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Afghan Women and Girls: Status and Congressional Action [Updated August 18, 2021]
From the Document: "The status of Afghan women and girls is increasingly precarious in light of the Taliban's takeover of the country in mid-August 2021. Given the Taliban's views on women's rights, and entrenched cultural attitudes (particularly in rural areas), the status of Afghan women and girls has long been a topic of congressional concern and action. Concern among some Members of Congress has increased in the wake of the drawdown of U.S. military and civilian personnel and the Taliban takeover. Reports indicate that the Taliban have re-imposed restrictions on women in some areas taken in 2021. In addition to fears for the rights, health, and economic wellbeing of Afghan women broadly, some Members' immediate concerns focus on evacuation and visa questions, with a longer-term focus on how, if at all, U.S. policies might induce a Taliban-led government to respect women's rights. Since 2001, Members of Congress have attempted to promote and safeguard the rights of Afghan women through oversight and funding-related legislative measures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); Collins, Sarah R.
2021-08-18
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Selective Service System and Draft Registration: Issues for Congress [Updated August 18, 2021]
From the Overview: "The United States has not used conscription to fill manpower requirements for over four decades; however, the Selective Service System and the requirement for young men to register for the draft remain today. Men who fail to register are subject to penalties in the form of lost benefits and criminal action. Some have questioned the need to maintain this agency and the registration requirements. Others have questioned whether the current requirements for registration are fair and equitable. This report provides Congress with information about how the Military Selective Service Act (MSSA), the Selective Service System (SSS), and associated requirements for registration have evolved over time. It explains why the United States developed the SSS, what the system looks like today, how constituents are affected by the MSSA requirements, and what the options and considerations may be for the future of the Selective Service. The first section of the report provides background and history on the Military Selective Service Act, the Selective Service System, and the implementation of the draft in the United States. The second section discusses statutory registration requirements, processes for registering, and penalties for failing to register. The third section discusses the current organization, roles, and resourcing of the Selective Service System. The final section discusses policy options and consideration for Congress for the future of the MSSA and the Selective Service System."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.
2021-08-18
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Permissible and Prohibited Uses of Campaign Funds: Frequently Asked Questions and Policy Overview [August 18, 2021]
From the Summary: "Many frequently asked questions about permissible and prohibited uses of campaign funds are relatively straightforward. The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) generally permits spending campaign funds for campaign expenses; certain officeholder expenses; charitable contributions; and contributions or transfers, within specified limits, to other political committees. Conversely, FECA prohibits spending campaign funds on items that would constitute personal use, such as mortgage or tuition payments. The Federal Election Commission (FEC) relies on a standard known as the 'irrespective test' to determine permissibility of using campaign funds. If the expense would exist in the absence of the campaign, it generally is impermissible. These issues are central to frequent constituent questions for Members of Congress and staff."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Garrett, R. Sam, 1977-
2021-08-18
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Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress [Updated August 18, 2021]
From the Summary: "Names for Navy ships traditionally have been chosen and announced by the Secretary of the Navy, under the direction of the President and in accordance with rules prescribed by Congress. Rules for giving certain types of names to certain types of Navy ships have evolved over time. There have been exceptions to the Navy's ship-naming rules, particularly for the purpose of naming a ship for a person when the rule for that type of ship would have called for it to be named for something else. Some observers have perceived a breakdown in, or corruption of, the rules for naming Navy ships. Section 370 of the FY2021 NDAA [National Defense Authorization Act] (H.R. 6395/P.L. 116-283 of January 1, 2021) establishes a commission regarding the removal and renaming of certain assets of the Department of Defense (including ships) that commemorate the Confederate States of America or any person who served voluntarily with the Confederate States of America."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-08-18
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Defense Primer: Naval Forces [Updated August 18, 2021]
From the Document: "U.S. naval forces give the United States the ability to convert the world's oceans--a global commons that covers more than two-thirds of the planet's surface--into a medium of maneuver and operations for projecting U.S. power ashore and otherwise defending U.S. interests around the world. The ability to use the world's oceans in this manner--and to deny other countries the use of the world's oceans for taking actions against U.S. interests--constitutes an immense asymmetric advantage for the United States. As discussed elsewhere (see 'Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design), the size and composition of U.S. naval forces reflect the position of the United States as a Western Hemisphere power with a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-08-18
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Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations [Updated August 18, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Iran ratified the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1970. Article III of the treaty requires nonnuclear-weapon states-parties to accept comprehensive International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards; Tehran concluded a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the IAEA in 1974. In 2002, the agency began investigating allegations that Iran had conducted clandestine nuclear activities; the IAEA ultimately reported that some of these activities had violated Tehran's safeguards agreement. Following more than three years of investigation, the IAEA Board of Governors reported the matter to the U.N. Security Council in February 2006. Since then, the council adopted six resolutions requiring Iran to take steps to alleviate international concerns about its nuclear program. This report provides a brief overview of Iran's nuclear program and describes the legal basis for the actions taken by the IAEA board and the Security Council."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kerr, Paul K.
