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Domestic Terrorism: Prevention Efforts in Selected Federal Courts and Mass Transit Systems, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives

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"Terrorist acts in the United States have thus far been too few to raise serious public concern, but the nation faces the dilemma of maintaining an effective level of protection without curtailing civil liberties. Concerned that security measures imposed without thorough study and planning may lead to measures that could be unintentionally repressive of civil liberties, the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the House Committee on the Judiciary asked GAO [Government Accounting Office] to describe what was being done to protect against terrorism in two selected domestic infrastructure components-the federal courts and mass transit systems. GAO'S study framework consisted of six elements: the roles and responsibilities of units and individuals involved; their perceptions of terrorism threats; the existence and quality of risk assessments; risk-reduction selection factors such as concern for civil liberties; implemented riskr-eduction strategies; and evaluations of performance, effectiveness, and intrusiveness. Since GAO sampled only seven sites, used a case-study design. and focused on protective measures, the findings cannot be generalized to all federal courts or mass transit systems or to the totality of U.S. antiterrorism activities."

United States. General Accounting Office

1988-06-23
Swimming Pool Chemical Plant Fire, Springfield, Massachusetts [June 17, 1988]

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"One of the most challenging problems facing the fire service today is the combined fire and hazardous/toxic chemical incident. Decisions have to be made regarding the timing of fire fighting activities with respect to evacuation priorities. In many cases, a decision must be made as to whether or not to fight the fire at all. Where the chemicals or products involved are water reactive, fighting the fire may make matters worse, endangering the firefighters or the general population. Just such a situation presented itself to Chief Raymond Sullivan of the Springfield, Massachusetts Fire Department and the city's hazardous materials incident response team on Friday, June 17, 1988. The incident occurred in that part of an 87-year-old industrial building housing a company that produced water treatment chemicals for swimming pools. Rain leakage wetted chemicals that released chlorine along with sufficient heat to cause ignition of ordinary combustibles. In the course of the incident, large amounts of chlorine gas were released, triggering several levels of evacuation involving more than 6,000 people. The fire resulted in the collapse of a portion of the roof. The fire and corrosive action of the chlorine gas resulted in almost complete loss of the contents of both floors and caused significant structural damage prompting razing of the second floor. At the time this report was written it was not known whether the building would be reoccupied."

United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration

Custer, Richard L. P.

1988-06-17?
National Security Decision Directive 308: FY 1988-1991 Nuclear Weapons Stockpile

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National Security Decision Directive 308 approves FY 1988-1991 Nuclear Weapons Stockpile.

United States. White House Office

1988-06-13
Research Animals: Federal Costs for Care of the Silver Spring Monkeys, Report to Congressional Requesters

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"Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO [General Accounting Office] provided information regarding a group of monkeys in a National Institutes of Health (NIH) research program, specifically: (1) care, transportation, litigation, and public relations costs after local police removed the monkeys from a private research firm and transferred them to NIH; (2) arrangements for reimbursement from the firm; (3) whether a proposal to build a new facility for the monkeys involved federal funds; and (4) whether the Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspected the grantee's facility prior to the monkeys' removal. GAO found that: (1) as of February 29, 1988, federal costs totaled $105,084, which included $93,404 for care, security, and administration, $2,675 for transportation, $21,600 for litigation, and $427 for public relations, less reimbursements of $13,022 from the grantee; (2) the grantee agreed to reimburse NIH for certain other costs; (3) private sources provided $42,750 for part of the care and transportation costs; (4) no federal funds were used to build facilities for the monkeys; and (5) USDA had inspected the facility yearly, but could not provide the inspection records."

United States. General Accounting Office

1988-06-03
Light Fighter Communication - On Today's Chemical Battlefield

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From the thesis abstract: "The thesis problem is, 'How well does communication within the 'Light Fighter' force function on today's chemical battlefield.' Chapter 2 reviews the history of chemical warfare and the evolution of the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS). First, this study presents the significance of the thesis problem. Second, the Soviet offensive use of chemicals is reviewed. Third, documented uses of chemicals in today's Third World Countries is presented. Fourth, a baseline communication model is established as a basis for comparison. Fifth, a fictional scenario is presented to illustrate light forces conducting combat operations in a tropical climate. The lessons learned are mentioned on the basis of studies conducted by governmental agencies and as illustrated in the scenario."

U.S. Army Command and General Staff College

Hale, Thomas J.

