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National Security Decision Directive 230: The Annual Report on Nuclear Weapons Surety
National Security Decision Directive 230 approves the Joint Department of Defense/Department of Energy (DOD/DOE) Annual Report on Nuclear Weapons Surety for 1985 and directs for the 1986 Annual report to continue to cover the following major activities: Nuclear weapons security; Nuclear weapons safety; Nuclear weapons control/use denial; Personnel reliability assurance programs; Emergency response; and Inspection/evaluation programs.
United States. White House Office
1986-07-08
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Technologies for NATO's Follow-On Forces Attack Concept
This report is an unclassified version of OTA's Special Report, "Technologies for NATO's Followon Forces Attack Concept." It contains primarily the executive summary of the classified report, as well as the chapter on delivery systems and munitions, with classified material removed. The detailed discussions of other areas--particularly surveillance systems and the threat--were omitted because little more than what appears in the summary could be said in an unclassified report.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1986-07
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Organizational Behavior in Disasters and Implications for Disaster Planning
"This monograph explores issues surrounding organizational behavior in disasters and its implications for future disaster planning. Emphasized are misconceptions about human and organizational behavior during large- and small-scale disasters, mythological beliefs that weaken disaster plans because they are not based on scientific evidence, and general principles that can be applied to enhance the effectiveness of disaster preparedness planning for natural and technological hazards."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Quarantelli, E. L. (Enrico Louis), 1924-
1986-07
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Annual Summary: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1985
"A summary of the 1985 hurricane season is presented, including detailed accounts of individual hurricanes. There were eleven named tropical cyclones, seven of which reached hurricane force. A record-tying six hurricanes crossed the U.S. coastline causing a record damage of $4 billion."
National Hurricane Center (2012- )
Case, Robert A.
1986-07
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Conspiracy Theory of Terrorism: Analysis and Application
"The conspiracy theory of terrorism is one of many theories which attempt to explain terrorism. The literature relating to conspiracy theory is fragmented and opinionated, causing problems in understanding the positions of those who attest to conspiracy theory. This thesis consolidates much of the literature and relates the impact of conspiracy theory ideology to the political decision-making process. This study analyzes literature from the two opposing viewpoints of the conspiracy theory of terrorism. The data is obtained primarily through books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, and government documents. The opposing viewpoints of conspiracy theory are both supported in the literature. Terrorism has become a source of power in politics. There are many similarities in the decision-making processes used by the two sides. The conspiracy theory of terrorism may or may not be valid, but it has contributed to the beliefs and actions of many governments and people in powerful decision-making roles."
Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)
Beecroft, David Raymond
1986-06-30
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American Civil Defense 1945-1984: The Evolution of Programs and Policies
"Many emergency managers - especially those new to the emergency management profession - may not be aware of the dynamics that have affected the evolution of civil defense policies and programs. This monograph explores that evolution from a national defense, and civil defense, policy perspective. Those emergency managers who are not new to the profession may find this monograph particularly informative in that it explains the reasons behind some of the sudden, and often confusing, policy shifts that have occurred during the past 40 years? This monograph provides an opportunity for all emergency management personnel to understand the conflicts surrounding civil defense at the federal level, and the interrelationship of technology, defense policy, and civil defense policy. It is a summary of a doctoral dissertation on the history of post World War II civil defense in the U.S. written in 1980 and updated in 1984 by Dr. William K. Chipman, Chief, Civil Defense Division, Office of Civil Preparedness, National Preparedness Programs, of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Recent movies on network and cable television have sparked significant public interest in the subject of civil defense. Similarly, reports in the news media regarding massive civil defense efforts by the Soviet Union have created interest in this Country's state of readiness. Not only does this monograph tell us where we are, but it also explains how we got here."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Blanchard, B. Wayne
1986-07
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Strategic Defense Initiative Program: Controls Needed Over Construction and Operational Support Funds: Report to the Secretary of Defense
The objective of this report was to determine if adequate management controls were in place to identify, plan, review, approve, and notify the Congress of Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO)-funded construction projects. The report finds that (1) contrary to law, SDIO did not notify the Congress in advance of the expenditure of funds for a construction project that was not previously authorized, (2) contrary to a Department of Defense (DOD) directive, SDIO did not notify the Congress in advance of the expenditure of funds for a construction project at a contractor owned and operated facility undertaken with Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) funds, and (3) agencies involved in SDI research used RDT&E funds for 'projects when Military Construction funds should have been used. This occurred because SDIO did not receive adequate or timely information about construction projects from the SDI research agencies.
