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• Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4043, Whistleblower Protection Extension Act of 2017

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  From the Document: "H.R. 4043 would permanently extend the authority of all Inspector General (IG) offices to hire whistleblower protection ombudsmen. The specific authority to hire such employees has expired. Each of the 72 IG offices of the federal government currently have such an ombudsman. The bill also would create additional responsibilities for the ombudsmen and require additional reporting by IGs, agencies, and the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency (CIGIE). Information from CIGIE and some IGs indicates that most of the additional responsibilities and reporting requirements in the bill would not impose a significant administrative burden."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  2017-12-06
• Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4675, Low-Dose Radiation Research Act of 2017

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  From the Summary: "H.R. 4675 would authorize the appropriation of funds for the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Science to conduct basic research on low-dose radiation. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 4675 would cost $96 million over the 2018-2022 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  2018-01-18
• Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1869, Whistleblower Protection Coordination Act

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  From the Document: "S. 1869 would permanently extend the authority of all Inspector General (IG) offices to hire whistleblower protection ombudsmen. The specific authority to hire such employees has expired. Each of the 72 IG offices of the federal government currently have such an ombudsman. The bill also would create additional responsibilities for the ombudsmen and require additional reporting by IGs, agencies, and the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency (CIGIE). Information from CIGIE and some IGs indicates that most of the additional responsibilities and reporting requirements in the bill would not impose a significant administrative burden."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  2017-12-05
• Will FEMA Recommend Public Assistance Following a Disaster? Proposed Rulemaking [Updated April 8, 2022]

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  From the Document: "This Insight reviews the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) proposed rulemaking on assessing requests for Public Assistance (PA) for major disaster declarations under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act [hyperlink], P.L. 93-288, as amended). FEMA estimated that the rulemaking, if finalized, would significantly reduce PA obligations. The public comment period closed in April 2021. As of April 2022, FEMA reported to CRS [Congressional Research Service] that the agency's next action on the rule is undetermined, and that the 'does not expect to have a regulatory action' before December 10, 2022."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Lee, Erica A.

  2022-04-08
• Equity Action Plan Summary: U.S. Department of Agriculture

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  From the Document: "Since its inception, USDA has struggled to deliver its programs and services equitably. All too often, programs have been designed to benefit those with land, experience, money, and education while leaving behind those without means, resources, or privileges of one kind or another. [...] Because of the flawed design of programs as well as individual acts of discrimination, over the course of decades, many underserved producers have lost equipment, land, farm operations, and opportunities to train future generations of diverse producers. In some cases, they lost their family home and valued links to their culture, history, community, and identity. These losses have been devastating, and USDA must both take accountability for its role in the precipitous decline in the number of Black farmers in the United States and also for erecting barriers that have kept other underserved communities, including Native Americans, beginning farmers and ranchers, Veteran farmers and ranchers, refugees, farm workers, and other underrepresented groups from full and fair access to USDA programs and services, including but not limited to USDA farm programs. [...] USDA also plays a vital role in advancing nutrition security for underserved communities and supporting the 30 million adults and 12 million children who do not always have access to nutritious food. Over the course of the Biden-Harris Administration and beyond, USDA strives to institutionalize this emphasis on equity so that, with time, USDA becomes known as a trusted partner that does right by underserved communities and lives up to its name as The People's Department."

  United States. Department of Agriculture

  2022-04-11?
• Equity Action Plan Summary: U.S. Department of Commerce

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  From the Document: "DOC's [U.S. Department of Commerce's] new mission statement acknowledges that global competitiveness and a healthy democracy require that all communities have an opportunity to participate in the 21st century economy. In short, inclusive growth is good economics. We fail to meet our full potential as a nation if we aren't investing in all communities, workers, inventors, and entrepreneurs. We must harness the talents and strengths of all parts of the country, including women, people of color, and others who are too often left behind. DOC has laid the foundation for programing and policies that will reach a larger and more diverse audience and address key barriers to economic success for historically underserved communities. DOC is committed to creating a more equitable and inclusive economy through actions across five pillars: Investments (by supporting entrepreneurs from underserved communities to nurture their companies at critical stages of development and growth); Capabilities and Knowledge Sharing (developing tools and resources for underserved entrepreneurs to successfully operate their companies); Opportunities (funding, training, and technical assistance programs and by establishing partnerships so that underrepresented groups can contribute to the emerging technologies space); People (ensuring that people and families can thrive in their communities by realizing gains from their participation in the economy); and Service Delivery (Department services that are data-driven and strengthened to meet the needs of underrepresented groups)."