1988-06-03
Arson Prosecution: Issues and Strategies

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"This document is intended to provide concise practical and technical guidance on arson prosecution. It draws heavily on state arson prosecutors' guides and other literature. This overview is especially beneficial to arson investigators, prosecutors, law enforcement personnel, and judges."

United States Fire Administration

1988-06
Guide to Understanding Audit in Trusted Systems

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This publication, "A Guide to Understanding Audit in Trusted Systems," is being issued by the National Computer Security Center (NCSC) under the authority of and in accordance with Department of Defense (DoD) Directive 5215.1. The guidelines described in this document provide a set of good practices related to the use of auditing in automatic data processing systems employed for processing classified and other sensitive information.

United States. Department of Defense

1988-06-01
Implementation of a Parallel Multilevel Secure Process

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From the thesis abstract: "This thesis demonstrates an implementation of a parallel multilevel secure process. This is done within the framework of an electronic mail system. Security is implemented by GEMSOS [Gemini Standard Operating Systems], the operating system of the Gemini Trusted Computer Base. A brief history of computer secrecy is followed by a discussion of security kernels. Eventcounts and sequences are used to provide concurrency control and are covered in detail. The specifications for the system are based upon the requirements for a Headquarters of a hypothetical Marine Battalion in garrison."

Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

Pratt, David R.

1988-06
Exposure to Death, Disasters, and Bodies

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"This is the fourth of a series of six volumes addressing the various psychological and behavioral factors of performance and medical care delivery in a chemical and biological warfare (CBW) environment. This volume addresses the unique stress of exposure to death and disaster both for individuals and for a community. In December 1985, the U.S. Army suffered its largest peacetime loss when a chartered plane carrying 248 soldiers crashed in Gander, Newfoundland. This tragedy resulted in 248 soldiers killed, all of whom were from one Army Post, Fort Campbell, Kentucky. This was one-third of a force which had been deployed to the Sinai Desert in a multi-national peacekeeping effort. The impact of this disaster upon the soldiers, unit and community at Fort Campbell, and the impact to the body recovery and body identification process at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, are the focus of this volume. Such research is conducted to obtain answers which will assist in establishing programs that will be in place and be available when disaster, tragedy, or CBW strike."

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Department of Psychiatry

Ursano, Robert J., 1947-

1988-06
Master Mobilization Plan

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This DoD Master Mobilization Plan (MMP) is promulgated under the authority of DoD Directive S-3020.36, "Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities to Department of Defense Components (U)," August 28, 1973, as the basic plan to direct and coordinate planning by all Agencies of the Department of Defense (DoD) for the contingency of mobilization, as defined herein. Mobilization is the process whereby a nation makes the transition from a normal state of peacetime preparedness to a war-fighting posture. It involves the assembly, organization, and application of the nation's resources for national defense. The mobilization process encompasses all activities necessary to prepare systematically and selectively for war. The ability to mobilize effectively contributes to the deterrence of war.

United States. Department of Defense

1988-06
Arson Prosecution Issues

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This document is intended to provide concise practical and technical guidance on arson prosecution. It draws heavily on state arson prosecutors' guides and other literature, and on presentations made at the first in a series of conferences for arson prosecutors at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Clynco, Georgia in November 1985 which was jointly sponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), U.S. Department of the Treasury. This document also contains a guide to key literature on arson prosecution.

United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

1988-06
National Security Decision Directive 306: National Coordination of Emergency Relocation Sites

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National Security Decision Directive 306 "provides a formal mechanism for coordination the selection of ERS [Emergency Relocation Sites] to prevent conflicts that would lessen the effectiveness of U.S. Continuity of Government plans..."

United States. White House Office

1988-05-23
Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum 88-3: Filing of Charging Documents in Cases Previously Administratively Closed

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"As has been previously indicated, the Office of the Immigration Judge retains jurisdiction over the original charging document and the underlying case when a case is administratively closed by an Immigration Judge. Therefore, pursuant to the provisions of 8 C.P.R. §§3.11 and 3.29, charging documents in cases which have been administratively closed must be refiled with the Office of the Immigration Judge that had administrative control over the Record of Proceeding at the time the case was administratively closed."

United States. Department of Justice. Executive Office for Immigration Review

Robie, William R.