2021-08-18
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20 Years Later: NIST's World Trade Center Investigation and Its Legacy
From the Webpage: "The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) buildings following the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, was one of the worst-ever building disasters in recorded history -- killing 2,749 people. More than 400 emergency responders were among those killed, the largest loss of life for this group in a single incident. [...] NIST [National Institute of Standards and Technology] released 47 reports from our investigation -- totaling about 11,000 pages -- which included robust science-based findings and conclusions, as well as recommendations for major safety improvements to U.S. buildings. We determined why and how each of the 110-story WTC towers collapsed following the initial impacts of the aircraft and why and how the 47-story WTC 7 collapsed; whether the injuries and fatalities were high or low depending on location, including all technical aspects of fire protection, occupant behavior, evacuation and emergency response; and what procedures and practices were used in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of these buildings. The NIST recommendations resulted in more than 40 major and far-reaching changes to U.S. building and fire safety codes to improve the safety of buildings, their occupants and emergency responders. These recommendations were not designed, however, to make buildings withstand aircraft impact. It would be better instead to keep terrorists away from airplanes, and airplanes away from buildings."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Sunder, S. Shyam
2021-08-18
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Deficiencies in COVID-19 Screening and Facility Response for a Patient Who Died at the Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center in Houston, Texas
From the Executive Summary: "The VA [Veterans Affairs] Office of Inspector General (OIG) conducted a healthcare inspection to assess allegations related to the screening for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] [hyperlink] and subsequent treatment of a patient with serious mental illness who presented for same-day care at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (facility) in Houston, Texas. During the course of the inspection, the OIG identified additional concerns related to the facility's deficiencies in educating Mental Health Intensive Case Management (MHICM) patients and families on COVID-19 screening processes, noncompliance with the facility's missing patient policy, and facility leaders' failures related to adverse events [hyperlink] reporting and institutional disclosure [hyperlink]. Aside from serious quality of care issues, this inspection also involves a vulnerable patient disappearing for four days after being put in the care of the facility. The patient's family contacted the facility and informed them that the patient was missing, but the facility was not able to locate the patient. The patient was ultimately found off-site four days later in the midst of a medical emergency, taken to the facility for care, and passed away the following day."
United States. Department of Veterans Affairs. Office of Inspector General
2021-08-18
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 18, 2021: New COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations Among Adults, by Vaccination Status -- New York, May 3-July 25, 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "New COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Cases and Hospitalizations Among Adults, by Vaccination Status -- New York, May 3-July 25, 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html]. Please note: a correction and republication for this report has been published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report dated September 17, 2021, and can be found here: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=858742].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-08-18
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Terrorist Groups in Afghanistan [Updated August 17, 2021]
From the Document: "Afghanistan's geography, complex ethnic composition, and history of conflict and instability have created space for numerous armed Islamist groups, some of which have engaged in transnational terrorist activity. This product outlines major terrorist groups active in Afghanistan that are affiliated and allied with Al Qaeda (AQ) and the Islamic State (IS, also known as ISIS, ISIL, or by the Arabic acronym 'Da'esh'), and relations between these groups and other state and non-state actors, most notably the Taliban. The Taliban are not a U.S.-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO). These dynamics may inform assessments of U.S. policy in Afghanistan in light of the Taliban's August 2021 takeover of the country. In the February 2020 U.S.-Taliban agreement, the Taliban had committed to undertake unspecified counterterrorism efforts in return for the full withdrawal of U.S. and international military forces, to be completed in August 2021. The Taliban interact with the groups below in varying ways that may affect U.S. interests. President Joseph Biden and other U.S. officials have stated that the United States will maintain 'over-the-horizon' capabilities to address terrorist threats in Afghanistan after the U.S. military withdrawal. Observers differ on how Taliban rule might empower or undermine terrorist groups below or Taliban behavior toward them."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs)
2021-08-17
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Federal Information Technology (IT) Budgeting Process in the Executive Branch: An Overview [August 17, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Federal spending on information technology (IT) for executive branch agencies and activities totaled an estimated $92 billion in FY2021. The effective and efficient use of IT may play a key role in policy implementation across the federal government's diverse activities. The use of IT as an implementation tool may also inform deliberations on policy design, as Congress, agency officials, and the President consider policy options and corresponding opportunities and risks. IT systems also facilitate congressional oversight of policy areas and executive agencies. [...] This report is intended to assist Members, committees, and congressional staff with questions about selected aspects of IT management in the executive branch. In particular, the report covers key milestones in the executive budget process for IT investments."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fiorentino, Dominick A.
