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Weapon Systems: United States Army 1994
The disintegration of the Soviet Union dramatically changed the world security environment. Instead of focusing on global conflict and the containment of a monolithic threat, U.S. strategy must now focus on the potential that smaller but far more numerous hot spots may quickly turn into threats to our national security. The National Military Strategy cites four dangers to that
Security Classification: (1) Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; (2) Regional, ethnic, and religious threats to U.S. interests; (3) The possible failure of democratic reforms, especially in the former Soviet Union; and (4) The possible failure to build a strong and growing U.S. economy.
United States. Assistant Secretary of the Army (Research, Development, and Acquisition)
1994
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Effects of Directed Energy Weapons
Effects of Directed Energy Weapons is an encyclopedic treatment of how Directed Energy Weapons work, how the energy of these weapons is propagated to the target, and how the weapon/beam-target interaction creates effects (damage) in the target. This is a technical exposition, written at the undergraduate physics and engineering level that could serve either as a text book or as a reference text for technical practitioners. The text addresses Kinetic Energy Weapons in addition to Lasers, Microwaves and Particle Beams.
National Defense University
Nielsen, Philip E.
1994
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Against the Wind: Protecting Your Home from Hurricane Wind Damage
"During a hurricane, homes may be damaged or destroyed by high winds and high waves. Debris can break windows and doors, allowing high winds inside the home. In extreme storms, such as Hurricane Andrew, the force of the wind alone can cause weak places in your home to fail. After Hurricane Andrew, a team of experts examined homes that had failed and ones that had survived. They found four areas that should be checked for weakness--the roof, windows, doors, and if you have one, garage door. In this brochure, we discuss some things you can do to help make your home stronger before the next hurricane strikes. You may need to make some improvements or install temporary wind protection. It is important that you do these projects now, before a hurricane threatens. While these projects, if done correctly, can make your home safer during a hurricane, they are no guarantee that your home wont be damaged or even destroyed. If you are told by authorities to evacuate, do so immediately, even if you have taken these precautions."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1993-12
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Significant Incidents of Political Violence against Americans 1994
"This chronology is designed to encompass major anti-U.S. incidents that occurred in 1993. Unfortunately, to keep this publication at the unclassified level, some incidents had to be omitted due to the sensitive nature of the information associated with them. The selection of incidents used in this study was based upon the following criteria: lethality, substantial, property damage, use of unusual tactics or weapons, and perceptibility of targets as U.S. or representative of U.S. interests."
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security
1994
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Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction
This background paper reviews the technical requirements for countries to develop and build nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. It further identifies the systems most capable of delivering these weapons to distant or defended targets: ballistic missiles, combat aircraft, and cruise missiles. It also identities evidence that could potentially indicate the production of weapons of mass destruction and technical hurdles that might provide opportunities to control their spread. The paper is a companion volume to OTA's report "Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks"
United States. Government Printing Office; United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1993-12
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Information Warfare: Principles of Third-Wave War
A surge of interest, analysis, and discussion has arisen concerning a topic variously referred to as information warfare, command and control (C2) counter war, knowledge war, or third-wave war. If current proponents are right, we are at a turning point in history. Future wars will never be the same. Military strategy must be re-thought in order to capture not only a change in technology but a new set of goals and even new principles. Activity and discussion at all levels in the Pentagon regarding information warfare have coalesced and become centered in specific offices where interest in this type of warfare has intensified over the last few years. As testimony to the interest in the subject, we should note that virtually all the services have resources committed to implementing information warfare in one or more of its forms, the Air Force has held a four-star summit on the subject, and inspector general teams have named it as a special interest item for their unit visits. What are all these people talking about? For those who need a tutorial on the basics, two people provide probably the clearest and most accurate explanation of how this new type of warfare evolved. Briefly, they explain that warfare follows wealth. In other words, the culture, technology, communication, technical skill, and organizational pattern that develop in a society and define its economy, also describe the constellation of patterns which result in the way that society makes war. In the history of man, three basic types of warfare have evolved; agrarian, industrial, and informational.
