Advanced search Help
Clear all search criteria
Only 2/3! You are seeing results from the Public Collection, not the complete Full Collection. Sign in to search everything (see eligibility).
-
Environmental Terrorism
The willful and wanton destruction of the environment by Saddam Hussein in the Gulf War raised deep concerns over deliberate, conflict-induced ecosystem damage. A corollary to that destruction is the concept of environmental terrorism: the employment of violence or threats of violence against the environment for political purposes. This study examines the lack of a definition of international terrorism and its subset, environmental terrorism. The susceptibility of the environment to terrorist attacks is reviewed to determine whether the target audience of terrorism, the world's population, is sufficiently concerned about the ecosystem to care about a terrorist attack. The vulnerability of the environment to damage is evaluated and found to be vulnerable at the local, regional and global levels. The roles of various international, federal, state and Army agencies in combating environmental terrorism are reviewed to see if changes are in order. Finally, several recommendations are offered to thwart the threat of environmental terrorism.
Army War College (U.S.)
Walter, James A.
1992-04-15
-
Deterrence for World Peace: A New World Order Option?
"The recent collapse of the former Soviet Union has brought an end to the Cold War and a beginning to change and uncertainty. The shift from a bi-polar to a multi-polar world has uncovered trends that make the future of the new world order complex and dangerous. The rise in regional conflicts, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, accelerated worldwide technology transfer, and the disposition of some 30,000 nuclear warheads in the Commonwealth of Independent States are but a few of the major trends that can have a profound effect on world peace if not controlled. To solve this problem of control will bring a new emphasis to the word 'deterrence.' For 45 years the word 'deterrence' has been most commonly used to describe the justification for a nuclear arms race between the United States and the former Soviet Union. Now, the global community of nations can 'deter' further proliferation of weapons of mass destruction by using the recommended three-part solution of a global nuclear test ban, worldwide acceptance of the Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS) system, and arms control enforcement using embargoes and economic sanctions."
Army War College (U.S.)
Rosso, Michael J.
1992-04-15
-
Modeling of Air Currerts in the Gulf Region
"The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability modeled the wind flow in the Gulf Region in order to make projections of the Kuwait oil fires pollution dispersion. Extensive meteorological models incorporating explicit terrain influences to the flow fields were routinely employed through a six month international assessment support effort organized by the World Meteorological Organization and U.S. scientific research agencies. Results show generally close agreement with visible imagery of the smoke plumes as detected by meteorological satellites. However, there are some examples of significant disagreement or failure of the meteorological models. These failures are most likely directly linked to missing or unavailable weather observations."
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Ellis, James S.; Sullivan, Thomas J.; Foster Connee, S.
1992-04-14
-
United States Military and the War on Drugs
From the thesis abstract: "The end of the Cold War has brought wrenching changes to the U.S. Armed Forces. At a time when declining budgets and building down are the order of the day, there is one area where the military's role is actually growing: the war on drugs. This paper examines how the military is coping with this new mission, including issues such as organization and operations, and it assesses some of the numerous constraints and pitfalls facing the military as it moves into this unconventional field."
National War College (U.S.); National Defense University
Randolph, David E.
1992-04-13
-
Planning for Proliferation: Rethinking U.S. Military Strategy
"The demise of the Soviet Union, democratization of Eastern Europe, and revitalization of the United Nations as a coalition-building forum have created a new world environment and a unique opportunity for the re-examination and reformulation of U.S. military strategy. No longer confronted by a formidable Soviet Union armed with nuclear and other advanced weapons systems and possessed with an adventurous ideology aimed at gradual world domination, the United States now faces greater uncertainty, an increasingly dangerous world, and no clear enemy. Although total global war is now less likely, the possibilities for regional conflict have greatly increased. The fear of a U.S.-USSR nuclear conflict arising as a result of a lesser regional conflict no longer hangs as a shadow over other countries. But without this shadow and attendant pressures from the United States or the former USSR to suppress regional conflicts, other forces are influencing regional relationships and harmony. Of primary concern is this: the world is experiencing a proliferation of arms, armies, and weapons of mass destruction. A country may seek to develop such weapons for reasons of prestige, to deter a neighboring state, or to create a source of terror in the world community. At the same time, domestic economic problems in the United States and other western states are forcing a curtailment in the resources committed to defense and maintenance of the Armed Forces. If force reductions occur in the United States, it could lose its ability to be an effective unilateral military force and could have a much diminished role in an international coalition. These realities raise the question: what should U.S. military strategy be in a world of weapons proliferation? According to the author, arms control should be identified as a legitimate military goal, and combating weapons proliferation, both conventional and unconventional proliferation, should be added to the national military strategy."
