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Iraq and U.S. Policy [Updated July 15, 2022]
From the Document: "In June 2022, Shia cleric Muqtada al Sadr directed his supporters to withdraw from the Council of Representatives (COR, Iraq's unicameral legislature), recasting the political dynamics of the country's long delayed government formation process. Iraq held a national election in October 2021 for the 329 members of the COR, the 'largest bloc' of whom the constitution tasks with nominating a president and designating a new prime minister. Negotiations among Iraqi political groups since the election to identify the new COR's largest bloc became deadlocked."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Christopher M.
2022-07-15
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Lying in State or Honor in the U.S. Capitol by Non-Members of Congress [Updated July 15, 2022]
From the Document: "On July 14, 2022, Hershel Woodrow 'Woody' Williams [hyperlink], the last surviving World War II Medal of Honor recipient, lay in honor in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda. In a press release [hyperlink], House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer announced that ''When Woody lies in honor under the Capitol Dome, it will be with immense gratitude for his service that the Congress will pay tribute to this legendary hero--and all of the patriots who fought for our nation in World War II.'' Chief Warrant Officer 4 Williams was the 41 st individual to have lain in state or honor [hyperlink] in the Capitol Rotunda or National Statuary Hall. Before Mr. Williams, the most recent to lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda was Senator Harry Reid [hyperlink], on January 12, 2022, and the most recent to lie in state in National Statuary Hall was Representative Donald Young [hyperlink], on March 29, 2022. The most recent to lie in honor was United States Capitol Police Officer William 'Billy' F. Evans [hyperlink], on April 13, 2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straus, Jacob R.
2022-07-15
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Discretionary Spending Under H.R. 8294, the Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act, 2023
From the Document: "Divisions A through F of H.R. 8294 would provide appropriations and authorities for fiscal year 2023 for the agencies covered by 6 of the 12 annual appropriation acts. In keeping with section 1 of H. Res. 1151, this table delineates CBO's [Congressional Budget Office's] estimate of base discretionary funding for 2023 and amounts designated for disaster relief, program integrity, and wildfire suppression. It also delineates emergency-designated funding."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-15
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3502, Achieving Equity in Disaster Response, Recovery, and Resilience Act of 2022
From the Document: "S. 3502 would rename the Office of Equal Rights within the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as the Office of Civil Rights, Equity, and Community Inclusion and would require the office to undertake additional activities with respect to disaster assistance for underserved communities. Specifically, the bill would require the office to: [1] Develop more comprehensive measures to evaluate the effectiveness of disaster assistance provided to underserved communities, [2] Establish an initiative to award grants to nonprofit entities that serve those communities, [3] Coordinate with other federal agencies and other interested parties to improve the provision of disaster assistance to people with disabilities; and [4] Report to the Congress every two years on the results of the new measures and on allegations of unequal disaster assistance investigated by the office. S. 3502 would authorize the appropriation of whatever amounts are necessary to implement the legislation."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-15
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2428, False Claims Amendments Act of 2021
From the Bill Summary: "S. 2428 would amend the False Claims Act (FCA), which imposes liability on individuals or companies who defraud the government. Under FCA, whistleblowers, called relators, with knowledge of current or past instances of false or fraudulent conduct can file qui tam claims--legal actions on behalf of the government--for a share of the proceeds or settlement of the claim."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-15
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International Migration Trends in the Western Hemisphere [July 15, 2022]
From the Summary: "Countries throughout the Western Hemisphere have experienced increased migrant flows since the easing of travel restrictions related to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In some cases, these flows demonstrate new characteristics of trends that observers have highlighted for decades; in others, they evince trends that have emerged in the last 10 years. Migration in the Western Hemisphere is driven by various factors that experts typically categorize into two broad categories: 'push factors,' which drive people away from their place of residence, and 'pull factors,' which encourage people to move to a new place. Experts cite poor economic conditions, natural disasters, and insecurity as major push factors that have driven migration across the hemisphere. Enhanced economic opportunity, family reunification, and misinformation and disinformation about migration policy have served as pull factors that draw migrants to a new country. Migrants have adopted various tactics to reach their destinations. For example, observers have documented an increased use of social media by migrants and migrant smugglers, the use of commercial flights to third countries to facilitate migration routes, and the formation of migrant caravans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Klein, Joshua