2021-08-17
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Military Service Records, Awards, and Unit Histories: A Guide to Locating Sources [Updated August 17, 2021]
From the Summary: "This guide provides information on locating military unit histories and individual service records of discharged, retired, and deceased military personnel. It also provides information on locating and replacing military awards and medals. Included is contact information for military history centers, websites for additional sources of research, and a bibliography of other publications, including related CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2021-08-17
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Financial Disclosure: Identifying and Remediating Conflicts of Interest in the Executive Branch [August 17, 2021]
From the Document: "When taking an official action (e.g., making decisions or recommendations), American public servants are expected to put the government's interests ahead of their own. The Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. Appendix), as amended, is based upon this principle and requires certain employees to file annual financial disclosure statements. Federal agencies use the disclosed information to identify and remediate real or perceived conflicts of interest, as necessary."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straus, Jacob R.
2021-08-17
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Naturalization: The Process of Becoming a U.S. Citizen [August 17, 2021] [infographic]
This report from the Congressional Research Service gives a quick view of the naturalization process in the United States, including the eligibility requirements and application process.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straut-Eppsteiner, Holly
2021-08-17
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Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 17, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program--the Coast Guard's program for acquiring new PSCs (i.e., heavy polar icebreakers). The Coast Guard's proposed FY2022 budget requests $170.0 million in procurement funding for the PSC program. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Administration's FY2022 procurement funding request for the PSC program, and, more generally, whether to approve, reject, or modify the Coast Guard's overall plan for procuring new polar icebreakers. Congress's decisions on this issue could affect Coast Guard funding requirements, the Coast Guard's ability to perform its polar missions, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-08-17
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Philippines [Updated August 17, 2021]
From the Document: "On July 30, 2021, Philippine Secretary of National Defense Delfin Lorenzana announced that the Philippines had agreed to re-commit to the Philippines-U.S. Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), which governs the legal status of U.S. military forces operating in the Philippines and establishes rules by which U.S. troops, vessels, and aircraft may enter the country. The move reversed a February 2020 decision in which the Philippines sought to terminate the agreement. The Philippine Constitution limits the President to one, six-year term. Preparations for the next Presidential election, scheduled for May 2022, have begun. In July 2021, Duterte said he is 'seriously thinking' of running for Vice-President, sparking speculation he could be part of a future administration. (The Philippine President and Vice-President are elected separately and may be from different political parties.) A wide range of presidential candidates have expressed interest in running. As of mid-August 2021, the World Health Organization reported approximately 1.6 million COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases in the Philippines, and 28,000 deaths. About 11% of the population was fully vaccinated. On July 30, the government reimposed lockdown measures in the Manila metropolitan area. Most vaccines, both purchased and donated, have come from China and the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Dolven, Ben
2021-08-17
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Coast Guard Cutter Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 17, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Coast Guard's programs for procuring 8 National Security Cutters (NSCs), 25 Offshore Patrol Cutters (OPCs), and 58 Fast Response Cutters (FRCs). The Coast Guard's proposed FY2022 budget requests a total of $695 million in procurement funding for the NSC, OPC, and FRC programs. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Coast Guard's funding requests and acquisition strategies for the NSC, OPC, and FRC programs. Congress's decisions on these three programs could substantially affect Coast Guard capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-08-17
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Fire Management Assistance Grants: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated August 17, 2021]
From the Summary: "Section 420 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 93-288, hereinafter the Stafford Act) authorizes the President to 'declare' a Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG). In the interest of saving time, the authority to make the declaration has been delegated to the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) Regional Administrators. Once issued, the FMAG declaration authorizes various forms of federal fire suppression assistance such as the provision of equipment, personnel, and grants to state, local, and tribal governments for the control, management, and mitigation of any fire on certain public or private forest land or grassland that might become a major disaster. This federal assistance requires a cost-sharing component such that state, local, and tribal governments are responsible for 25% of the expenses. This report answers frequently asked questions about FMAGs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.; Hoover, Katie; Lindsay, Bruce R.