National War College (U.S.)
Peters, Joyce E.
1992-04-13
-
DoD Directive 1404.10: Emergency-Essential (E-E) DoD U.S. Citizen Civilian Employees
This Directive reissues reference DoD Directive 1404.10, "Retention of Emergency-Essential (E-E) DoD Civilian Employee Overseas, " April 6, 1990. Updates policy to ensure the continued performance of employees in civilian positions that: (a.) Have been designated as "E-E" before crisis situations. (b.) Have not been designated previously as "E-E" but for which continued performance is deemed essential to support combat-essential systems.
United States. Department of Defense
1992-04-10
-
U.S. Customs Service: Concerns About Coordination and Inspection Staffing on the Southwest Border, Statement of Allan I. Mendelowitz, Director, International Trade and Finance Issues, General Government Division, Testimony before the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate
"Efficient border operations require coordination among a number of entities, including various U.S. agencies, state and local governments, and Mexico. Inadequate coordination has led to (1) staffing imbalances between Customs and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and (2) insufficient inspector staff for existing and planned facilities. The shortage of inspectors has been the main cause of long waits to cross the border into the United States. Although Customs and INS share equal responsibility for primary inspections at the border, these agencies have not received comparable increases in inspection staff in recent years. Therefore, increasing the number of Customs inspectors will not necessarily reduce the waiting times for primary vehicle inspections unless INS receives corresponding staff increases. GAO also found that neither Customs nor INS had an adequate method for determining staffing needs. Customs used two models to assist it in determining border staffing needs. However, neither was adequate to accurately measure how many inspectors were currently needed nor to reliably project how many would be needed in relation to trade increases. GAO used these models because there were no better alternatives at the time it did its study."
United States. General Accounting Office
1992-04-08
-
Is There a Future Role for Tactical Nuclear Weapon Systems in the National Military Strategy?
"The disintegration of the Former Soviet Union and the demise of the Warsaw Pact as significant threats to national security allowed President Bush to promulgate new defense policy initiatives impacting nuclear force capabilities and roles. Because of this threat reduction and domestic challenges, the United States' armed services will undergo significant downsizing in the next several years. This will affect the force structure needed in the National Military Strategy (NMS) to insure attainment of national security policy objectives while minimizing risk. Planning the size and capabilities of the future force structure is complicated because of uncertainties in discerning new emerging nuclear-capable threats. This paper reviews die purpose and role that tactical nuclear weapon systems can provide in supporting the NMS, and recommends requirements be determined using a strategy based upon political, economic and military national interests versus the current target-based strategy. To draw implication for the NMS, the analysis reviews current strategic policy guidance, summarizes the current definition of deterrence theory, and provides rationales for maintaining tactical nuclear weapon systems for deterrence and warfighting in regional contingency operations again nuclear-capable forces. Based upon this analysis, recommendations are provided for joint planning, doctrine, and training initiatives needed to enhance the efficacy of the armed services in achieving national security policy objectives."
Army War College (U.S.)
Stobbs, Emmett E. Jr.
1992-04-03
-
Unleashing 'High-Tech' Weaponry in the Drug War: Posse Comitatus, the Fourth Amendment and Enhanced Sensing
Thesis, 40th Judge Advocate Officer Graduate Course
From the abstract:
"Congress created a sketchy exception to the Posse Comitatus Act's prohibition on military law enforcement for drug interdiction. The resulting legislative patchwork broadly authorizes use of military equipment and personnel for law enforcement, but unnecessarily restricts the most beneficial uses of sophisticated remote sensing hardware by forbidding direct participation in a search. The war on drugs will not succeed unless Congress, the Department of Defense, and the courts replace the statute, its regulations and the Fourth Amendment law it incorporates."
Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School (United States. Army)
Rishel, Eric C.
