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Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices [November 5, 2020]
From the Summary: "The program activities of most federal agencies are generally funded on an annual basis through the enactment of 'regular appropriations acts'. When those annual appropriations acts are not enacted by the beginning of the fiscal year (i.e., by October 1), one or more continuing appropriations acts (commonly known as 'continuing resolutions' or CRs) may be enacted to provide temporary funding to continue certain programs and activities until action on the regular appropriations acts is completed. [...] This report provides detailed information on CRs beginning with FY1977, which was the first fiscal year that began on October 1. Congress has enacted one or more CRs in all but three of the last 44 fiscal years (FY1977- FY2020). In addition, in 11 of the last 19 fiscal years, the initial CR--and in some years subsequent CRs-- provided continuing appropriations for all the regular appropriations acts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McNellis, Kevin P.; Saturno, James; Heniff, Bill . . .
2020-11-05
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Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design [Updated November 5, 2020]
From the Document: "Most of the world's people, resources, and economic activity are located not in the Western Hemisphere, but in the other hemisphere, particularly Eurasia. In response to this basic feature of world geography, U.S. policymakers for the last several decades have chosen to pursue, as a key element of U.S. national strategy, a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia. This objective reflects a U.S. perspective on geopolitics and grand strategy developed by U.S. strategists and policymakers during and in the years immediately after World War II that incorporates two key judgments: [1] that given the amount of people, resources, and economic activity in Eurasia, a regional hegemon in Eurasia would represent a concentration of power large enough to be able to threaten vital U.S. interests; and [2] that Eurasia is not dependably self-regulating in terms of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons, meaning that the countries of Eurasia cannot be counted on to be fully able to prevent, though their own choices and other actions, the emergence of regional hegemons, and may need assistance from one or more countries outside Eurasia to be able to do this dependably."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-11-05
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Department of Defense Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems [Updated November 5, 2020]
From the Document: "Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), commonly called drones, have proliferated rapidly and are available to nation states and to nonstate actors and individuals. These systems could provide U.S. adversaries with a low-cost means of conducting intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions against--or attacking--U.S. forces. Furthermore, many smaller UASs cannot be detected by traditional air defense systems due to their size, construction material, and flight altitude. As a result, in FY2021, the Department of Defense (DOD) plans to spend at least $404 million on counter-UAS (C-UAS) research and development and at least $83 million on C-UAS procurement. As DOD continues to develop, procure, and deploy these systems, congressional oversight of their use may increase, and Congress may have to make decisions about future authorizations, appropriations, and other legislative actions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.; Sayler, Kelley M.
2020-11-05
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Defense Primer: Department of the Navy [Updated November 5, 2020]
From the Document: "The Department of the Navy (DON) is a single military department that includes two military services--the Navy and the Marine Corps. As such, DON has a single civilian leader, the Secretary of the Navy, and two four-star military service chiefs--an admiral whose title is the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), and a general whose title is the Commandant of the Marine Corps. Although the title 'Secretary of the Navy' includes only the term 'Navy,' the secretary serves as the civilian leader for both the Navy and Marine Corps. The CNO and the Commandant of the Marine Corps are members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-11-05
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Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA): History and Usage [Updated November 5, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA) is available to assist Senators in their official duties. The allowance is provided on a fiscal-year basis (i.e., October 1-September 30). Funding is provided in the annual legislative branch appropriations bills. [...] This report provides a history of the SOPOEA and overview of recent developments, including funding levels. It also analyzes actual SOPOEA spending patterns in recent years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brudnick, Ida A.