  United States. Department of Commerce

  2022-04-08?
• Equity Action Plan Summary: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

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  From the Document: "For VA [U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs], equity means intentionally committing to consistent and systematic fair, just and impartial treatment of all individuals and a just distribution of tools and resources to give veterans, including veterans who are members of underserved communities, what is required to enjoy a full, healthy life. In the 73 years since President Truman desegregated the military in 1948--making discrimination on the basis of race illegal in the armed forces - many forms of inequity persist in American society. VA is not excluded from the systemic injustices and inequities that pervade American society. For example, GI [government issue] Bill and loan guaranty programs were instrumental in economic prosperity and access to homeownership for veterans in the postwar years, but many Black veterans lacked the same level of access. Additionally, exclusionary policies such as Don't Ask, Don't Tell affected LGBTQI+ [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex +] service members and led to the involuntary separation and denial of benefits for many LGBTQI+ veterans. Other instances of inequities faced by underserved veterans include disparities in claim rejection rates, unequal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compensation rates, and address discipline and discharge disparities faced by underserved veterans."

  United States. Department of Veterans Affairs

  2022-04-08?
• Equity Action Plan Summary: U.S. Department of Defense

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  From the Document: "The military community and military families are proudly diverse. One of the most important ways DoD is advancing equity for underserved communities is by enhancing support for military families and addressing the barriers underserved military families face in achieving economic security and health equity. At the same time, while the Department of Defense has historically focused on increasing equity for those within the DoD community, the collective actions described in this plan represent a shift in the Department's approach and focus to better ensure that we leverage our capabilities to create opportunities for all Americans, including for small, disadvantaged businesses, and to ensure that all qualified Americans can serve their country in uniform."

  United States. Department of Defense

  2022-04-15?
• Equity Action Plan Summary: Social Security Administration

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  From the Document: "The vision of SSA [U.S. Social Security Administration] is to provide income security for the diverse communities the agency serves, including those in underserved communities, people with disabilities, workers, and their families. SSA delivers vital services that are a critical part of our nation's social safety net. For underserved communities who are at greater risk of financial insecurity and persistent poverty, SSA's programs have outsized importance. Social Security is part of the retirement plan for almost every American worker. It provides replacement income for qualified retirees and their families. For retirees of color, especially women of color, who are more likely to experience occupational segregation and lower earnings in the workplace, these retirement benefits play a critical role in addressing poverty among older adults. The Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs provide assistance to people with disabilities and can support the economic security and prosperity of people with disabilities who are more likely to face denial of economic opportunity and workplace discrimination. Social Security survivors benefits are paid to widows, widowers, and dependents of eligible workers. This benefit is particularly important for young families with children and can help ensure the stability of families who lose a provider."

  United States. Social Security Administration

  2022-04-11?
• Equity Action Plan Summary: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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  From the Document: "NASA stands poised to usher in a bold new era of discovery - preparing to return astronauts, including the first woman and first person of color, to the Moon and open the way for human exploration of Mars; launching new science missions to explore the depths of the universe; and working to enrich lives and protect resources on Earth. Yet, one of our biggest challenges lies here at home. As NASA ushers in the third great era of human space exploration, NASA also will take on a renewed challenge of advancing equity by working to recognize and overcome the visible and invisible systemic barriers that hinder equitable, inclusive access - by individuals or communities - to the government programs, resources, and opportunities that make all of NASA's work possible. To chart America's course in space, NASA must first embrace and empower the whole of our nation here at home. NASA will anchor equity as a core component in every mission to inspire a new, more inclusive generation. NASA will seize the opportunity to make limitless the potential of all Americans, and uphold the legacies of Katherine Johnson and Mary Jackson, of Sally Ride, Ronald McNair, Mae Jemison, and Soichi Noguchi, in all NASA's future endeavors."

  United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

  2022-04-08?
• Equity Action Plan Summary: National Science Foundation

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  From the Document: "To promote the progress of science and maintain our Nation's scientific leadership and global competitiveness, the United States must educate, train, and retain more scientists, engineers, and computer scientists. Historically, underrepresented and underserved communities are the largest untapped Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) talent pools in the U.S. As such, NSF [National Science Foundation] strives to encourage the full participation of all Americans and to remove barriers to their success. NSF will advance strategies to ensure all sectors of society have the opportunity to contribute to the scientific enterprise."