1988-05-11
Assessment of Global Atmospheric Effects of a Major Nuclear Conflict

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"In 1983, evidence started emerging that a major nuclear conflict could result in substantial weather changes over vast regions of the globe, including severe surface cooling over the continents. Refined projections of the density and horizontal extent of persistent layers of smoke (soot) led to revised estimates of the magnitude of the postulated surface cooling. The impact to the post-attack environment (even given the range of uncertainty due to the assumptions made) implied heretofore unrecognized consequences to the quality of life in vast regions and to effective national defense planning and execution. Subsequent studies sought to reduce the uncertainties in the calculations, by clarifying some assumptions and replacing others with more complete and newer scientific data. They have resulted today in assessments which, while indicating smaller surface temperature effects than previous studies for a given amount of soot, do document with increased scientific certainty that secondary consequences of a nuclear exchange would complicate the quality of life of survivors for extended periods and over areas well removed from the geographic region directly involved in the exchange. The resulting period of abnormal optical path lengths due to smoke (soot) would also complicate national defense contingencies. This report includes sections dealing with (a) an early diagnosis of atmospheric effects, (b) soot; properties and production, (c) atmospheric models, (d) a review of published comments and meetings and (e) potential impact on USAF operations."

Geophysics Laboratory (U.S.)

Muench, H. Stuart; Banta, Robert M.; Chisholm, Donald A.

1988-05-10
Trends in Conventional Arms Transfers to the Third World by Major Supplier, 1980-1987 [May 9, 1988]

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"This report provides unclassified background data on transfers of conventional armaments to Third World nations by the major supplying nations. It covers the years from 1980-1987 and reviews in detail the values of arms transfer agreements and deliveries, as well as the specific numbers of important conventional weapons delivered to the Third World during this time period."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Grimmett, Richard F.

1988-05-09
Fire and Explosions at Rocket Fuel Plant, Henderson, Nevada [May 4, 1988]

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"A series of explosions on May 4, 1988, near the City of Henderson, Nevada, claimed two lives, injured approximately 372 people including 15 firefighters, and caused damage estimated over $100 million. The explosions affected a large portion of the metropolitan Las Vegas area and caused the activation of disaster plans by several agencies. Considering the magnitude of the explosions, the loss of only two lives and the fact that only a few of the injuries were critical can be described as very fortunate. The incident presented tremendous risk and unusual challenge to the fire departments involved, but they managed the incident with relatively minor casualties. The lives of most of the plant employees were saved by their decision to evacuate the plant, prior to the major explosions. This and other key issues are summarized in the table on the following page."

United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration

Routley, J. Gordon

1988-05-04?
Criminal Justice, New Technologies, and the Constitution: Special Report

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From the foreword by John H. Gibbons: "In honor of the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, OTA [Office of Technology Assessment] is conducting a study of Science, Technology, and the Constitution. At the request of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, and its Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice, OTA is examining ways in which continuing scientific advances and new technological developments may influence the scope and meaning of enduring constitutional principles and protections. A background paper, Science, Technology, and the Constitution, was released in September 1987. The first of several special reports, 'Science, Technology, and the First Amendment', was released in January 1988. Articles I and III of the Constitution and four of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights address the rights of those suspected, accused, or convicted of crime. This report, 'Criminal Justice, New Technology, and the Constitution', looks at new technologies used for investigation, apprehension, and confinement of offenders, and their effects on the constitutional protection of these rights. These technological innovations offer social benefits that respond to the current pressures for reduction of crime, the just and equitable administration of justice, and relief of prison overcrowding. However, technology throughout history has been a double-edged sword, equally capable of enhancing or endangering democratic values. This report describes the new technologies being used in criminal justice and, as in all of the reports of this series, addresses that delicate balance to be maintained between the national interest and individual rights."

United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment

1988-05
SDI: Technology, Survivability, and Software

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It puts Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) technologies in context by reporting the kinds of ballistic missile defense (BMD) system architectures that the SDI organization has considered for "phased deployment." It reviews the status of the various SDI technologies and system components. It analyzes the feasibility of producing dependable software of the complexity that advanced BMD systems would require. Finally, it summarizes what is now known-and unknown-about the probable survivability of such systems against concerted enemy attacks of various kinds. The study found that major uncertainties remain concerning the probable cost, effectiveness, and survivability of the kinds of BMD system (which rely on kinetic rather than directed-energy weapons) that might be deployable in the "phase-one' proposed for the mid to late 1990s. In addition, OTA believes several more years of SDI research would be needed to determine whether it is feasible to construct the kinds of directed-energy weapons contemplated as follow-ons to SDIO's "phase one" BMD system. The survivability of both short-term and longer-term BMD systems would depend heavily on the outcome of a continuing competition in weapons and countermeasures between the United States and the Soviet Union. Finally, developing dependable software for advanced BMD will be a formidable challenge because of the difficulty of testing that software realistically.