2020-11-05
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 20 Issue 45, November 5, 2020
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "November is Infrastructure Security Month"; "Securing soft targets and crowded places"; "Maximizing FEMA COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Funding and Reimbursements"; "Webinar: NG911 [Next Generation 9-1-1] Roadmap Community Progress & Virtual Learning Tips"; "Can AI and connected tech foster better disaster decision-making?"; "Update: Ransomware Activity Targeting Healthcare and Public Health"; "How to improve cybersecurity for the workforce of the future"; and "Malspam campaign milks election uncertainty."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2020-11-05
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1031, Pala Band of Mission Indians Land Transfer Act of 2020
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on July 29, 2020. From the Document: "H.R. 1031 would direct the Department of the Interior (DOI) to take into trust approximately 700 acres of land in San Diego County, California, owned by the Pala Band of Mission Indians. Under the bill, DOI would hold title to that land for the benefit of the tribe. The legislation also would prohibit certain types of gaming on those lands. Using information provided by DOI, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that any administrative costs to implement H.R. 1031 would not be significant."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-11-05
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3044, Western Tribal Water Infrastructure Act of 2020
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs on July 29, 2020. From the Document: "Under current law, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is directed to carry out a program that funds projects to connect, expand, or repair public water systems in order to improve water quality, pressure, or services on Indian reservations within the Upper Missouri River Basin and Upper Rio Grande Basin. Over the 2019-2022 period, $20 million annually is authorized to be appropriated for that purpose; however, no funds have been appropriated to date. S. 3044 would expand that program to include projects on off-reservation sites that serve Indian Tribes, and it would direct EPA to carry out 10 additional projects within the Columbia River Basin. The bill would require EPA to fund 100 percent of project costs. Finally, the bill would permanently authorize the appropriation of $30 million annually for the program."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-11-05
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Vaccine Safety in the United States: Overview and Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccines [November 4, 2020]
From the Document: "Widespread immunization efforts have been linked to increased life expectancy and reduced illness. U.S. vaccination programs, headed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), have helped eradicate smallpox and nearly eradicate polio globally, and eliminate several infectious diseases domestically. With the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic now causing major health and economic impacts across the world, efforts are underway to make safe and effective vaccines available quickly to help curb spread of the virus."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sekar, Kavya; Dabrowska, Agata
2020-11-04
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Homelessness and COVID-19 [November 4, 2020]
"People experiencing homelessness may be particularly vulnerable during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Those living in unsheltered conditions might not have ready access to sanitary facilities. For those living in emergency shelters, it may be difficult to keep a safe distance from other residents, and indoor conditions may more readily facilitate transmission of the virus. [...] This report describes funding available to assist people who are experiencing homelessness or at risk of becoming homeless during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also discusses whether homelessness could increase as employment and economic conditions leave households unable to pay their housing costs and federal, state, and court-ordered eviction moratoriums expire."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Perl, Libby
2020-11-04
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Federal Regulation of Alien Employment and Preemption Over State Laws [November 4, 2020]
From the Document: "The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) established rules governing the employment of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) in the United States. IRCA made it unlawful for employers to knowingly hire 'unauthorized aliens' who lack federal permission to work in this country. The statute also created an employment verification system to determine an employee's work eligibility. IRCA's comprehensive scheme for regulating alien employment displaced a considerable amount of state regulation. But questions remain about the degree of that displacement. In the last decade, the Supreme Court considered several challenges to state laws regulating the employment of aliens. These challenges centered on whether IRCA preempted those state laws, rendering them unenforceable. [...] This Legal Sidebar provides an overview of IRCA, the doctrine of federal preemption, and the Supreme Court's jurisprudence about the preemptive reach of IRCA over state employment laws."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2020-11-04
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Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated November 4, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region's future. Issues such as geopolitical competition in the region between the United States, Russia, and China; increased military operations in the region by the United States, Russia, and other Arctic countries; growth in commercial shipping through the Arctic; and oil, gas, and mineral exploration in the Arctic could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international cooperation, tension, and/or competition. [...] This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports on specific Arctic-related issues. Congressional readers with questions about an issue discussed in this report should contact the author or authors of the section discussing that issue. The authors are identified by footnote at the start of each section."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald; Comay, Laura B.; Folger, Peter (Peter Franklin) . . .
2020-11-04
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3591, America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2020
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as reported by the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works on May 11, 2020. From the Bill Summary: "S. 3591 would authorize the Army Corps of Engineers to construct projects to restore aquatic ecosystems, improve navigation and flood management, and mitigate storm and hurricane damage. The bill also would authorize the Corps to renegotiate the terms of deferred-payment agreements with nonfederal sponsors of eligible projects. Finally, the bill would authorize appropriations for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide grants and loans to state and local governments, public water systems, nonprofit organizations, and other entities to support various water infrastructure projects and programs to improve water quality."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-11-04