2022-07-15
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Abortion and Family Planning-Related Provisions in U.S. Foreign Assistance Law and Policy [Updated July 15, 2022]
From the Summary: "This report details legislation and policies that restrict or place requirements on U.S. funding of abortion or family planning activities abroad. The level and extent of federal funding for these activities is an ongoing and controversial issue in U.S. foreign assistance and has continued to be a point of contention during the 117th Congress. These issues have been debated for over four decades in the context of broader domestic abortion controversies. Since the Supreme Court's 1973 ruling in 'Roe v. Wade', Congress has enacted foreign assistance legislation placing restrictions or requirements on the federal funding of abortions and on family planning activities abroad. Many of these provisions, often referred to by the name of the lawmakers that introduced them, have been included in foreign aid authorizations, appropriations, or both, and affect different types of foreign assistance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa
2022-07-15
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Information Manipulation and Repression: A Theory and Evidence from the COVID Response in Russia
From the Abstract: "Restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic were decried as an assault on individual freedoms, but were they, actually? In an authoritarian regime, yes. Using data from 83 Russian regions and the two-way fixed-effects design, we show that the extent of information manipulation measured by the difference between the excess mortality and the reported COVID-19 deaths, and repression such as arrests and detentions for violating lockdown rules were influenced by the strength of the local civil society and the opposition share in local parliaments. The tactics came at a price: the misinformation did reduce the compliance. These findings provide new evidence that authoritarian regimes, which might seem to be well-equipped to implement restrictive measures, are actually ill-suited to deal with public health challenges. Also, our results show that repression complements propaganda: more arrests increases the extent of information manipulation."
Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics
Lamberova, Natalia; Sonin, Konstantin
2022-07-15
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 22 Issue 28, July 14, 2022
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "International study finds that 'occupational exposure as a firefighter causes cancer'"; "SAFECOM [Safety Communications] and NCSWIC [National Council of Statewide Interoperability Coordinators] release case study on Nashville Christmas Day Bombing, focusing on emergency communications dependencies"; "Getting ready for the launch of 988, the new number for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, webinar July 21"; "Virtual chemical response training from the Center for Domestic Preparedness"; "CISA [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency] orders agencies to patch new Windows zero-day used in attacks"; "Microsoft releases open source toolkit for generating SBOMs [software bill of materials]"; "CISA Cyber Incident Response Training, upcoming webinars"; "Breaking down the BlackCat ransomware operation"; and "Honda redesigning latest vehicles to address key fob vulnerabilities."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2022-07-14
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NATO: Finland and Sweden Seek Membership [Updated July 14, 2022]
From the Document: "On June 29, 2022, heads of state and government from NATO's 30 member states (see Figure 1 [hyperlink]) unanimously agreed to invite [hyperlink] Finland and Sweden to join the alliance. Finland and Sweden formally applied [hyperlink] for membership on May 18, prompted by heightened security concerns about Russia after its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Finland's [hyperlink] and Sweden's applications [hyperlink] marked a historic shift [hyperlink] for these traditionally militarily nonaligned countries. The Biden Administration [hyperlink] and many Members of Congress [hyperlink] support Finland and Sweden joining NATO, arguing that the addition of these two mature democracies [hyperlink] with advanced militaries [hyperlink] will enhance security [hyperlink] in the Baltic Sea region and the broader Euro-Atlantic area. For Finland and Sweden to join the alliance, all NATO members must ratify requisite amendments to NATO's founding North Atlantic Treaty [hyperlink]; U.S. ratification requires Senate advice and consent."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Belkin, Paul; Bowen, Andrew S.
