2021-10-26
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Reopening California: Seeking Robust, Nondominated COVID-19 Exit Strategies
From the Abstract: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic required significant public health interventions from local governments. Although nonpharmaceutical interventions often were implemented as decision rules, few studies evaluated the robustness of those reopening plans under a wide range of uncertainties. This paper uses the Robust Decision Making approach to stress-test 78 alternative reopening strategies, using California as an example. This study uniquely considers a wide range of uncertainties and demonstrates that seemingly sensible reopening plans can lead to both unnecessary COVID-19 deaths and days of interventions. We find that plans using fixed COVID-19 case thresholds might be less effective than strategies with time-varying reopening thresholds. While we use California as an example, our results are particularly relevant for jurisdictions where vaccination roll-out has been slower. The approach used in this paper could also prove useful for other public health policy problems in which policymakers need to make robust decisions in the face of deep uncertainty."
PLoS ONE
Nascimento de Lima, Pedro; Lempert, Robert J.; Vardavas, Raffaele . . .
2021-10-26
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S. Rept. 117-43: Supply Chain Security Training Act of 2021, Report to Accompany S. 2201, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, October 26, 2021
From the Purpose and Summary: "S. 2201, the Supply Chain Security Training Act of 2021, directs the General Services Administration (GSA) to develop a training program to prepare personnel at all federal agencies to identify and mitigate supply chain threats that arise during the acquisition of various products and services, including information and communications technology (ICT). Recent major cyber attacks and incidents involving outside vendors show that supply chains present serious challenges to the security of federal agencies and their information technology networks. There is, however, no governmentwide supply chain security training that federal personnel must complete. This lack of standardized training puts federal agencies and the American public at risk. Developing and implementing a standardized supply chain security training program for procurement and acquisitions personnel will allow federal agencies to better understand and mitigate threats and vulnerabilities in their supply chains. The training can be integrated into existing agency training processes and will include information on current threats and known vulnerabilities. S. 2201 will also make the training available to legislative and judicial branch officials."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-10-26
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S. Rept. 117-44: Civilian Reservist Emergency Workforce Act of 2021, Report to Accompany S. 2293, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, October 26, 2021
From the Purpose and Summary: "S. 2293, the Civilian Reservist Emergency Workforce (CREW) Act of 2021, amends the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act) and the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) to grant Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) reservists employment protections when they are called on to help Americans recover from disasters. The CREW Act extends employment protections to FEMA reservists to ensure they would be able to keep their full-time employment while being called to serve their country as a disaster response worker."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-10-26
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H. Rept. 117-155: American Cybersecurity Literacy Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 4055, October 26, 2021
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 4055, the 'American Cybersecurity Literacy Act,' would require the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) to develop and conduct a cybersecurity literacy campaign to educate individuals about common cybersecurity risks and best practices."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-10-26
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1890, Protecting Consumers from Travel Fraud Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 16, 2021. From the Document: "S. 1890 would require the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to study and report to the Congress on scams targeting travelers during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic and to update its website to include information on avoiding those scams. Using information from the FTC, CBO estimates that it would cost the agency less than $500,000 to complete the required study; any spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-10-26
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3003, Comprehensive and Overdue Support for Troops of War Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs on October 19, 2021. From the Document: "S. 3003 would increase disability compensation and health care benefits administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for veterans who have been exposed to toxic substances, materials, or environments during military service. In the future, veterans who developed conditions linked to toxic exposure also would receive those benefits. Survivors of veterans whose disabilities were caused by toxic exposure would receive additional compensation and access to health care under the bill. S. 3003 also would increase access to other VA benefits, including education assistance and home loan guarantees for some of those veterans and their dependents. Finally, the bill would require VA to conduct studies, prepare reports, and conduct outreach. In total, CBO estimates, enacting S. 3003 would increase direct spending by $225 billion and increase spending subject to appropriation by $188 billion over the 2022-2031 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-10-26
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Resources for Tracking Federal COVID-19 Spending [Updated October 26, 2021]
From the Summary: "Congress has responded to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with supplemental appropriations measures providing relief and assistance to individuals and families, state and local governments, businesses, health care providers, and other entities. For more information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report R46474, 'Laws Enacted in Response to COVID-19: Resources for Congressional Offices', by Meredith Sund. This report provides selected sources for tracking COVID-19 relief and assistance spending. It contains links to and information on government sources detailing spending amounts at various levels, including consolidated spending by multiple government agencies, spending by individual government agencies, and spending for specific recipients and geographies. The sources themselves are large government databases, individual agencies, oversight entities, and selected non governmental entities that attempt to repackage information on spending amounts obtained from available government sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Teefy, Jennifer; Kreiser, Maria