  National Science Foundation (U.S.)

  2022-04-08?
• Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Viewpoints with Former Department of Homeland Security Acting Secretary Chad Wolf [video]

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  From the Webpage: "In this Viewpoints, former Department of Homeland Security acting secretary Chad Wolf discusses his experience leading the department for four years, including what all DHS does, as well as the policies, strategies, opportunities, and challenges that were implemented and pursued while he was there. While at DHS, Wolf oversaw the response to historic hurricane and wildfire seasons, immigration and border security challenges, and counter-terrorism issues, among other initiatives. Wolf, who started his public service career as a U.S. Senate legislative aide more than two decades ago, was evacuated from the Senate Office Building during the morning of 9/11 and says that experience had a profound effect on his professional outlook. He joined the newly formed Transportation Safety Administration shortly afterward in early 2002 and is now president of Wolf Global Advisors." The duration of this video is 32 minutes and 59 seconds.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Wolf, Chad Fredrick, 1976-

  2021-08-09
• Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Teaching Emergency Management at UASEM [video]

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  From the Webpage: "Sal Puglisi, a teacher with the Urban Assembly School of Emergency Management [hyperlink] talks about the mission of the school and shares the impact of teaching emergency management in fun, engaging ways." The duration of this video is 12 minutes and 25 seconds.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Puglisi, Sal

  2021-11-17
• Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Crisis Lawyering in Emergency Management [video]

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  From the Webpage: "Ella Carlberg, Senior Advisor of Homeland Security for the Swedish Embassy and the U.S., discusses 'Crisis Lawyering,' the emerging field of legal practice that adds lawyers to crisis management response teams in the early stages of a disaster. Carlberg, recognizing a need for lawyers in crisis situations, works to prepare lawyers at the Swedish Defense University for the fast pace and unknowns of crisis lawyering. Carlberg advocates for the inclusion of lawyers in crisis operations at the local, state, and federal levels." The duration of this video is 17 minutes and 26 seconds.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Carlberg, Ella

  2021-12-14
• Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Guarding Against High-Rise Active Shooters [video]

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  From the Webpage Description: "NPS-CHDS [Naval Postgraduate School - Center for Homeland Defense and Security] master's alumnus Jim Seebock, Captain of Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, discusses the evolution of his thesis. When the October 2017 Vegas Shootings occurred, he sensed a need to redirect the focus of his thesis research. The result was 'Responding to High-Rise Active Shooters' [hyperlink] which has identified gaps in the active-shooter response strategies that were established after the Columbine High School mass shootings. Jim's thesis ultimately provides recommendations for new strategies that take into account the threat of an active shooter positioned in or atop high-rise structures." The duration of this video is 10 minutes and 58 seconds. The CHDS thesis is available at: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=821375]

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Seebock, James J.

  2019-02-11
• COVID-19: Current and Future Federal Preparedness Requires Fixes to Improve Health Data and Address Improper Payments, Report to Congressional Committees

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  From the Highlights: "By the end of March 2022, the U.S. had about 80 million reported cases of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and over 980,000 reported deaths, according to CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]. The country also experiences lingering economic repercussions related to the pandemic, including rising inflation and ongoing supply chain disruptions. As of February 28, 2022 (the most recent date for which data were available), the federal government had obligated $4.2 trillion and expended $3.6 trillion for pandemic relief. These amounts reflect 91 and 79 percent, respectively, of the total amount of COVID-19 relief funds provided by the CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act and five other relief laws. The CARES Act includes a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to report on its ongoing monitoring and oversight efforts related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This report--GAO's 10th comprehensive report--examines the federal government's continued efforts to respond to, and recover from, the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, GAO's March 17, 2022 testimony included 10 new legislative suggestions to enhance the transparency and accountability of federal spending, which we reiterate here."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2022-04
• Iran's Power Projection Capability, Hearing Before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session, November 5, 2015

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  This is a testimony compilation of the November 5, 2015 hearing "Iran's Power Projection Capability," held before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. From the Committee website: "PURPOSE: (1) To examine Iran's capability to project power by reviewing Iran's military arsenal, financing, training, and arming of proxy groups in the region. (2) To expose how those capabilities may advance as a result of increased funding from sanctions relief. (3) To seek answers to critical questions about how the U.S. should be prepared to defend national security interests in the Middle East and at home against Iran's advancement in power projection as a result of sanctions relief." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Thomas McInerney, Jonathan Schanzer, Steven Bucci, and Alireza Nader.