2022-07-14
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Navy DDG(X) Next-Generation Destroyer Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 14, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy's DDG(X) program envisages procuring a class of next-generation guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) to replace the Navy's Ticonderoga (CG-47) class Aegis cruisers and older Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) class Aegis destroyers. The Navy wants to procure the first DDG(X) in FY2030. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $195.5 million in research and development funding for the program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-14
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Guyana: An Overview [Updated July 14, 2022]
From the Document: "Located on the northern coast of South America between Suriname and Venezuela, English-speaking Guyana has characteristics similar to other Caribbean nations because of a common British colonial heritage (Guyana became independent in 1966). The country participates in Caribbean regional organizations, and its capital, Georgetown, serves as headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), a regional integration organization. Once one of the poorest countries in the hemisphere, Guyana's development prospects have shifted significantly since the discovery of large offshore oil deposits in 2015."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Klein, Joshua
2022-07-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3635, Public Safety Officer Support Act of 2022
From the Bill Summary: "S. 3635 would expand eligibility for death, disability, and education benefits provided by the Public Safety Officers' Benefits (PSOB) Program to public safety officers and their beneficiaries if an officer has died by suicide or become permanently and totally disabled as a result of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or another mental health disorder covered under the bill. S. 3635 would apply prospectively and retroactively to officers who die by suicide or become disabled on or after January 1, 2019. The bill also would require the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to report to the Congress on benefits provided under the bill."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3375, Omnibus Travel and Tourism Act of 2021
From the Bill Summary: "S. 3375 would establish a new office of the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Travel and Tourism within the Department of Commerce (DOC) to recommend ways to enhance and develop support for domestic tourism and to report annually on the forecast for the travel and tourism industry. The bill also would require DOC to collect and report additional data on travel in the United States, develop a 10-year travel and tourism strategy, establish a board to advise it on matters related to the travel industry, and study the effects of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic on the travel and tourism industry. S. 3375 also would affect several transportation programs."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of the Improving Needed Safeguards for Users of Lifesaving Insulin Now Act
From the Document: "The legislation would limit how much private health insurance plans offering coverage in the commercial market and under Medicare Part D could require enrollees to pay out of pocket for certain insulin products. The bill also would allow manufacturers to certify their insulin products if they meet certain pricing criteria. To certify an insulin product, a manufacturer would have to reduce the list price of a product to the price net of negotiated manufacturer rebates in Part D in 2021 and limit growth in prices to inflation. Health plans would be required to cover certified products on formularies without utilization management and could not receive price concessions from manufacturers for those products."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3655, Civil Rights Cold Case Investigations Support Act of 2022
From the Document: "S. 3655 would extend the authorization of the Civil Rights Cold Case Records Review Board within the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) through 2027. The five-member board facilitates investigations of unsolved civil rights cases by increasing the volume of documents available to the public. Under current law, the board's authority will end in 2024. According to the Department of Justice, about 115 civil rights cases remain unsolved. Using information from NARA, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] expects that the costs of implementing the bill would be similar to the costs for other boards, such as the John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Review Board. On that basis, CBO estimates that implementing S. 3655 would cost $5 million over the 2025-2027 period; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriations. NARA is authorized to charge fees to cover some or all of the costs of processing certain requests; those fees are classified as offsetting receipts (or as reductions in direct spending) and are available to spend without further appropriation. Thus, CBO estimates that enacting the bill would have a negligible effect on net direct spending."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-14
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H. Rept. 117-412: National Weather Service Communications Improvement Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 7361, July 14, 2022
From the Document: "The purpose of H.R. 7361 is to require the National Weather Service to improve its current legacy instant messaging communications system (referred to as 'NWSChat') by upgrading to a cloud-based commercial communications system. [...] The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s National Weather Service (NWS) provides weather, water, and climate data, forecasts, warnings, and impact-based decision support services for the protection of life and property, and enhancement of the national economy. To communicate its services with the media and emergency responders, NWS personnel use NWSChat, an instant messaging program utilized to share critical warning decision expertise and weather information. The current legacy communication system has experienced dissemination issues, and the NWS has initiatied [sic] a demonstration effort to migrate NWSChat to a new operational environment. The National Weather Service Communications Improvement Act would support NWS's ongoing efforts to improve the reliability of their instant messaging service by requiring the implementation of a commercial off-the shelf solution."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-14
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Air Quality Information: Need Remains for Plan to Modernize Air Monitoring, Statement of J. Alfredo Gómez, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, Testimony Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "Information from the national ambient air quality monitoring system shows that the United States has made progress in reducing air pollution. It also shows that risks to public health and the environment continue in certain locations. EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] and state and local agencies cooperatively manage the system. [...] This testimony discusses (1) needs for additional air quality information and (2) challenges in meeting those needs. [...] In its November 2020 report, GAO [Government Accountability Office] made two recommendations, including that EPA develop an air quality monitoring modernization plan that aligns with leading practices for strategic planning and risk management. EPA generally agreed with the recommendations. EPA has begun working with state, tribal, and local air agencies to implement them."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Gómez, J. Alfredo