United States. Government Printing Office

United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment

1988-05
Seismic Verification of Nuclear Testing Treaties

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Like an earthquake, the force of an underground nuclear explosion creates seismic waves that travel through the Earth. A satisfactory seismic network to monitor such tests must be able to both detect and identify seismic signals in the presence of "noise," for example, from natural earthquakes. In the case of monitoring a treaty that limits testing below a certain size explosion, the seismic network must also be able to estimate the size with acceptable accuracy. All of this must be done with an assured capability to defeat adequately any credible attempt to evade or spoof the monitoring network. This report addresses the issues of detection, identification, yield estimation, and evasion to arrive at answers to the two critical questions: (1) Down to what size explosion can underground testing be seismically monitored with high confidence? (2)How accurately can the yields of underground explosions be measured? In doing so, we assessed the contribution that could be made if seismic stations were located in the country whose tests are to be monitored, and other cooperative provisions that a treaty might include.

United States. Government Printing Office

United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment

1988-05
Health Evaluation Report 84-454-1890; International Association of Fire Fighters Cincinnati, Ohio

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"The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was contact by the health and safety department of the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) in 1984 and requested to conduct medical screening tests on the approximately 1,400 fire fighters who would be attending their convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. During August 12-16, 1984, NIOSH conducted pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and audiometric testing on interested fire fighters attending the 37th biennial convention of the IAFF."

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Tubbs, Randy L. (Randy Lloyd); Melius, James; Anderson, Kern E.

1988-05
DoD Directive 5240.1: DoD Intelligence Activities

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This Directive: 1. Reissues DoD Directive 5240.1, December 3, 1982; implements Executive Order 12333, December 4, 1981; Executive Order 12334, December 4, 1981; Public Law No. 95-511; October 25, 1978; updates policies; and shall be the only authority used as guidance by DoD intelligence components to collect, retain, or disseminate information concerning U.S. persons. 2. Continues in effect procedures previously approved by the U.S. Attorney General for use by DoD intelligence components under Presidential Directive NSC-9, March 30, 1977. 3. Authorizes the publication of DoD 524031-R, December 11, 1982, consistent with DoD 5025.1-M, October 16, 1980, and this Directive.

United States. Department of Defense

1988-04-25
Graduated Mobilization Response: A Key Element of National Deterrent Strategy

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"On 15 September 1987, the National Security Advisor to the President made development of a mobilization doctrine and system based on graduated response to early warning one of the seven priority National Security Emergency Preparedness (NSEP) goals to be achieved by 1989. In the classic construct, mobilization is the act of preparing for war or other emergency through assembling and organizing national resources. It is the process of marshalling industrial, economic, intrastructure, human, and government resources needed to support responses to national security threats and domestic crises Y-e, the U.S. and other democratic nations cannot afford to maintain full preparedness for every contingency conceivable. The purpose of Graduated Mobilization Response (GMR) is to provide the National Command Authorities a range of political, economic, and military options that will assist in the management of a national security crisis. These options are designed with two goals in mind: first, to improve deterrence and avoid war; and second, to prepare for war should it come."

National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

Taibl, Paul

1988-04
Annual Summary: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1987

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"The general overview of the 1987 hurricane season in the North Atlantic is presented together with detailed accounts of all named storms. In addition, an unnamed tropical storm and a tropical depression that required watches and/or warnings on the U.S. coastline are discussed."

National Hurricane Center (2012- )

Case, Robert A.; Gerrish, Harold P.

1988-04
Critical Technologies Newsletter, April/May 1988

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This edition of the Critical Technologies Newsletter (CTN) includes the following articles: "Chinese Strategic Weapons and the Plutonium Option" which "draws heavily on unclassified PRC [People's Republic of China] sources for its short look at this important subject," and "The Emerging Nuclear Suppliers: Some Guidelines for Policy" which "notes that although most emerging suppliers are cautious, many are not party to existing nonproliferation treaties."