2021-08-17
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Afghanistan Withdrawal: Military and Defense Implications [August 17, 2021]
From the Document: "After a rapid Taliban campaign to capture cities and territories formerly controlled by the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA), on August 15, 2021, the Taliban took Kabul and the President of GIRoA, Ashraf Ghani, fled the country. Information regarding the situation on the ground in Afghanistan and U.S. troop numbers is fluid and should be treated with caution. This Insight, which may be updated as circumstances warrant, is intended to assist Congress as it considers the military and defense implications of the withdrawal while events unfold."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.; Feickert, Andrew
2021-08-17
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Debt Limit in 2021 [Updated August 17, 2021]
From the Document: "Debt limit episodes [hyperlink]--which can be defined as starting when the statutory limit on federal debt restricts some of the U.S. Treasury's normal debt operations and ending when new legislation to modify the limit is enacted--have been a recurrent federal fiscal feature in the past two decades. Since 2002, the debt limit has been modified 18 times [hyperlink]. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019 (BBA 2019; P.L. 116-37), enacted in August 2019, had suspended the debt limit through July 31, 2021. The limit was reset at just over $28.4 trillion [hyperlink] at the beginning of August 2021. Recent debt limit episodes share similarities, although the issue in 2021 has a few unique characteristics. First, the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic remains a source of economic uncertainty, and the fiscal responses it spurred have accelerated the pace of federal debt accumulation. Second, the U.S. Treasury sharply increased its cash balances in 2020 to accommodate those fiscal responses. Third, since 2015, Bipartisan Budget Acts that adjusted statutory caps on discretionary spending imposed by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; P.L. 112-25) also suspended the debt limit. The expiration of those discretionary spending caps at the end of FY2021 rendered moot the need for legislation to modify them. Thus, the legislative vehicle used for the past few debt limit modifications is unavailable in 2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Austin, D. Andrew
2021-08-17
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FEMA Prematurely Obligated $478 Million in Public Assistance Funds from FY 2017 Through FY 2019
From the Highlights: "In 2012, FEMA implemented SFM [Strategic Funds Management] to improve Disaster Relief Fund resource management to meet present and future disaster funding requirements. SFM focuses on obligating estimated Public Assistance project funding based on subrecipients' capacity, resources, and schedule to execute the work. We conducted this audit to determine to what extent FEMA's use of its SFM initiative ensures that funds are obligated in accordance with Federal, Department, and component requirements."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2021-08-17
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Delta Variant: 5 Ways Communities Can Protect People Experiencing Homelessness
From the Document: "The Delta variant of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] [hyperlink] is spreading rapidly in the United States, particularly in places with low vaccination rates and among unvaccinated people. The [...] recommendations from the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, and other federal and national partners, are informed by CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] guidance to help communities protect people experiencing homelessness from contracting COVID-19 and becoming severely ill or dying. These recommendations should be implemented immediately to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and to save lives."
United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
2021-08-17?
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International Financial Institutions: FY2022 Budget Request [August 16, 2021]
From the Document: "For FY2022, the Biden Administration is requesting $3.28 billion for the international financial institutions (IFIs). The IFIs include the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the multilateral development banks (MDBs), and associated multilateral trust funds focused on climate change and food security. The FY2022 request for the IFIs would be a 73% increase from the amount enacted in FY2021 ($1.89 billion, Figure 1), and accounts for about 5% of the total FY2022 State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs budget request."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nelson, Rebecca M.; Weiss, Martin A.
2021-08-16
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Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role [Updated August 16, 2021]
From the Introduction: "From its headwaters in Colorado and Wyoming to its terminus in the Gulf of California, the Colorado River Basin covers more than 246,000 square miles. The river runs through seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California) and Mexico. [...] Colorado River water is used primarily for agricultural irrigation and municipal and industrial (M&I) purposes. [...] This report provides background on management of the Colorado River, with a focus on recent developments. It also discusses the congressional role in the management of basin waters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Stern, Charles V.; Sheikh, Pervaze A.