2022-07-13
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Nuclear Waste Cleanup: Enhanced Coordination, Prioritization, and Leadership Commitment Could Improve DOE Research and Development Efforts, Statement of Nathan Anderson, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Energy, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "R&D [research & development] has played an essential role in EM's [Environmental Management's] efforts to clean up contamination from decades of nuclear weapons production and energy research. Such R&D has led to safer, more efficient, and more effective cleanup approaches. Prior studies have found that investments in R&D could reduce the future costs of EM's cleanup efforts. These costs have increased by nearly $250 billion in the last 10 years and are included on GAO's [Government Accountability Office's] High Risk List. However, funding designated for nuclear cleanup R&D has declined since 2000. This testimony discusses the extent to which EM (1) coordinates R&D across the EM complex, (2) prioritizes cleanup-related R&D efforts, and (3) has had sustained and consistent leadership commitment. [...] In its October 2021 report, GAO made four recommendations, including that DOE [Department of Energy] develop (1) a system to collect R&D information across the complex and (2) a comprehensive approach to prioritizing R&D. DOE concurred with both recommendations and is considering how best to implement them."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Anderson, Nathan
2022-07-13
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Navy Next-Generation Logistics Ship (NGLS) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy's Next-Generation Logistics Ship (NGLS) program envisages procuring new medium-sized at-sea resupply ships for the Navy. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $3.0 million in research and development funding for the program. The Navy's five-year (FY2023- FY2027) shipbuilding plan programs the procurement of the first NGLS in FY2026 at a cost of $150.0 million and the second in FY2027 at a cost of $156.0 million."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-13
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Regulating Drinking Water Contaminants: EPA PFAS Actions [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Document: "The detection of certain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in some public water supplies has generated public concern and increased attention to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) actions to respond to PFAS using Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) authorities. For more than a decade, EPA has been evaluating PFAS under SDWA to determine whether a national drinking water regulation is warranted for one or more of these substances. In March 2021, EPA finalized determinations to develop SDWA regulations for the two most frequently detected PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (86 'Federal Register' 12272). EPA's determination triggers a SDWA requirement to propose a regulation within 24 months (e.g., by March 2023 for PFOA and PFOS), and finalize the rule within 18 months of the proposal. EPA's 2021 'PFAS Strategic Roadmap' states that it intends to propose a PFOA and PFOS drinking water regulation by fall 2022, and finalize the rule by fall 2023. In addition, the 116 th Congress enacted legislation directing EPA to increase PFAS monitoring in water supplies, and authorizing appropriations for grants to address PFAS in public water supplies, among other provisions. The 117th Congress provided appropriations for such grants."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humphreys, Elena H.
2022-07-13
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Assessment of FEMA's Public Assistance Alternative Procedures Program
From the Highlights: "Title IV of the 'Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended by the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013,' requires the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General to assess the effectiveness of the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Public Assistance Alternative Procedures (PAAP) for permanent work projects. [...] We made two recommendations to enhance overall PAAP program effectiveness."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2022-07-13
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Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Overview: "As of summer 2022, Egypt, like many World Bank-classified lower middle income countries, is feeling financial strain as a result of a confluence of crises. Russia's invasion of Ukraine, rising interest rates in the United States and Europe, and continued global supply chain strains resulting from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have all contributed to budgetary and inflationary pressures, forcing the Egyptian government to reevaluate long-standing policies while turning to foreign creditors for additional support. As Egypt experiences these external shocks, it is attempting to modernize its economy and reassert itself diplomatically on the regional stage. Led by President Abdel Fattah al Sisi (hereinafter referred to as President Sisi), a former military officer who took power in a 2013 takeover that many observers termed a coup, Egypt has embarked on a number of rebuilding projects, exemplified by the construction of the $58 billion New Administrative Capital (NAC[...]). In November 2022, Egypt will host the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) in Sharm el Sheikh. Military modernization also is ongoing, as Egypt has become the world's third-largest importer of weapons, acquiring fighter planes and warships from Russian and European suppliers."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell
2022-07-13
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Federal Agency Rule Expands Asylum Officers' Authority [July 13, 2022]
From the Document: "Under a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Department of Justice (DOJ) interim final rule (IFR) issued in March 2022, asylum officers (AOs) within DHS's U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) may determine whether non-U.S. nationals ('aliens' under governing law) encountered at the border who show a credible fear of persecution or torture ('credible fear') are entitled to asylum and related protections. 'See' Procedures for Credible Fear Screening and Consideration of Asylum, Withholding of Removal, and CAT Protection Claims by Asylum Officers, 87 Fed. Reg. 18,078 (Mar. 29, 2022). The IFR, which shall be implemented in a phased manner, departs from prior regulations that strictly authorized immigration judges (IJs) within DOJ's Executive Office for Immigration Review to adjudicate those asylum claims. This In Focus provides an overview of the IFR."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2022-07-13
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Introduction to U.S. Economy: Personal Saving [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Document: "Personal saving, which includes the saving of households but not of businesses or government, can have a significant impact at both the individual and economy-wide levels in the long and short terms. The personal saving rate was disrupted by the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, which resulted in a rapid increase and subsequent decrease in this metric, making future trends in personal saving uncertain."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weinstock, Lida R.