United States. Department of the Air Force
Jensen, O. E.
1994
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Good Security Practices for Electronic Commerce, Including Electronic Data Interchange
Electronic commerce (EC) is the use of documents in electronic form, rather than paper, for carrying out functions of business or government that require interchange of information, obligations, or monetary value between organizations. Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the computer-to-computer transmission of strictly formatted messages that represent documents; ED1 is an essential component of EC. With EC, human participation in routine transaction processing is limited or non-existent. Transactions are processed and decisions are made more rapidly, leaving much less time to detect and correct errors. This report presents security procedures and techniques (which encompass internal controls and checks) that constitute good practices in the design, development, testing and operation of EC systems. Principles of risk management and definition of parameters for quantitative risk assessments are provided. The content of the trading partner agreement is discussed, and the components of EC, including the network(s) connecting the partners, are described. Some security techniques considered include audit trails, contingency planning, use of acknowledgments, electronic document management, activities of supporting networks, user access controls to systems and networks, and cryptographic techniques for authentication and confidentiality.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
1993-12
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Blunting the Sword: Budget Policy and the Future of Defense
This document is an illuminating and objective study of a major national defense problem during this period of great change and uncertainty. Since the end of the Cold War, a number of unusual defense budgeting issues have cropped up - among them, the "sacred" programs, the myth of reduced forces, the illusion of budget windfalls, and the increased risk in decisions about force structure, readiness, and modernization. The issues tend to boil down to a choice between smaller forces or less modern forces. The author of this document examines this dilemma from the perspective of an analyst outside the Defense establishment, one with no personal agenda and no particular constituency.
National Defense University
Ippolito, Dennis S.
1994
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Research Paper: Potential Sponsorship by IRCA-Legalized Immigrants
This research paper focuses on the demand to immigrate legally by relatives of those aliens who, having resided in an unlawful status since before 1982, were legalized under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 [IRCA]. A special survey of these legalized immigrants affords analysis of household composition (including members' legal residence status and relationship to the IRCA-legalized immigrant), distribution of nonresident relatives intending to immigrate to the United States, and intentions to naturalize among IRCA-legalized immigrants. The questions addressed are: What will be the probable numbers and timing of visa petitions under second preference? Assuming that immigrants intending to naturalize do so, what will be the probable numbers and timing of visa petitions under first, third, and fourth preferences, and under exempt immediate relative's categories? This paper contributes insights to the broader question of family reunification requirements for immigrant cohorts under the Immigration Act of 1990. Several recommendations are included for improving social science and policy analyses of progression to naturalization, impacts for legal immigration of family migration, and possible interconnections of family migration with undocumented immigration to the United States.
U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform
Woodrow-Lafield, Karen
1994
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Chemical Weapons Convention Verification Regime: A Model for a New NPT?
In January 1993, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) was signed, completing the first step towards eliminating all chemical weapons. This treaty is the most comprehensive multilateral arms control treaty ever signed. The teeth of the CWC is a modern verification regime that includes traditional scheduled inspections as well as an innovative challenge inspection system: a party to the treaty may initiate a challenge inspection of another party if it believes there is a treaty violation. The CWC has been called a model for future arms control treaties. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) has been in force for 25 years and has its fifth and final review conference in 1995. While the NPT has been both lauded and criticized over its lifetime, most authorities agree that it needs revision to meet the demands of the next century. One of the areas of the treaty requiring extensive review is the NPT verification process. This thesis examines the verification procedures delineated in the CWC and discusses the possibility of creating a similar verification regime for the NPT. It addresses the reasons why the CWC inspection might work for the NPT. It also addresses security questions that must be considered by a technologically advanced state, like the United States, before considering such a verification regime for nuclear weapons and nuclear technology. Arms control, Arms control treaties, Chemical weapons, Chemical weapons convention, Nuclear non-proliferation, Treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, Nuclear weapons.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Blackburn, Douglas L.