  United States. Congress. House. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (2007-)

  2015-11-05
• U.S. Response to North Korea's Nuclear Provocations, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, Second Session, January 13, 2016

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  This is the January 13, 2016 hearing on "U.S. Response to North Korea's Nuclear Provocations" held before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific. From the opening statement of Matt Salmon: "On the evening of January 6, North Korea likely conducted its fourth nuclear weapons test. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un claimed that the test was a fusion reactive hydrogen bomb. Most experts are skeptical, given seismic evidence and North Korea's penchant for overstatement. But it is, nonetheless, incredibly concerning. We convene this hearing today not only to join the international community in condemning the test, but to work to find a feasible lasting solution to address the North Korean nuclear threat. For many in the United States, if we think of North Korea it is usually the butt of a joke, reference to either The Interview or Team America movies. Despite repeated calls from both respectable civilian thinkers and top military leadership citing North Korea as a top threat in the Pacific theater, North Korea seems to have been off the Obama administration's radar. Instead, they have dismissed the imminent threat by employing its so-called ''strategy of patience''--or, excuse me, ''strategic patience.'' For our allies in the region, North Korean provocations mean so much more, and it should for the United States as well." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Victor Cha, Bruce Klingner, and Bonnie Glaser.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2016
• Nuclear Energy Innovation and the National Labs, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session, May 13, 2015

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  This is the May 13, 2015 hearing entitled "Nuclear Energy Innovation and the National Labs," held before the Subcommittee on Energy of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the opening statement of subcommittee chairman Randy Weber: "Today's hearing will focus on the Department of Energy's National Laboratories' research capabilities, and the working relationship with the private sector to advance nuclear energy technology, both fission and fusion. The Department of Energy owns 17 national laboratories, 16 of which are operated by contractors as federally funded research and development centers. The government owned contractor operated model allows the labs flexibility to think outside of the box when tackling fundamental scientific challenges. The Department of Energy labs grew out of the Manhattan Project, and today provide the critical R&D [research and development] infrastructure that will enable researchers in academia and the private sector to develop the technologies of tomorrow. It's pretty clear that the challenges in nuclear science can be quite complicated, and we'll hear more about that from our expert witnesses on our panel today. That said, not being a nuclear physicist or anything of that sort, I'm going to do my best to simplify what we intend to discuss in today's hearing. We hope to get a better understanding of what the DOE labs do, and how their unique research machines and talented group of researches can enable companies to develop new products. This is especially relevant for nuclear energy R&D, which requires large up-front costs, but may lead to revolutionary technology with long term rewards." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Mark Peters, Frank Batten, Nathan Gilliland, and John Parmentola.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2015
• Pressuring North Korea: Evaluating Options, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House Of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, March 21, 2017

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  This is the March 21, 2017 hearing titled, "Pressuring North Korea: Evaluating Options," held before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. From the opening statement of Ted Yoho, U.S. Representative from Florida and Chairman of the Subcommittee: "We are meeting today during what is probably the most significant shift in U.S. policy toward North Korea since it began its illicit nuclear program. The new administration has shown a willingness to embrace new thinking on the North Korea issue, and my goal for today's hearing is to discuss ways Congress can continue to drive a policy on North Korea that finally implements all the tools we have available. [...] Secretary of State Tillerson left the world's media breathless last week when he restated that all options are on the table regarding North Korea, implying military options. His next statement that we have had many, many steps we can take before we get to that point, received less attention, but was really actually more significant. This is what I hope to focus on today: The many unused or incompletely implemented tools that we can use before the last resort of military action, something none of us would like to see. North Korea's nuclear program has never been a bigger threat, and we need to respond with all the tools at our disposal." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Bruce Klingner, Sung-Yoon Lee, and Anthony Ruggiero.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017
• Nuclear Nonproliferation and Naval Reactors: Hearing Before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, February 26, 2013