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5245, Stopping Harm and Implementing Enhanced Lead-Time for Debts for Veterans Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as passed by the House of Representatives on September 23, 2020. From the Document: "H.R. 5245 would prevent VA [U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs] from establishing a debt for any person if the debt is attributable to VA's failure to process information in a timely manner. For example, veterans receiving disability compensation may receive higher payments if they have eligible dependents. Veterans must notify VA if dependents' eligibility status changes. Veterans continue to receive higher disability compensation until VA updates its records; thus, in the event of a delay on VA's part, veterans may receive payments that are higher than the amount they are legally entitled to, resulting in an overpayment that VA must recoup."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-11-04
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3905, the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as reported by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on June 8, 2020. From the Bill Summary: "S. 3905 would authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2021 for intelligence activities of the U.S. government, including the Intelligence Community Management Account and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System. The bill also would establish a program to develop technologies for secure, fifth-generation wireless communications; allow certain whistleblowers to seek punitive and compensatory damages in federal court; modify the process for appealing the revocation or denial of security clearances; and, create or modify other programs affecting the intelligence community."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-11-04
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COVID-19 and the Uninsured: Federal Funding Options to Pay Providers for Testing and Treatment [Updated November 3, 2020]
From the Document: "Congress enacted provisions to increase access to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) testing and treatment (including, for some programs, an eventual vaccine) under the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA; P.L. 116-127), as amended by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136). Separately, Congress provided funding to support testing infrastructure in the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (PPPHCEA; P.L. 116-139). In addition, these laws appropriated funding to government agencies that provide health services (e.g., the Department of Veterans Affairs) and for specific health providers (e.g., health centers). These laws largely focus on COVID-related modifications for individuals who have public or private health care coverage; however, this Insight discusses federal funding options under these laws that can be used to pay providers for COVID-19-related testing and treatment for uninsured individuals through funding distributed under an administrative construct referred to as the Uninsured Fund (UF) and a newly created Medicaid option for testing."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Baumrucker, Evelyne P.; Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-
2020-11-03
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FY2021 Refugee Ceiling and Allocations [November 3, 2020]
From the Document: "On October 28, 2020, President Donald Trump issued the Presidential Determination setting the FY2021 refugee ceiling at 15,000. The refugee ceiling is the maximum number of refugees that can be admitted to the United States in a given fiscal year. The Presidential Determination is typically issued before the start, or in the first week, of a new fiscal year. Refugees cannot be admitted to the United States until the Presidential Determination for that fiscal year has been issued. From October 1, 2020, until the issuance of the FY2021 Presidential Determination, no refugees could be admitted to the United States. The FY2021 refugee ceiling is the lowest in the 40-year history of the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bruno, Andorra
2020-11-03
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COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment-- Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress [Updated November 3, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Some observers argue the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic could be a world-changing event with potentially profound and long-lasting implications for the international security environment and the U.S. role in the world. Other observers are more skeptical that the COVID-19 pandemic will have such effects. This report provides a brief overview of some potential implications the COVID-19 pandemic might have for the international security environment and the U.S. role in the world, and a bibliography of CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports and other writings for further reading. [...] Appendix A presents a list of CRS reports that provide more in-depth discussions of issues presented in this report. Appendix B presents a list of additional writings reflecting various perspectives on these issues. A separate CRS report discusses the question of whether the U.S. role in the world is changing as a result of factors other than the COVID-19 pandemic."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald; Moodie, Michael, 1948-; McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-11-03
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Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs [Updated November 3, 2020]
From the Summary: "Energy is crucial to operating a modern industrial and services economy. Concerns about the availability and cost of energy and about environmental impacts of fossil energy use have led to a wide variety of federal incentives for renewable energy and energy efficiency. These incentives aim to implement renewable energy and energy efficiency measures and to develop and commercialize renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. Many of the existing energy efficiency and renewable energy programs have authorizations tracing back to the 1970s. Many programs have been reauthorized and redesigned repeatedly to meet changing economic factors. The programs apply broadly to sectors ranging from industry to academia and from state and local governments to rural communities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cunningham, Lynn J.; Eck, Rachel J.
2020-11-03
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Wildfire Statistics [Updated November 3, 2020]
From the Document: "Wildfires are unplanned and unwanted fires, including lightning-caused fires, unauthorized human-caused fires, and escaped prescribed fire projects. States are responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on nonfederal (state, local, and private) lands, except for lands protected by federal agencies under cooperative agreements. The federal government is responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on federal lands. The Forest Service (FS)--within the U.S. Department of Agriculture--carries out wildfire management and response across the 193 million acres of the National Forest System. The Department of the Interior (DOI) manages wildfire response for more than 400 million acres of national parks, wildlife refuges and preserves, other public lands, and Indian reservations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoover, Katie; Hanson, Laura A.