United States. General Accounting Office
1986-07
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H. Rept. 99-647: Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Report to Accompany H.R. 4952, June 19, 1986
"The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 4952) to amend title 18, United States Code, with respect to the interception of certain communications, other forms of surveillance, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass."
United States. Government Printing Office
1986-06-19
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Military Airlift: Information on DoD's Chartering with Commercial Air Carriers, Briefing Report to Congressional Requesters
Pursuant to congressional requests to evaluate military commercial charter operations following a December 1985 crash, GAO assessed: (1) the Department of Defense's (DOD) policies and procedures to charter commercial aircraft; (2) DOD and Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) oversight procedures to monitor carrier performance; and (3) a DOD study of passenger airlift policies and procedures. GAO was also asked to obtain data on DOD and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airport security evaluations and monitor and report on the investigation of the crash. GAO believes that there is a need for: (1) DOD to strengthen its contracting procedures to ensure that charter airlines and air-taxi operators follow flight quality and safety requirements; (2) DOD to improve its monitoring of charter and air taxi operators; (3) DOD and FAA to improve their communication so that each has access to necessary information; (4) DOD and FAA to coordinate their airport security evaluation programs; and (5) the State Department to encourage MFO to develop better contracting and monitoring procedures that stress flight safety. GAO concurred with the observations made by the DOD group that studied DOD air passenger travel and concluded that the study's recommendations would improve DOD commercial airlift operations.
United States. General Accounting Office
1986-06-12
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United States Coast Guard Commandant Instruction M3010.14: Civil Disturbances Support Plan, Coast Guard
"This manual instruction provides policy and guidance for the preparation and execution of plans to support the Army in executing its Civil Disturbance Plan (GARDEN PLOT). CG-368-1, Coast Guard Civil Disturbances Preparedness Plan (COGARD-CDPP), is canceled."
United States. Coast Guard
1986-05-27
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Civil Disturbances Support Plan, Coast Guard (COGARD Garden Plot)
"This manual instruction provides policy and guidance for the preparation and execution of plans to support the Army in executing its Civil Disturbance Plan (GARDEN PLOT) (reference (a))."
United States. Coast Guard
1986-05-27
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Machine Tools and National Security
It is the policy of the United States to maintain a broadly based deterrent against different types of conflict. In this regard, the U.S. defense industrial base is a critical component of conventional and strategic defense.
National Security Council (U.S.)
1986-05-21
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National Security Decision Directive 226: Machine Tools and National Security
From the Document: "It is the policy of the United States to maintain a broadly based deterrent against different types of conflict. In this regard, the U.S. defense industrial base is a critical component of conventional and strategic deterrence. [...] On March 17, 1986, the Secretary of Commerce forwarded a report on the effect of machine tool imports on the national security that was prepared under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended. This study was based on current Administration national security policy and included analysis developed by an interagency task force. The Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and other relevant Administration officials, indicated that the machine tool industry is a small yet vital component of the U.S. defense base. The Secretary of Commerce further indicated that high levels of imports can erode U.S. capabilities to manufacture critical machine tool product lines. I have reviewed the Secretary of Commerce's report on the impact of imports of machine tools on the national security and considered the information on this issue presented at the National Security Council Meeting."
United States. White House Office
1986-05-21
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Trends in Conventional Arms Transfers to the Third World by Major Supplier, 1978-1985 [May 9, 1986]
"This report provides unclassified background data on transfers of conventional armaments to Third World nations by the major supplying nations. It covers the years from 1978-1985 and reviews in detail the values of arms transfer agreements and deliveries, as well as the specific numbers of important conventional weapons delivered to the Third World during this time period."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Grimmett, Richard F.