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  This testimony compilation is from the February 26, 2013 hearing, "Nuclear Nonproliferation and Naval Reactors," before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies. From the opening statement of Rodney P. Frelinghuysen: "We opened our hearing season a few weeks ago by examining what I consider to be the most critical responsibility of the Department of Energy: your programs to sustain our nuclear weapons stockpile. Today, we will explore the Department's two other major national defense programs: nuclear nonproliferation, and naval reactors. […] Our nonproliferation programs are able to operate thanks to the strategic stability that our nuclear triad has provided for this country and our allies for over 60 years now. The programs of naval reactors support the most stealthy, enduring leg of that triad -- our submarines. They also ensure that our aircraft carriers have the power to provide American air superiority were needed to keep the peace -- and respond to trouble if it arises." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Rodney P. Frelinghuysen, Neile Miller, Anne Harrington, and John M. Richardson.

  United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations

  2013-02-26
• Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Leading Through Chaos [video]

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  From the Webpage: "Retired National Guard Brigadier General Mike McDaniel, a [Center for Homeland Defense and Security Naval Postgraduate School] master's degree alumnus, discusses his role in addressing the water crisis in Flint, Michigan. A change in the source of the city's water supply resulted in discolored drinking water with high levels of toxins, resulting in furor and making national headlines in the fall of 2015. Now Dean of the Western Michigan University Cooley Law School, McDaniel was brought in by Flint Mayor Karen e in February 2016 to oversee the Flint Action and Sustainability Team Start program to retool the water system. McDaniel talks about the importance of understanding risk when making public decisions, the importance of communication and building partnerships when staff and resources are thin, how communicating with the public is critical and how adaptation is key." The duration of this video is 27 minutes and 30 seconds.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  McDaniel, Michael C. (Michael C. H.); Issvoran, Heather

  2018-07-20
• Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Effective Short Talks [video]

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  From the Video Description: "In this Viewpoints, Hayley Foster, an expert on short talks popularized by TED conferences in recent years, discusses tips to help people deliver their message succinctly. She suggests avoiding message overload for experts who may want to cram too much information into a talk; says analytical types unaccustomed to writing think of their speech as building a model, and urges shy people to think about the 'why' of their speech to overcome apprehensiveness. Moreover, she suggests a strong introduction to grab attention and a conclusion that has a memorable takeaway phrase." The duration of the video is 6 minutes and 49 seconds.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Foster, Hayley

  2017-12-19
• Case Study: China's Economic Coercion Against Intel, Sam's Club, and Walmart

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  From the Document: "This report is part of the Commission's effort to monitor China's repression of human rights in the United States and globally. In December 2021, Chinese internet users publicly criticized U.S. companies Intel, Sam's Club, and Sam's Club's parent company Walmart after Intel asked suppliers to stop sourcing from Xinjiang and after Sam's Club products sourced from Xinjiang disappeared from shelves and online shopping sites in China. Some consumers in China also boycotted Sam's Club. Chinese Communist Party and government sources, including the Global Times, Communist Youth League, and the Party and government's highest-level disciplinary bodies, said publicly that Chinese consumers were justified in boycotting Sam's Club and warned that there would be economic consequences for the three companies. Such statements were consistent with prior cases of China's economic coercion, in which Chinese authorities punished foreign companies and other organizations whose speech or actions did not align with Party and government political priorities. In one December 2021 article, the Global Times discussed the possibility of creating a counter-sanctions mechanism using the PRC [People's Republic of China] Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, raising concerns about its potential application against companies that do not comply with Party and government political priorities."

  United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China

  2022-04-14
• Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Local Politicians and Law Enforcement [video]

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  From the Video Description: "CHDS [Center for Homeland Defense and Security] Alum Kimbley Craig, a Councilwoman for California's 5th District, and Major Manny Morales of the Miami Police Department discuss how law enforcement and local politicians can work together more effectively. Public safety is a shared responsibility, as law enforcement personnel must have the tools and manpower to create safe communities. Policymakers must be cognizant of that while still maintaining resources for infrastructure, education and other community necessities. Building trust between these two groups can be challenging, but is essential to a build a safe and cohesive place to live for all residents." The duration of the video is 15 minutes and 3 seconds.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Craig, Kimbley; Morales, Manuel A.