1993-12
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DoD Directive 6205.3: DoD Immunization Program for Biological Warfare Defense
This Directive: (1) Establishes policy, assigns responsibilities, and prescribes procedures for members of the Department of Defense against validated biological warfare threats, and prioritization of research, development, testing, acquisition, and stockpiling of biological defense vaccines under 10 U.S.C. (2) Provides vaccination guidance that focuses exclusively on defense against biological warfare threats and complements immunization requirements for naturally occurring endemic disease threats outlined in DODI 6205.2, October 9, 1986 and AR 40-562/NAVMEDCOMINST 6230.3/AFR 161-13/CG COMDTINST M6230.4D, "Immunizations and Chemoprophylaxis," November 7, 1988. (3) Addresses peacetime and contingency requirements for immunization against biological warfare threats against U.S. personnel. (4) Designates the Secretary of the Army as the "DoD Executive Agent" for the DoD Immunization program for Biological Warfare Defense. (5) Provides direction on levels of acquisition and stockpiling of biological defense vaccines and prioritizes research and development efforts in defending against current and emerging biological warfare threats.
United States. Department of Defense
1993-11-26
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Executive Order 12881: Establishment of the National Science and Technology Council
This executive order establishes the National Science and Technology Council. It outlines the membership, as well as the council's functions.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1993-11-23
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Executive Order 12882: President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology
This executive order establishes the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, as well as its functions and administration. "There is established the Presidents Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology ('PCAST'). PCAST shall be composed of not more than 16 members, one of whom shall be the Assistant to the President for Science and Technology ('Assistant'), and 15 of whom shall be distinguished individuals from the nonfederal sector appointed by the President. The nonfederal sector members shall be representative of the diverse perspectives and expertise in this Nations investments in science and technology."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1993-11-23
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Army Field Manual: NBC Reconnaissance
This publication is the doctrinal guide for NBC reconnaissance. It provides guidance on the planning and execution of NBC reconnaissance missions and chemical/biological (CB)
sampling operations. This manual applies to any unit that has the primary or implied mission of performing NBC reconnaissance. NBC recon provides early warning, determines the concentration and type of agent, and locates the boundaries of contamination. The information derived from the intelligence
preparation of the battlefield (IPB) and the conduct of effective NBC recon operations are key factors for battlefield management. The avoidance of NBC contamination facilitates
freedom of movement and maneuver for our forces. Contamination avoidance procedures are discussed in greater detail in FM 3-3 and FM 3-3-1. NBC recon performs five critical tasks on the battlefield-- detect, identify, mark, report, and sample. This manual also provides the principles and techniques used by NBC recon units. It defines the capabilities and limitations of these organizations.
United States. Department of Defense
1993-11-19
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US Army Field Manual: Chemical Staffs and Units
This field manual prescribes the doctrine for chemical staff sections and unit deployment. It prescribes the fundamental principles for chemical staff functions, command and control of chemical units, and chemical unit employment.
United States. Army
1993-11-19?
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Whether Missouri Municipalities May Tax the Portion of Federal Salaries Voluntarily Contributed to the Thrift Savings Plan: Memorandum for James S. Gilliland, General Counsel, Department of Agriculture [November 10, 1993]
"You have requested our opinion on the following question: must the National Finance Center ('NFC') of the Department of Agriculture ('USDA') withhold and remit local earnings taxes levied by the municipalities of St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri, upon that portion of federal employees' salaries voluntarily contributed to the Thrift Savings Plan ('TSP')? The Financial Management Service ('FMS') of the Department of the Treasury ('Treasury') has taken the position that NFC should not withhold the Kansas City earnings taxes on TSP contributions of FMS employees because similar payments made by municipal employees are not subject to the earnings tax. As we explain in further detail below, we disagree with this approach because TSP contributions, which are held in trust for the contributors, can be distinguished from the deferred compensation plan payments that are exempt -- by a court ruling -- from earnings taxes. Thus, intergovernmental tax immunity does not preclude the Missouri municipalities from levying an earnings tax on voluntary TSP contributions. The St. Louis and Kansas City earnings taxes should be withheld and remitted."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1993-11-10
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Pueblo Community Direction and Control Exercise 1993 (Pueblo Community DCX 93)
"The Pueblo Community has completed its initial cycle of Federallymanaged Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) exercises/ i.e., a Tabletop Exercise (TTX) conducted in May 1992, a Direction and Control Exercise (DCX) conducted in July 1992, and a Full-Scale Exercise (FSX) conducted in September 1992. This exercise is the first to be held in the Pueblo Community during the sustainment phase, which calls for a specific type of CSEPP exercise to be conducted on a recurring two-year cycle with a DCX in the first year and an FSX during the following year."
Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
1993-11-09
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Presidential Decision Directive 14: Counter-Narcotics 'Andean Strategy'
"The President today [November 3, 1993] signed a decision directive that provides a policy framework for U.S. international drug control efforts as part of the Administration's over-all counter-drug policy. "The President designated Director Lee Brown of the Office of National Drug Control Policy as responsible for oversight and direction for all counter-drug policies, in coordination with the National Security Council. In his directive to agencies involved in the fight against illicit drugs in the hemisphere, the President said that the scourge of illegal narcotics is severely damaging the social fabric of the United States and other countries."
United States. White House Office
1993-11-03
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Legal Significance of Presidential Signing Statements: Memorandum for Bernard N. Nussbaum, Counsel to the President [November 3, 1993]
"This memorandum provides you with an analysis of the legal significance of Presidential signing statements. It is addressed to the questions that have been raised about the usefulness or validity of a such statements. We believe that such statements may on appropriate occasions perform useful and legally significant functions. These functions include (1) explaining to the public, and particularly to constituencies interested in the bill, what the President believes to be the likely effects of its adoption, (2) directing subordinate officers within the Executive Branch how to interpret or administer the enactment, and (3) informing Congress and the public that the Executive believes that a particular provision would be unconstitutional in certain of its applications, or that it is unconstitutional on its face, and that the provision will not be given effect by the Executive Branch to the extent that such enforcement would create an unconstitutional condition. These functions must be carefully distinguished from a much more controversial -- and apparently recent -- use of Presidential signing statements, i.e., to create legislative history to which the courts are expected to give some weight when construing the enactment. In what follows, we outline the rationales for the first three functions, and then consider arguments for and against the fourth function. The Appendix to the memorandum surveys the use of signing statements by earlier Presidents and provides examples of such statements that were intended to have legal significance or effects."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1993-11-03
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Natural Disaster Survey Report: Hurricane Andrew: South Florida and Louisiana, August 23-26, 1992
"The primary purpose of this disaster survey has been to evaluate the performance of the NWS in fulfilling its mission of providing timely warnings and accurate forecasts for Hurricane Andrew. The responsibilities of NOAA, the parent agency of the NWS, are broader. The NWS' products and services are key to severe storm preparedness and the mitigation of its impact: its SLOSH (Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) models are used by emergency evacuation planners; its wind speed measurements are used to develop building codes and to design buildings; and its warnings and forecasts are instrumental to placing a timetable on implementing preparedness actions and response efforts. But NOAA's partnership role with states in managing the Nation's coastal zone, NOAA's trustee responsibility for marine resources, and other agencywide concerns compel NOAA to step outside of the traditional NWS format in this preface to comment on Hurricane Andrew's consequences in south Florida and Louisiana. NOAA and the NWS are dedicated to a continuing improvement in warnings and forecasts, thereby allowing emergency management officials lead time to take lifesaving action. But, if disastrous consequences are to be mitigated, the coastal zone and other areas at risk must be managed in recognition of the awful threat to life and property that hurricanes pose. Hurricanes, of course, are natural meteorological events. In the absence of people and their property, hurricanes expend their force against marine and terrestrial ecosystems that adapt to the storm's destruction. People and their property, unfortunately, are not as resilient as damaged ecosystems."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1993-11
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Executive Order 12876: Historically Black Colleges and Universities
"There shall be established in the Department of Education the President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities ('Board of Advisors' or 'Board'), a Presidential advisory committee. The Board of Advisors shall issue an annual report to the President on participation by historically Black colleges and universities in federally sponsored programs. The Board of Advisors will also provide advice to the Secretary of Education ('Secretary') and in the annual report to the President on how to increase the private sector role in strengthening historically Black colleges and universities, with particular emphasis on enhancing institutional infrastructure and facilitating planning, development, and the use of new technologies to ensure the goal of long-term viability and enhancement of these institutions."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1993-11-01