2021-10-26
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Defense Primer: The United States Air Force [Updated October 26, 2021]
From the Document: "When it was established as a separate service in 1947, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) was to be 'organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations ... necessary for the effective prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned.' That statutory language remains almost identical today. Similarly, although the words used to describe its core missions have changed, space and cyberspace joined air as operational domains, and the means used to carry them out have evolved with technology, the USAF's missions themselves have remained remarkably constant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gertler, Jeremiah
2021-10-26
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Defense Primer: United States Airpower [Updated October 26, 2021]
From the Document: "Almost since the invention of heavier-than-air flight, control of the air has been seen as a military advantage. Over time, the United States has come to treat air superiority as a necessity, and built such capable air forces that no enemy aircraft has killed U.S. ground troops since 1953. Modern airpower is able to provide a full range of effects, from strategic operations at intercontinental ranges to direct support of troops in combat. Today, every branch of the U.S. military employs air forces for various purposes, employing nearly 14,000 aircraft."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gertler, Jeremiah
2021-10-26
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Freedom of Information Act Requests in FY2020: By the Numbers [October 26, 2021]
From the Document: "The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA; 5 U.S.C. §552) establishes a presumption that agency recordsin the possession of the executive branch and departments of the federal government are accessible to the public. Under FOIA, the burden of proof to access government information shifted from a requester's 'need to know' to a 'right to know' doctrine, where the federal government has to show a need to keep the information secret (H.Rept. 109- 226). Government-wide information on the administration of FOIA is provided by the Department of Justice (DOJ) at http://www.foia.gov. This In Focus provides and discusses information from agencies on the volume of FOIA requests during FY2020 and FY2019 that were received, processed, and backlogged."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Stuessy, Meghan M.; Marchsteiner, Kathleen E.
2021-10-26
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Coup-Related Restrictions in U.S. Foreign Aid Appropriations [Updated October 26, 2021]
From the Document: "Recent events in Sudan, Guinea, Burma, and Mali have brought attention to a provision that has appeared in annual State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations legislation since 1986 that restricts U.S. foreign assistance following a coup d'état."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Lawson, Marian Leonardo; Chesser, Susan G.
2021-10-26
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Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation [October 26, 2021]
From the Summary: "Human-related emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) have increased globally over time. These increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate, which is a concern for governments, organizations, and other stakeholders. Many governments are taking steps to reduce GHG emissions in an effort to lessen the potential impacts of climate change. Two ways in which national governments are making efforts to reduce GHG emissions are by setting emission reduction targets in updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and by enacting domestic legislation aimed at achieving net-zero emissions, referred to as net-zero legislation. Netzero emissions or net-zero refers to situations where human-caused GHG emissions are balanced by removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including by natural storage in forests and other ecosystems as well as by technological removal and storage. [...] Several bills proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been introduced in recent Congresses. Discussion of legislative proposals for U.S. net-zero emissions is beyond the scope of this analysis."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Procita, Kezee
2021-10-26
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Native American Heritage Month: Fact Sheet [Updated October 26, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Native American Heritage Month (also known as National American Indian Heritage Month) celebrates the contributions and achievements of Native Americans. November was first designated as National American Indian Heritage Month on August 3, 1990, by P.L. 101-343, To authorize and request the President to proclaim the month of November 1990, and thereafter as 'Native American Indian Heritage Month.' Since then, Presidents have issued annual proclamations promoting this observance. On June 26, 2009, P.L. 111-33, Native American Heritage Day Act of 2009, designated the Friday after Thanksgiving as Native American Heritage Day. This guide assists congressional offices with work related to Native American Heritage Month celebrations. It provides links to sample congressional speeches and recognitions, presidential proclamations, statistical data, cultural resources, and selected federal agencies and programs that focus on Native American issues. This guide also includes links to selected educational and advocacy organizations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crane-Hirsch, Audrey Celeste
2021-10-26
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Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated October 26, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Palestinians are an Arab people whose origins are in present-day Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Congress pays close attention--through legislation and oversight--to the ongoing conflict between the Palestinians and Israel. The current structure of Palestinian governing entities dates to 1994. In that year, Israel agreed with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to permit a Palestinian Authority (PA) to exercise limited rule over Gaza and specified areas of the West Bank, subject to overarching Israeli military administration that dates back to the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. After the PA's establishment, U.S. policy toward the Palestinians focused on encouraging a peaceful resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, countering Palestinian terrorist groups, and aiding Palestinian goals on governance and economic development. Since then, Congress has appropriated more than $5 billion in bilateral aid to the Palestinians, who rely heavily on external donor assistance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2021-10-26