1986-05-09
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Conflict Environment Task Force (Implications of Third World Urban Involvement
"The Defense Science Board Conflict Environment Task Force was formed at the request of General John W. Vessey, USA, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff in February 1985. It was charged [...] to examine problems of support for control and management of large urban areas, especially in the Third World, but not issues of military seizure and defense. [...] We were posed four questions. What are the control and management implications of existing, albeit possibly damaged, elements of the urban infrastructure--physical, economic and social? What are current DoD capabilities in the areas of intelligence, engineering, civil affairs and psychological operations? How good is the fit between U.S. operational concepts, capabilities and Third World urban realities? What changes are needed in those concepts and capabilities? [...] History tells us that the most likely situations U.S. forces will face abroad are those we now label (perhaps euphemistically) as low intensity conflicts and used to call 'small wars' or 'military expeditions short of war.' These interventions usually take place in the Third World, which is substantially urbanized and increasingly so. Avoiding passage through, use of, or presence in Third World cities may amount to avoiding intervention. [...] Much of what will happen in the urban area lies well outside the control of U.S., forces or the U.S. Government. That makes it all the more important to foster realistic anticipation of what is likely to happen in the urban area and contribute to influence at the margin open to the U.S."
United States. Defense Science Board; United States. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
1986-05
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National Security Decision Directive 221: Narcotics and National Security
From the Document: "The purpose of National Security Decision Directive 221 is to identify the impact of the international narcotics trade upon U.S. national security, and to direct specific actions to increase the effectiveness of U.S. counter-narcotics efforts to enhance our national security."
United States. White House Office
1986-04-08
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Crisis Relocation and Nuclear Deterrence
"The protection of our civilian population has been considered a basic responsibility of our government since the writing of our Constitution. One of the purposes of the Union defined in the Preamble to the Constitution is 'to provide for the common defense'. It is difficult to think of defense without making every effort toward protecting what is most important: the lives of the people. The difficulty of providing adequate protection to the civilian population with some kind of civil defense program is magnified by the technology available in the nuclear age. The United States expanded their civil defense program in the 1950's to include a measure of protection in the event of the explosion of nuclear devices. However, the history of the United States civil defense program has been generally characterized by inadequate funding and little interest at all levels of government. Most recently, our civil defense program has been associated and considered a component of our nuclear deterrence. Under the direction of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), our government will rely on crisis relocation as the primary means of protecting the population in the event of a nuclear attack or detonation. This plan envisions the evacuation of the population from high risk areas to safer host areas. Does crisis relocation provide our country with a credible component to our nuclear deterrence? Do our leaders and citizens have confidence in our nation's ability to protect our civilian population? Have our leaders been completely forthright in preparing the population for the possibility of a nuclear war? These and related issues are discussed in this essay."
Army War College (U.S.)
Kiser, Joshua L.
1986-04-07
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Attitude Survey: Police and Fire Service Integration
"The purpose of this study is to further the existing research into the area of consolidation of some or all of the emergency services on an Air Force installation. In the context of this work, these 'emergency services' will generally include the fire department (fire protection branch), security police, disaster preparedness, and ground safety. A 1983 research project completed by a student of the Air Command and Staff College indicated certain organizational changes would result in a more efficient use of manpower with an associated reduction in costs. The research question now under examination is whether or not there is sufficient support within the affected career fields to suggest that a pilot program of the consolidation concept be implemented."
Air University (U.S.). Air Command and Staff College
Hoffmaster, Jan C.
1986-04
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Provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985
"The Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198) establishes a comprehensive framework within which the Secretary of Agriculture will administer agriculture and food programs from 1986 through 1990. This report describes the act's provisions for dairy, wool and mohair, wheat, feed grains, cotton, rice, peanuts, soybeans, and sugar (including income and price supports, disaster payments, and acreage reductions); other general commodity provisions; trade; conservation; research, extension, and teaching; food stamps; and marketings. These provisions are compared with earlier legislation."