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Federal Guide for a Radiological Response: Supporting the Nuclear Regulatory Commission During the Initial Hours of a Serious Accident
"This document is a planning guide for those Federal agencies that work with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) during the initial hours of response to a serious radiological emergency in which the NRC is the Lead Federal Agency (LFA). These Federal agencies are: DOE [Department of Energy], EPA [Environmental Protection Agency], USDA [United States Department of Agriculture], HHS [Health and Human Services], NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration], and FEMA [Federal Emergency Management Agency]. This guide is intended to help these agencies prepare for a prompt response. Instructions are provided on receiving the initial notification, the type of person to send to the scene, the facility at which people are needed, how to get them to that facility, and what they should do when they arrive. Federal agencies not specifically mentioned in this guide may also be asked to support the NRC."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office for Analysis and Evaluation of Operational Data. Division of Operational Assessment
1993-11
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Evaluating Small Board and Care Homes: Sprinklered vs. Nonsprinklered Fire Protection
"This report studied the effectiveness of sprinklered and nonsprinklered fire protection options in small Board and Care homes. The tools used to compare the effectiveness these fire protection options were mathematical fire models, experimental data and documented fire incidents. The mathematical models estimated fire protection effectiveness through a margin of safety analysis. The margin of safety is defined in this report as the excess time an evacuee has to reach a point of safety before that evacuee's exit path becomes untenable. The margin of safety calculations considered fire growth, detection/Alarm activation, evacuee egress movement and smoke tenability analysis. Two egress movement plans were simulated; one plan reflected necessary movement in a one-exit home, the second plan reflected movement in a two-exit home. Two fast-growing, large flashover fires (with high and low CO production rates) and a small, smoldering fire were modeled. Two sets of full-scale sprinklered and post-flashover fire experiments, as well as 61 documented fire incident were included in the study of fire protection system effectiveness."
United States Fire Administration
1993-11
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DOE Standard: Licensed Reactor Nuclear Safety Criteria Applicable to DOE Reactors
"The Department of Energy (DOE) Order DOE 5480.6, 'Safety of Department of Energy-Owned Nuclear Reactors,' establishes reactor safety requirements to assure that reactors are sited, designed, constructed, modified, operated, maintained, and decommissioned in a manner that adequately protects health and safety and is in accordance with uniform standards, guides, and codes which are consistent with those applied to comparable licensed reactors. This document identifies nuclear safety criteria applied to licensed reactors. The degree of application of these criteria to a DOE-owned reactor, consistent with their application to comparable licensed reactors, must be determined by the DOE and DOE contractor."
United States. Department of Energy
1993-11
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Covert Channel Analysis of Trusted Systems. A Guide to Understanding.
"This document provides a set of good practices related to covert channel analysis of systems employed for processing classified and other sensitive information. It's written to help vendors and evaluators understand covert channel analysis requirements. It contains suggestions and recommendations derived from Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) objectives but which aren't required by the TCSEC. Computer security, Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC), Automated information system (AIS), Covert channel analysis, Operating systems."
Naval Coastal Systems Center (U.S.)
Gligor, Virgil
1993-11
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Operations Other Than War, Volume III: Civil Disturbance - L.A. Riots
"Civil Disturbance Operations is one facet of the U.S. Army's vital mission to conduct 'operations other than war'. The Los Angeles civil disturbance presented a unique opportunity for the U.S. Army to provide needed support and assistance to victims, and civilian and governmental agencies at the local, state and federal levels. The Los Angeles civil disturbance operation is a success story that demonstrated the readiness, training and deployability of our forces in time of need. This newsletter contains lessons and information on what began as a relatively small scale disturbance in south central Los Angeles. The disturbance spread rapidly, however, overwhelming local authorities. Emerging doctrine must pay particular attention to unique threat and closer relationships the military must have with civilian law enforcement agencies. It must detail the type of support necessary to deal with today's complex civil disturbance dilemmas, as well as provide guidance for the army to execute selective mobilization, which could include calling the National Guard into federal service."