2021-08-16
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Taliban Establish Control Over Afghanistan Amid Government Collapse and U.S. Withdrawal [August 16, 2021]
From the Document: "On August 15, 2021, Taliban fighters entered Afghanistan's capital, Kabul, effectively reestablishing the group's rule over the country after a nearly two-decade-long insurgency against U.S. and international forces and the former Afghan government. Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and many other senior Afghan leaders have fled the country, though as of August 16 Ghani has not resigned. The collapse of the Afghan government comes as the U.S. military withdrawal, started under President Donald Trump, was nearing completion at the direction of President Joseph Biden. The Taliban's victory in Afghanistan, the speed of which has shocked many Afghans and other observers, has political, security, and humanitarian implications. The evacuation of U.S. citizens and Afghan partners is seen as of particular urgency."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs)
2021-08-16
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VA Now Processing Gulf War Veterans' Disability Claims for New Respiratory Presumptive Conditions [August 16, 2021]
From the Background: "On August 2, 2021, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) announced [hyperlink] it will begin processing disability claims for asthma [hyperlink], rhinitis [hyperlink], and sinusitis [hyperlink] on a presumptive basis due to presumed exposure to particulate matter (such as burn pit emissions) during servicemembers' deployment to Southwest Asia and certain other countries. This update in presumptive conditions comes after VA Secretary Denis McDonough informed Congress on June 16, 2021 [hyperlink], that he has 'recommended initiation of rulemaking to establish a presumption of service connection for respiratory conditions related to exposure to particulate matter and other airborne hazards, which may conclude [sic] such conditions as asthma, rhinitis, and sinusitis for Gulf War Veterans [hyperlink]. This decision was based on the first iteration of a newly formed internal VA process to review scientific evidence relating to exposures.' Less than two months later, on August 5, 2021, VA began to adjudicate veterans' claims for the aforementioned conditions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salazar, Heather M.
2021-08-16
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U.S. Census Bureau's Mishandling of a January 2020 Cybersecurity Incident Demonstrated Opportunities for Improvement [Redacted]
From the Report in Brief: "The objective of this audit was to assess the adequacy of the [U.S. Census] Bureau's process to respond to cybersecurity incidents according to federal and Departmental requirements."
United States. Department of Commerce. Office of the Inspector General
2021-08-16
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COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #62: COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes Among Healthcare Workers
From the Document: "The vaccination status of healthcare workers is of particular importance, for two key reasons: First, healthcare workers have been a harbinger of trends among the broader population through the entire vaccination campaign, as they were among the first to gain access to vaccines. The early inequalities in terms of access among healthcare workers were predictive of inequalities within the broader population. The divides in terms of vaccine skepticism presaged those of the broader population; and, as we will see below, the plateauing of vaccination rates anticipated the slowdown in vaccinations within the broader population. Second, the vaccine decisions of healthcare workers have particular ramifications with respect to the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], and, especially, with respect to morbidity and mortality resulting from COVID-19. In particular, unvaccinated healthcare workers are potentially a vector of infection of the elderly and the vulnerable, who have been vastly more likely to die of the disease"
Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .
Lazer, David; Qu, Hong; Ognyanova, Katherine . . .
2021-08-16
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Election Administration and Voting Survey 2020 Comprehensive Report: A Report from the U.S. Election Assistance Commission to the 117th Congress
From the Executive Summary: "Since 2004, the U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) has conducted the Election Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS) following each federal general election. The EAVS asks all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and five U.S. territories--American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands--to provide data about the ways Americans vote and how elections are administered. Since 2008, this project has included a separate survey, the Election Administration Policy Survey (Policy Survey), that collects information about state election laws, policies, and practices. The EAVS provides the most comprehensive source of state and local jurisdiction-level data about election administration in the United States. These data play a vital role in helping election officials, policymakers, and other election stakeholders identify trends, anticipate and respond to changing voter needs, invest resources to improve election administration and the voter experience, and better secure U.S. elections infrastructure. The EAVS data make it possible to examine the details of the U.S. election infrastructure and to produce a generalizable understanding of core aspects of the election process and the management challenges faced by election officials. The survey provides policymakers and the public with critical information every two years about how federal elections are conducted, and it helps the EAC fulfill its congressionally mandated reporting requirements."
United States. Election Assistance Commission
2021-08-16?
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 13, 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "West Nile Virus and Other Domestic Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases -- United States, 2019"; "Alternative Methods for Grouping Race and Ethnicity to Monitor COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Outcomes and Vaccination Coverage"; "Reduced Risk of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] After COVID-19 Vaccination -- Kentucky, May-June 2021"; "Rapid Increase in Circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant -- Mesa County, Colorado, April-June 2021"; "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing Hospitalization Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years -- COVID-NET [COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network], 13 States, February-April 2021"; and "Use of COVID-19 Vaccines After Reports of Adverse Events Among Adult Recipients of Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and mRNA [messenger ribonucleic acid] COVID-19 Vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna): Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices -- United States, July 2021."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-08-13