  2017-09-14
• U.S. Sanctions on Russia [Updated January 17, 2020]

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  From the Document: "Sanctions are a central element of U.S. policy to counter and deter malign Russian behavior. The United States has imposed sanctions on Russia mainly in response to Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, to reverse and deter further Russian aggression in Ukraine, and to deter Russian aggression against other countries. The United States also has imposed sanctions on Russia in response to (and to deter) election interference and other malicious cyber-enabled activities, human rights abuses, the use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, and support to Syria and Venezuela. Most Members of Congress support a robust use of sanctions amid concerns about Russia's international behavior and geostrategic intentions."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Welt, Cory; Archick, Kristin; Nelson, Rebecca M. . . .

  2020-01-17
• Brexit: Status and Outlook [Updated January 13, 2020]

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  From the Document: "After the 2016 referendum in which 52% of voters in the United Kingdom (UK) favored leaving the European Union (EU), 'Brexit' was originally scheduled to occur on March 29, 2019. In early 2019, Parliament repeatedly rejected the withdrawal agreement negotiated between then-Prime Minister Theresa May's government and the EU. Boris Johnson became prime minister in July 2019, following May's resignation. Given continued political deadlock over Brexit in the UK, the EU granted the UK three deadline extensions, with the most recent lasting until January 31, 2020."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Mix, Derek E.; Archick, Kristin; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias

  2020-01-13
• Brexit: Status and Outlook [Updated February 13, 2020]

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  From the Document: "The United Kingdom (UK) formally withdrew from membership in the European Union (EU) on January 31, 2020. Under the withdrawal agreement negotiated by the two sides, the UK is to continue applying EU rules during a transition period scheduled to run through the end of 2020. During the transition period, the UK and the EU are expected to begin negotiating the terms of their future relationship, including trade and economic relations as well as cooperation on foreign policy, security, and a range of other issues."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Mix, Derek E.; Archick, Kristin; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias

  2020-02-13
• China's Dreadnought? The PLA Navy's Type 055 Cruiser and Its Implications for the Future Maritime Security Environment

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  From the Summary: "China's naval modernization, a process that has been underway in earnest for three decades, is now hitting its stride. The advent of the Type 055 cruiser firmly places the PLAN [People's Liberation Army Navy] among the world's very top naval services. This study, which draws upon a unique set of Chinese-language writings, offers the first comprehensive look at this new, large surface combatant. It reveals a ship that has a stealthy design, along with a potent and seemingly well-integrated sensor suite. With 112 VLS [vertical launching systems] cells, moreover, China's new cruiser represents a large magazine capacity increase over legacy surface combatants. Its lethality might also be augmented as new, cutting edge weaponry could later be added to the accommodating design. This vessel, therefore, provides very substantial naval capability to escort Chinese carrier groups, protect Beijing's long sea lanes, and take Chinese naval diplomacy to an entirely new and daunting level. Even more significant perhaps, the Type 055 will markedly expand the range and firepower of the PLAN and this could substantially impact myriad potential conflict scenarios, from the Indian Ocean to the Korean Peninsula and many in between. This study of Type 055 development, moreover, does yield evidence that Chinese naval strategists are acutely aware of major dilemmas confronting the U.S. Navy surface fleet."

  Naval War College (U.S.). China Maritime Studies Institute

  Caldwell, Daniel W.; Freda, Joseph T.; Goldstein, Lyle

  2020-02
• Recent U.S. Airstrikes: Legal Authorities and Questions [January 8, 2020]

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  From the Document: "Recent U.S. airstrikes in Iraq and Syria have raised legal questions concerning the scope of the President's power to use force against Iran and Iran-backed organizations. In late December, U.S. forces conducted airstrikes against five facilities in Iraq and Syria used by Kata'ib Hizbollah--an entity with ties to Iran designated by the Department of State as a foreign terrorist organization. According to a Department of Defense (DOD) statement, the strikes came in response to attacks on military bases in Iraq that host U.S. forces engaged in the campaign to defeat the Islamic State. [...] This Sidebar examines the President's domestic legal authority to initiate military action under the two sources cited in the National Security Advisor's statement: the Constitution and the 2002 authorization for use of military force related to Iraq (2002 AUMF). Although not discussed in O'Brien's statement, this Sidebar also examines the implications of the ban on assassinations in Executive Order 12333 as well as the international legal framework governing the strikes."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Mulligan, Stephen P.; Elsea, Jennifer

  2020-01-08