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
1993-11
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Alert Series: Liberia: Disintegration of the Liberian Nation since the 1989 Civil War
"In December 1989, a small group of Liberian rebels crossed the border from Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) into Liberia's Nimba County, sparking off a civil war that would eventually lead to the overthrow of President Samuel Kanyon Doe. Although many Liberians were glad to see Doe's repressive regime removed, no group that emerged from the civil war was powerful enough to replace the Doe government. As a result, the Republic of Liberia was plunged into a state of chaos from which it has yet to emerge. In the meantime, Liberia has effectively ceased to exist as a nation. Despite a cease-fire agreement signed in Bamako, Mali, in 1990, the civil war never really ended, and with the escalation of violence that began in August 1992 it seemed as if even the limited peace Liberia possessed had been completely shattered. The re-emergence of overt civil war threatened to return Liberia to the state of terror and brutality that prompted Africa Watch monitors to call Liberia a 'human rights disaster.'1 In July 1993, the parties involved returned to Geneva for yet another round of peace talks, resulting in the signing of a new agreement in Cotonou, Benin, on July 25, 1993. The agreement provides for a cease-fire beginning on August 1, to be followed by the formation of a transitional government in September and the holding of elections in February 1994."
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1993-11
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Profile Series: Pakistan
This profile gives a current overview (1993) of Pakistan and discusses the following groups: the Ahmadi Community, the People's Party of Pakistan, the Mohajirs, Women, and Religious Minorities.
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1993-11
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Constitutionality of Health Care Reform: Memorandum for Attorney General Janet Reno and Associate Attorney General Webster L. Hubbell [October 29, 1993]
"The Health Security Act creates for all citizens the security that health care coverage will always be available to them. It accomplishes this by building on the existing American system for providing health care, which largely operates through employers. Much of the system will be administered by the states, which will have primary responsibility to ensure that regional health alliances are established, to certify accountable health plans, and to provide mechanisms to resolve complaints and disputes. This legislation is well within the long-recognized authority of the federal government. It is fair to say that, just as the substantive contents of the legislation draw on existing models and approaches to health care delivery and financing, the structure, processes and mechanisms the legislation uses to accomplish its substantive objectives draw on already existing and validated techniques that the national government has employed on numerous other occasions. Notwithstanding the well-established legitimacy of the means that the Act employs to achieve a public purpose of paramount importance, some special interests have such financial stake in the current system that they have strong incentives to challenge the Act even on highly implausible grounds, if the consequences of doing so were to alter the ultimate design of the system even slightly in their favor."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1993-10-29
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Applicability of the Emoluments Clause to Non-Government Members of ACUS: Memorandum for Gary J. Edles, General Counsel, Administrative Conference of the United States
"This memorandum responds to your request of July 30, 1993, which sought clarification of a portion of our April 29, 1991, letter to the Deputy Counsel to the President. Specifically, you raise two questions concerning the advice we gave on that occasion concerning the scope and application of the Emoluments Clause, U.S. Const., art. I, § 9, cl. 8. After noting that a significant number of the 101 members of the Administrative Conference (the Conference or ACUS) are lawyers in private practice, professors of law, or other experts in administrative law, you ask whether the Emoluments Clause prevents service on the Conference by private individuals who receive a partnership distribution from his or her firm that may include income received by the firm from a foreign government solely because of the pooling of partnership revenues. Further, you ask whether the Clause prevents service on the Conference by a private individual who receives payment from government-owned or controlled instrumentalities that do not engage in traditional functions -- including, but not limited to, foreign public universities."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1993-10-28