United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service
Glaser, Lewrene K.
1986-04
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Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum 86-1: Adjustment of Status and Creation of Record of Lawful Permanent Residence, Other INS Forms and Background Investigations
"Adjustment of Status and Creation of Record of Lawful Permanent Residence. It has recently come to my attention that a significant inconsistency exists among Immigration Judges with regard to the role of INS [Immigration and Naturalization Service] Form I-181 (Memorandum of Creation of Record of Lawful Permanent Residence) in our proceedings, and I want to clearly establish our policy on this subject. Effective immediately, when an Immigration Judge grants adjustment of status pursuant to the statute and appropriate regulations, the Judge will issue a legible form order reflecting the decision, which order shall include, and may be limited to, the following language: 'It is hereby ordered that Respondent's/Applicant's application for Adjustment of Status under the Immigration and Nationality Act to that of a Lawful Permanent Resident is granted, and that Respondent/Applicant be issued all appropriate documents necessary to give effect to this Order.' By granting adjustment of status during proceedings, the Immigration Judge has rendered a decision over matters fully within the Judge's jurisdiction. This is not merely a recommendation to INS (as suggested on Form I-181), but an appealable order based on substantive legal authority and the exercise of judicial discretion."
United States. Department of Justice. Executive Office for Immigration Review
Robie, William R.
1986-03-14
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Executive Order 12555: Protection of Cultural Property
"By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (Title III of Public Law 97-446; hereinafter referred to as the 'Act'), and Section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. The following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Director of the United States Information Agency, acting in consultation with the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Reagan, Ronald
1986-03-10
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National Security Decision Directive 216: FY 1986-1991 Nuclear Weapons Stockpile
National Security Decision Directive 216 approved the Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Plan for the fiscal years 1986 through 1991.
United States. White House Office
1986-03-04
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Transportation of Hazardous Materials: State and Local Activities, A Special Report
"Historically, the Federal Government has taken a lead role in regulation of hazardous materials transportation and safety enforcement. State and local governments, however, are assuming greater responsibilities in this area, prompted by a growing awareness of the dangers posed by hazardous materials transportation and recognition that emergency response- at least initially-almost always falls to State and local agencies. The Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, mindful of heightened public concern about chemical spills and accidents involving radioactive materials and toxic substances, requested that the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) undertake a study of hazardous materials transportation. The study, directed specifically at the issues of container technology, accident data collection and recordkeeping, and training programs for personnel involved in hazardous materials transportation or in emergency response to hazardous materials accidents, will be completed in early 1986. This review of State and local activities provides background information for analysis of the issues to be addressed in the larger study."
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1986-03
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Transportation of Hazardous Materials: State and Local Activities
"First passed in 1974 and largely unchanged for the past decade, the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act must be reauthorized by Congress in 1986. During the past dozen years, the transportation industries have been deregulated, the U.S. economy has weathered a major recession and recovered in a new and different form, and public awareness of possible damage from hazardous materials has been heightened by such events as the San Francisco Caldecott Tunnel fire and the thousands of deaths and injuries in Bhopal, India. At present, no one knows for certain the total quantities and types of hazardous materials that are transported, confusion exists over how safe the transportation process is or ought to be, the public needs better information, and emergency response personnel need training. In light of these and other factors, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation requested the Office of Technology Assessment [OTA] to undertake a study of the transportation of hazardous materials. The study results will be presented in two documents. This special report, Transportation of Hazardous Materials: State and Local Activities, is the first of the two. It summarizes Federal programs and identifies three major areas of State and local government concern: prevention and enforcement activities, emergency response and training, and planning and data gathering. The report outlines related issues, describes methods by which jurisdictions are responding to them, and documents the concerns that the Federal Government could address. The second document will be submitted to Congress mid-1986. OTA is pleased to provide this special report, which should be of substantial value to Congress, as well as to State and local officials and hazardous materials personnel."