United States. Department of Energy. Office of Classification

1988-04
Contracting in the National Interest: Establishing the Legal Framework for the Interaction of Science, Government, and Industry at a Nuclear Weapons Laboratory

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"Sandia National Laboratories, the nation's nuclear ordnance laboratory, is operated on a no-profit, no-fee basis by AT&T Technologies, Inc., as a prime contractor for the Department of Energy. This unique arrangement began in 1949 when President Harry Truman personally requested that AT&T assume management of the nuclear weapons laboratory as a service in the national interest. The story of how this unusual relationship came about makes for an interesting chapter in the annals of US legal and institutional history. This report describes the historical background, political negotiations, and prime contract provisos that established the legal framework for the Labs."

Sandia National Laboratories

Furman, N.S.

1988-04-01
Department of Defense Federal Hazard Communication Training Program Student's Workbook

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This publication is issued under the authority of, and in accordance with DoD Instruction 6050.5, "Hazardous Material Information System" January 25, 1978. This publication, "Department of Defense Federal Hazard Communication Training Program, Student Workbook, " when used with "Department of Defense Federal Hazard Communication Training Program, Trainer's Guide" and the associated 90-minute videotape provides training resources to help DoD comply with the training requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Hazard Communication Standard (29 C.F. R. 1910. 1200).

United States. Department of Defense

1988-04
Significant Incidents of Political Violence against Americans 1987

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"Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans: 1987, published by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security's Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis (DS/DSS/ITA), is intended to provide a comprehensive picture of the range of political violence that American citizens and interests have encountered abroad during 1987. In addition to examining terrorism-related acts, this study also includes other instances of violence affecting Americans. This chronology is designed to encompass major anti-U.S. incidents that occurred in 1987. Unfortunately, to keep the publication at the unclassified level, some incidents had to be omitted due to the sensitive nature of the information associated with them. The selection of incidents used in this study was based upon the following criteria: (a) lethality; (b) major property damage; (c) unusual tactics or weapons used; and (d) perceptibility of targets as U.S. or representative of U.S.interests."

United States. Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security

1988-04
Guide to Understanding Configuration Management in Trusted Systems

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Throughout this guideline there will be recommendations made that are not included in the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) as requirements. Any recommendations that are not in the TCSEC will be prefaced by the word "should," whereas all requirements will be prefaced by the word "shall." It should be noted that a TCSEC rating will only be based upon meeting the TCSEC requirements. Recommendations are made in order to provide additional ways of increasing assurance. It is hoped that this will help to avoid any confusion. The guidelines described in this document provide a set of good practices related to configuration management in Automated Data.

United States. Department of Defense

1988-03-28
Executive Order 12630: Governmental Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights

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"The purpose of this Order is to assist Federal departments and agencies in undertaking such reviews and in proposing, planning, and implementing actions with due regard for the constitutional protections provided by the Fifth Amendment and to reduce the risk of undue or inadvertent burdens on the public fisc resulting from lawful governmental action. In furtherance of the purpose of this Order, the Attorney General shall, consistent with the principles stated herein and in consultation with the Executive departments and agencies, promulgate Guidelines for the Evaluation of Risk and Avoidance of Unanticipated Takings to which each Executive department or agency shall refer in making the evaluations required by this Order or in otherwise taking any action that is the subject of this Order. The Guidelines shall be promulgated no later than May 1, 1988, and shall be disseminated to all units of each Executive department and agency no later than July 1, 1988. The Attorney General shall, as necessary, update these guidelines to reflect fundamental changes in takings law occurring as a result of Supreme Court decisions."

United States. Office of the Federal Register

Reagan, Ronald

1988-03-15
Potential Terrorist Threat to Commercial Nuclear Facilities

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From the Introduction: "In recent years, increases both in the total volume of terrorist incidents worldwide and the casualties resulting from such incidents have prompted renewed concern that terrorists might attack a nuclear facility. Among the reasons cited to explain the likelihood of such an attack is that as terrorism has become more frequent, public attention is not so readily claimed as it once was. Terrorists, therefore, have been forced to undertake more spectacular and, unfortunately, bloodier deeds. Accordingly, actions involving nuclear material or weapons may have become more attractive to some terrorist groups. In addition, state-sponsorship of terrorism, that is, support of terrorist organizations by foreign governments, has also increased significantly, providing terrorists with far greater capabilities than they have had in the past, while eliminating some of their constraints. As a result of these developments, in 1986 the Department of Energy (DOE) reviewed its adversary characterization and threat definition guidelines then in force and decided to place greater emphasis on guard weaponry, training, and tactical response exercises and to upgrade some physical security measures."

United States. Department of Energy

Hoffman, Bruce, 1954-

1988-03

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