2020-11-03
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, November 2, 2020: Birth and Infant Outcomes Following Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy -- SET-NET, 16 Jurisdictions, March 29-October 14, 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Birth and Infant Outcomes Following Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Infection in Pregnancy -- SET-NET, 16 Jurisdictions, March 29-October 14, 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-11-02
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, November 2, 2020: Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status -- United States, January 22-October 3, 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Infection by Pregnancy Status -- United States, January 22-October 3, 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-11-02
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Executive Order 13958: Establishing the President's Advisory 1776 Commission
From the Document: "Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Education shall establish in the Department of Education the President's Advisory 1776 Commission ('the 1776 Commission') to better enable a rising generation to understand the history and principles of the founding of the United States in 1776 and to strive to form a more perfect Union."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Trump, Donald, 1946-
2020-11-02
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Tracking COVID-19: U.S. Public Health Surveillance and Data [November 2, 2020]
From the Document: "Public health surveillance, or ongoing data collection, is an essential part of public health practice. Particularly during a pandemic, timely data are important to understanding the epidemiology of a disease in order to craft policy and guide response decisionmaking. Many aspects of public health surveillance--such as which data are collected and how--are often governed by law and policy at the state and subfederal level, though informed by programs and expertise at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exposed limitations and challenges with U.S. public health surveillance, including those related to the timeliness, completeness, and accuracy of data. This report provides an overview of U.S. public health surveillance, current COVID-19 surveillance and data collection, and selected policy issues that have been highlighted by the pandemic. Appendix B includes a compilation of selected COVID-19 data resources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sekar, Kavya; Napili, Angela
2020-11-02
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5534, Comprehensive Immunosuppressive Drug Coverage for Kidney Transplant Patients Act of 2020
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on July 15, 2020. From the Bill Summary: "H.R. 5334 would create a new, limited benefit under Medicare that would cover a portion of the cost of immunosuppressive drugs for people who have had a kidney transplant but whose post-transplant coverage under Medicare has ended. To be eligible, a beneficiary would need to have no other source of health insurance or drug coverage. Enrollees would pay a premium for the coverage."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-11-02
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 8438, Belarus Democracy, Human Rights, and Sovereignty Act of 2020
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on October 1, 2020. From the Document: "H.R. 8438 would authorize appropriations of whatever amounts are necessary in 2021 and 2022 for assistance to Belarus, primarily to promote democracy, civil society, and human rights. In 2020, the Congress provided almost $10 million for such assistance to Belarus. The bill expresses the sense of the Congress that the United States should increase its assistance to promote civil society in Belarus. On that basis, CBO estimates that implementing foreign assistance to Belarus under H.R. 8438 would require appropriations of $11 million each year in 2021 and 2022."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-11-02
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COVID-19 Health Care Provider Relief Fund [Updated November 2, 2020]
From the Document: "In response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some health care providers limited in-person visits and cancelled elective procedures to reduce the spread of COVID-19, prepare for COVID-19 patients, and conserve personal protective equipment. As a consequence, some providers reported forgone revenue and/or significant financial challenges, making it difficult to sustain services. To address these concerns, Congress established the Provider Relief Fund (PRF) in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136) and appropriated $100 billion 'to reimburse, through grants or other mechanisms, eligible health care providers for health care related expenses or lost revenues that are attributable to coronavirus.' The Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (PPPHCEA, P.L. 116-139) added an additional $75 billion to the PRF. The PRF provides grants to eligible health care providers. [...] In response to questions by providers, the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has clarified how PRF funds are to be reported as revenue, in Medicare Cost Reports for reporting providers. In addition, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has clarified that PRF funds are taxable."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-
2020-11-02
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Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances [Updated November 2, 2020]
From the Summary: "Restrictions on travel and remittances to Cuba have constituted a key and often contentious component in U.S. efforts to isolate Cuba's communist government since the early 1960s. Such restrictions are largely part of the Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR), the overall embargo regulations administered by the Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), as well as certain parts of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), administered by the Department of Commerce. Various Administrations have eased and tightened these restrictions over the years as U.S. policy toward Cuba has changed. [...] This report examines developments in U.S. policy restricting travel and remittances to Cuba, particularly changes under the Obama and Trump Administrations, current permissible travel to Cuba and current policy on remittances, and debate on lifting the travel restrictions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2020-11-02
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'Quad': Security Cooperation Among the United States, Japan, India, and Australia [November 2, 2020]
From the Overview: "In October 2020, in the midst of a global pandemic, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and his three counterparts from Australia, India, and Japan convened an in-person meeting in Tokyo. The focus was on boosting the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, aka 'the Quad,' a four-country coalition with a common platform of protecting freedom of navigation and promoting democratic values in the region. The gathering released no joint statement, but Pompeo stated that the purpose of the group was to 'protect our people and partners from the Chinese Communist Party's exploitation, corruption, and coercion.' Although the three other ministers framed the meeting differently in their opening statements, fears of China's growing influence and assertiveness in the region loom large. Tensions with China have worsened for all four countries in 2020, driving increased defense cooperation among them. Despite this confluence, the Quad faces major challenges in defining itself and its goals. Does expanding defense cooperation provide meaningful strategic advantages? Will the Quad broaden its activities on democracy promotion? Is it durable as a framework even in the face of leadership changes in member countries? These questions may be of critical importance to Congress given its oversight responsibilities, interest in security alliances, and growing concern about China's power and influence in the region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Kronstadt, K. Alan; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-
2020-11-02
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Defense Primer: Security Cooperation [November 2, 2020]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) uses the term 'security cooperation' (SC) to refer broadly to DOD interactions with foreign security establishments. SC activities include [1] transferring defense articles and services, [2] military-to-military exercises, [3] ministerial advising, and [4] train and equip programs. SC programs are intended to encourage and enable partner nations (PNs) to work with the United States to achieve strategic objectives. They are considered a key tool for achieving U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arabia, Christina
2020-11-02