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1986-03
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Unified National Program for Floodplain Management
"This report sets forth a conceptual framework and identifies strategies fundamental to implementing a balanced approach to floodplain management. The report was prepared by a task force of Federal agencies and submitted by the President to Congress."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; National Flood Insurance Program (U.S.)
1986-03
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Background Issues Concerning Soviet Foreign Policy and Syrian Initiatives in the Middle East
The complexities of the contemporary Middle East have frustrated policymakers since the conclusion of World War II. Both superpowers seek regional influence, often at the expense of the other. This research identifies the Soviet's three fundamental foreign policy goals as (1) national security of the homeland on its southern flank, (2) exclusion of Western influence in the area, and (3) simultaneous growth of Soviet influence and presence. Syria has emerged as the principal Soviet client state within the region. Its foreign policy and relationship to the Soviets are at the focal point of most regional issues. The author examines the Russian-Syrian entente and provides a proposal to resolve the regional dilemmas. This proposal calls for realignment of political control over the West Bank of Jordan, The Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Burch, John C.
1986-03
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Executive Order 12547: Establishing Procedures for Facilitating Presidential Review of International Aviation Decisions Submitted by the Department of Transportation
This executive order establishes procedures for facilitating presidential review of international aviation decisions submitted by the Department of Transportation. "Except as otherwise provided in this section, decisions of the Department of Transportation (hereinafter referred to as the "DOT) transmitted to the Resident pursuant to Section 801 of the Federal Aviation Act, as amended, may be made available by the DOT for public inspection and copying following submission to the President. In the interests of national security, and in order to allow for consideration of appropriate action under Executive Order No. 12356, decisions of the DOT transmitted to the President under Section 801 shall be withheld from public disclosure for a period not to exceed five days after submission to the President."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Reagan, Ronald
1986-02-06
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Public Report of the Vice President's Task Force on Combating Terrorism
From the Document: "Our Task Force was briefed by more than 25 government agencies, visited 14 operations centers to observe our capability firsthand, met with over 100 statesmen, military officers, scholars and law enforcement officials, and traveled to embassies and military commands throughout the world where discussions with both U.S. and foreign officials were conducted. I personally met with many members of Congress, airline chief executive officers, media executives, and former Cabinet officials and diplomats. Our conclusion: the U.S. policy and program to combat terrorism is tough and resolute. We firmly oppose terrorism in all forms and wherever it takes place. We are prepared to act in concert with other nations or alone to prevent or respond to terrorist acts. We will make no concessions to terrorists. At the same time, we will use every available resource to gain the safe return of American citizens who are held hostage. Our national program is well-conceived and working. The United States currently has in place antiterrorism activities in virtually every federal department and agency. Specific agencies have been assigned to respond to any threat or attack directed at our citizens whether on foreign soil, here at home, in the air or at sea."
United States. Government Printing Office
1986-02
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Assigning DOD a Narcotics Interdiction Mission
"This report reviews the legal and political realities of why the Department of Defense is involved in assisting civilian drug enforcement agencies in their efforts to cleanse the nation of a drug epidemic. It addresses the question of whether or not drugs pose a threat to our national security. Additionally, it focuses on the level of cooperation and support needed to assist the civilian law enforcement agencies in their effort to stamp out drugs."
National Defense University
Wood, Joseph F.
1986-02
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Legal Use of Military Force to Counter Terrorism: A Primer for Decision-makers and Legal Advisors on International Criminal Law Enforcement
"This paper examines the reluctance of nation-states and particularly the United States to use military force to counter terrorism. It examines the philosophic underpinnings of the nation-state system and the rules of international law concerned with world order and finds them adequate though lacking in utility for justifying use of the military option in counterterrorism. It then suggests that nation-states have developed a state practice of international criminal law enforcement with rules that permit use of military forces to apprehend, bring to trial, and punish terrorists regardless of territorial boundaries. The paper concludes with recommendations to decision-makers on steps to take now so that future use of military force is appropriate and lawful, meeting all preconditions for use of force required by either world order or international criminal law enforcement rules."
National Defense University
Corrigan, Dennis M.
1986-02