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2525, Domains Critical to Homeland Security Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on August 4, 2021. From the Document: "S. 2525 would authorize the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to identify and analyze potential threats to infrastructure, industries, technologies, and intellectual property critical to the economic security of the United States. The agency would be required to report its findings and recommendations to the Congress annually through 2026. The bill would authorize the appropriation of $1 million each year from 2022 through 2026 to carry out the new requirements. Using historical patterns of spending for similar programs and assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts, CBO estimates that implementing S. 2525 would cost $3 million over the 2022-2026 period and $2 million after 2026."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-10-25
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Defense Information Systems Agency Strategic Plan: FY2022-2024
From the Document: "This strategic plan focuses our efforts toward a shared transparency of understanding so that we can achieve the velocity of action needed to win. We are taking bold and decisive action to ensure that the information technology [IT] that supports our current and next-generation warfighters and weapons systems are protected from intrusion and attack while creating secure access to critical information -- anytime, anywhere. We are leveraging advances in automation to deliver and modernize capability at speed, while unifying security and the end-user experience to achieve an optimized enterprise IT environment. Achieving our strategic vision requires consolidating and standardizing IT services, adopting proactive early-warning monitoring or sensing practices, automating responses, migrating legacy services and capabilities to cloud-based offerings, and developing mobile capabilities at all classification levels so that our support to the mission is never diminished, regardless of work location."
United States. Defense Information Systems Agency
2021-10-25?
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H. Rept. 117-154: Real Justice for Our Veterans Act of 2021, Report to Accompany H.R. 4035, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, October 25, 2021
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 4035, the 'Real Justice for Our Veterans Act,' would assist many of our nation's justice-involved veterans and would, in general, improve the delivery of services in veterans and drug courts. The bill has three discrete aims. First, the bill would expand data collection regarding the effectiveness of veterans treatment courts (VTCs). Second, it authorizes a pilot program that would investigate and promote promising retention models in veterans and drug treatment courts. And lastly, and perhaps most critically, it would open up drug treatment courts to veterans in areas where there may not be a veterans treatment courts. Each of these critical changes would promote higher participation and higher rehabilitation of veterans who have mental health and substance abuse issues."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-10-25
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 316, Fly Safe and Healthy Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on May 12, 2021. From the Document: "S. 316 would require the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to establish a 180-day pilot program to conduct temperature checks for passengers, crew members, and other people who pass through security checkpoints at airports. Anyone with a fever would be subject to secondary medical screening for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. Passengers with a fever who do not pass the secondary screening would be prohibited from flying but would be allowed to reschedule or to receive a voucher or a refund. Employees with a fever who do not pass the secondary screening would be prohibited from entering airport areas beyond the checkpoint and would be covered by their employer's current leave policies. Finally, the bill would require TSA to alert passengers to the program and to report to the Congress on the program's implementation. CBO assumes that the bill will be enacted by the end of calendar year 2021. Using information from TSA about similar programs, and assuming that the pilot program would be conducted at one large, one medium, and one small airport, CBO estimates that it would cost $18 million to implement S. 316; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-10-25
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Defense Primer: Department of the Navy [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Document: "The Department of the Navy (DON) is a single military department that includes two military services--the Navy and the Marine Corps. As such, DON has a single civilian leader, the Secretary of the Navy, and two four-star military service chiefs--an admiral whose title is the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), and a general whose title is the Commandant of the Marine Corps. Although the title 'Secretary of the Navy' includes only the term 'Navy,' the secretary serves as the civilian leader for both the Navy and Marine Corps. The CNO and the Commandant of the Marine Corps are members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). The Secretary of the Navy is Carlos Del Toro, the CNO is Admiral Michael Gilday, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps is General David Berger."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-10-25
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Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Document: "World geography is an influence on U.S. strategy, which in turn helps shape the design of U.S. military forces. [...] Most of the world's people, resources, and economic activity are located not in the Western Hemisphere, but in the other hemisphere, particularly Eurasia. In response to this basic feature of world geography, U.S. policymakers for the last several decades have chosen to pursue, as a key element of U.S. national strategy, a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-10-25
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Military Medical Care: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Summary: "Military medical care is a congressionally authorized entitlement that has expanded in size and scope since the late 19th century. Chapters 55 and 56 of Title 10, U.S. Code entitle certain health benefits to military personnel, retirees, and their families. These health benefits are administered by a Military Health System (MHS). The primary objectives of the MHS, which includes the Defense Department's hospitals, clinics, and medical personnel, are (1) to maintain the health of military personnel so they can carry out their military missions, and (2) to be prepared to deliver health care during wartime. Health care services are delivered through either Department of Defense (DOD) medical facilities, known as 'military treatment facilities' (MTFs), as space is available, or through networks of participating civilian health care providers. As of 2020, the MHS operates 721 MTFs, employs nearly 61,000 civilians and 78,000 military personnel, and serves 9.6 million beneficiaries across the United States and in overseas locations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.