2022-07-13
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H. Rept. 117-406: Federal PFAS Research Evaluation Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 7289, July 13, 2022
From the Purpose of the Bill: "H.R. 7289, the Federal PFAS [Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances] Research Evaluation Act, directs the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to enter into agreements with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) to conduct consensus studies to assess research and knowledge gaps related to human exposure, toxicity, management, treatment and development of alternatives of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-13
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Russia's 2022 Invasion of Ukraine: Related CRS Products [Updated July 13, 2022]
From the Document: "On February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation invaded Ukraine, with wide-ranging implications for U.S. national security and an array of global geopolitical and economic issues. This report compiles CRS [Congressional Research Service] products on various aspects of this conflict, and is updated regularly as new products are developed. It also includes some products published before the invasion that offer relevant background and context. To contact specific CRS experts, congressional clients may the author information on each of the products below, or consult CRS Report R47036, 'Russia's Invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and Related Policy Issues: CRS Experts,' coordinated by Julie Kim."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Danon, Zoe; Blum, David A.
2022-07-13
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Grand Strategy of Gertrude Bell: From the Arab Bureau to the Creation of Iraq
From the Foreword: "In this monograph, Dr. Gregg provides a rich depiction of Gertrude Bell, an extraordinary individual who helped to shape British grand strategy in the Middle East during World War I and became one of the principal architects of the modern state of Iraq during the interwar period. This description of Bell's work as both a military strategist and a grand strategist offers important insights into how Great Britain developed an unconventional warfare strategy in the Middle East during World War I and its attempts to stabilize the region after the war. [...] Britain's efforts at stability operations in Iraq following World War I demonstrate the inherent tensions in balancing an intervening country's objectives and priorities with those of the country the intervening country is trying to stabilize--especially, the challenges of creating transitional governments and including the population in stability operations. This monograph should be read by anyone who wants to understand British military and grand strategy in the Middle East during World War I, the important perspective and skills Bell brought to shaping these efforts, and the challenges of securing a lasting postwar peace."
Army War College (U.S.). Press
Gregg, Heather S.
2022-07-13
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Promoting Public Safety in Indian Country
This memorandum, dated July 13, 2022, is regarding "Promoting Public Safety in Indian Country." From the Memorandum: "It is a priority of the Department of Justice to address the disproportionately high rates of violence experienced by American Indians and Alaska Natives (Al/AN), and relatedly, the high rates of indigenous persons reported missing. In November 2021 , the Department established a Steering Committee dedicated to marshalling the Department's resources and personnel to address these issues. The Steering Committee undertook a review--in close consultation with Tribal leaders and stakeholders--of the Department's relevant guidance, policies, and practices to improve the law enforcement response in Indian country."
United States. Office of the Deputy Attorney General
Monaco, Lisa Oudens, 1968-
2022-07-13
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Supreme Court Addresses Major Questions Doctrine and EPA's Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions [July 12, 2022]
From the Document: "On June 30, 2022, the Supreme Court decided 'West Virginia v. EPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency],' a case with significant implications for U.S. environmental policy and, more broadly, for Congress's ability to delegate authority over significant policy decisions to executive agencies. The Court held that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) exceeded its authority under Section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) in its 2015 emission guidelines for existing fossil fuel-fired power plants, which were based in part on 'generation shifting,' or shifting electricity generation from higher-emitting sources to lower-emitting ones. Under that decision, EPA retains the ability to regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from power plants and other sources, but it now faces more constraints in how it regulates those emissions. Additionally, the Court's articulation and application of the 'major questions doctrine' could present further hurdles for EPA or other agencies that wish to implement novel regulatory programs to address climate change or other significant policy issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bowers, Kate R.
2022-07-12