2021-10-25
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Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Summary: "Israel has forged close bilateral cooperation with the United States in many areas. U.S. law requires the executive branch to take certain actions to preserve Israel's 'qualitative military edge,' or QME, and expedites aid and arms sales to Israel in various ways. Additionally, a 10- year bilateral military aid memorandum of understanding--signed in 2016--commits the United States to provide Israel $3.3 billion in Foreign Military Financing and to spend $500 million annually on joint missile defense programs from FY2019 to FY2028, subject to congressional appropriations. In 2021, some Members of Congress have increased their scrutiny over Israel's use of U.S. security assistance, contributing to debate on the subject."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2021-10-25
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Defense Primer: Naval Forces [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Document: "U.S. naval forces give the United States the ability to convert the world's oceans--a global commons that covers more than two-thirds of the planet's surface--into a medium of maneuver and operations for projecting U.S. power ashore and otherwise defending U.S. interests around the world. The ability to use the world's oceans in this manner--and to deny other countries the use of the world's oceans for taking actions against U.S. interests--constitutes an immense asymmetric advantage for the United States. As discussed elsewhere (see CRS [Congressional Research Service] In Focus IF10485, 'Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design', by Ronald O'Rourke), the size and composition of U.S. naval forces reflect the position of the United States as a Western Hemisphere power with a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia. As a result, the U.S. Navy includes significant numbers of aircraft carriers, nuclear-powered attack submarines, large surface combatants, large amphibious ships, and underway replenishment ships."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-10-25
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Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) [Updated October 25, 2021]
"Throughout much of the 20th century, domestic violence remained a hidden problem. Survivors (or victims) were hesitant to seek help, primarily because of fear of retaliation by their partners and concerns about leaving their communities. In the 1960s and 1970s, shelters and services for survivors became more widely available. In 1984, the Department of Justice (DOJ) issued a report that examined the scope and impact of domestic violence in the United States, and recommended improvements in law enforcement and community responses to offenses that were previously considered 'family matters.' As a result of efforts by advocates and DOJ, Congress held a series of hearings on domestic violence. In response, the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act [FVPSA] was enacted as Title III of the Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 (P.L. [Public Law] 98-457). [...] FVPSA supports temporary shelter and services for survivors, as well as children exposed to domestic and teen dating violence. The law currently authorizes three major activities: the National Domestic Violence Hotline; domestic violence shelters, victim services, and program support; and the Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancement and Leadership Through Alliances (DELTA) program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Billings, Kara Clifford
2021-10-25
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Cybersecurity: Comparison of Selected Cyber Incident Reporting Bills--In Brief [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Introduction: "The 117th Congress has debated requirements for nonfederal entities to report to the federal government incidents of cyberattacks. As part of this debate, Members of Congress have introduced legislation seeking to address reporting requirements in different ways. This report compares selected bills addressing cyber incident reporting from the first session of the 117th Congress, specifically: [1] H.R. 5440, the Cyber Incident Reporting for Critical Infrastructure Act of 2021 (as introduced); [2] S. 2407, the Cyber Incident Notification Act of 2021 (as introduced); [3] S. 2875, the Cyber Incident Reporting Act of 2021 (as introduced); and [4] S. 2943, the Ransom Disclosure Act (as introduced)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jaikaran, Chris
2021-10-25
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Artemis: NASA's Program to Return Humans to the Moon [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Document: "Between 1969 and 1972, the Apollo program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) landed 12 American men on the Moon and returned them safely to Earth (see 'Figure 1'). Since then, no human has been farther from Earth than low-Earth orbit, a few hundred miles up; the distance to the Moon is about 240,000 miles. Artemis, named for Apollo's twin sister in ancient Greek mythology, is NASA's program for a return to the Moon by American astronauts--one of them a woman--in 2024."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgan, Daniel (Daniel L.)
2021-10-25
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 22, 2021: Severity of Disease Among Adults Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Before and During the Period of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Predominance -- COVID-NET, 14 States, January-August 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Severity of Disease Among Adults Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Before and During the Period of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 delta variant] Predominance -- COVID-NET, 14 States, January-August 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-10-22