1992-04-01
-
Role of Civil Defense and the Scope of Its Mission in U.S. National Security Strategy
"In our constantly changing world, and especially with the breakup of the Soviet Union, it seems timely to review the current status of the United States civil defense program with a primary focus being the future configuration of the program. Our current civil defense program evolved during a time when nuclear confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union was the primary threat to national security. This threat is now greatly diminished, but our civil defense program continues to emphasize attack-related emergencies with secondary emphasis on disaster-related emergencies. The National Security Strategy of the United States published by The White House in August, 1991 states that, 'Our civil defense program is still needed to deal with the consequences of an attack, while also providing capabilities to respond to natural and man-made catastrophes.' One might question whether we still need a civil defense program to deal with the consequences of attack. After all, who has the capability and will to attack the U.S.? On the other hand, natural and man-made catastrophes continue to affect our country. While these catastrophes may wreak havoc on a local area, it could be argued that they most likely would not directly impact our national security. Therefore, we must determine whether our civil defense program should continue to emphasize the 'consequences of an attack,' or whether it is more appropriate to shift its emphasis to 'natural and man-made catastrophes.'"
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Moore, John T.
1992-04
-
Port Development in Latin America: A Key to U.S. Objectives
"Ports are complex arrangements of narrowly focused activities organized in whatever manner possible that allows each participating organization to meet its objectives. Because of this convergence of activity in seaports and airports, each person, each group, and each organizational entity bent on completing a set of tasks can benefit from corollary actions of others pursuing seemingly different ends. The priorities of the port involve issues not far removed from regional and national goals. Border security, quotas for industrial protectionism, immigration controls, national revenue collection, infrastructure development, and contraband interdiction, are just some of the policy issues that affect ports everyday and complicate the simple functional matrix of port organization. Yet in Latin America, it is this overlay of public policy issues upon existing and functioning port-based organizations that offers the port such remarkable potential for generating more effective host-nation programs while fostering new strategies and directions that meet growing U S interests in the region."
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Boetig, Allen K.
1992-04
-
SLOSH: Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes
"A numerical-dynamic, tropical storm surge model, SLOSH [Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes], was developed for real-time forecasting of hurricane storm surges on continental shelves, across inland water bodies, along coastlines, and for inland routing of water either from the sea or from inland water bodies."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; United States. National Weather Service
Jelesnianski, Chester P.; Chen, Jye; Shaffer, Wilson A.
1992-04
-
Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1991
"Terrorism in 1991 was marked by three major features. First, the number of international terrorist incidents increased 22 percent, from 456 in 1990 to 557 last year. This increase is solely attributable to terrorism associated with the Persian Gulf war. Second, 1991 was the second straight year in which there was no terrorist spectacular. Third, 1991 clearly demonstrated the role of state sponsorship in international terrorism. A central part of US Government counterterrorism policy is to press countries that sponsor terrorism to cease such support. This is what the international community did last year with great success against Iraq when Saddam Hussein threatened the world with a wave of terrorism following his invasion of Kuwait. The threat failed in large part because of the firm response by the United States and its allies and cooperation among them. The expulsion of Iraqi operatives, cooperation among law enforcement and intelligence services, and enhanced security countermeasures proved effective. In April the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 687 requiring a commitment from Iraq not to engage in acts of terrorism or support terrorist groups. Another part of US counterterrorism policy is to work with other governments to identify, apprehend, and prosecute terrorists. […]. A third part of our policy is to refuse to make deals with terrorists, and our firm adherence to this was rewarded in 1991 as the last remaining American hostages were freed from captivity in Lebanon."
United States. Department of State
1992-04
-
DCI Task Force on the National Reconnaissance Office, Report to the Director of Central Intelligence, Final Report
"In March 1992, Director of Central Intelligence Robert Gates requested that a task force, which was headed by Lockheed Corporation COO Robert Fuhrman, examine a variety of issues concerning the future of the National Reconnaissance. Their recommendations concerned, inter alia, the NRO's role in the development and operation of overhead intelligence systems, its organizational structure, and the location of its program offices. The panel also recommended that the "fact of" the NRO be declassified." This is an unclassified extract from the complete document.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence
1992-04
-
Threats to US Security in a Postcontainment World
"The US must take into account the nature of the threats confronting it in devising its military strategy and force structure. Recent years, however, have brought significant changes in these threats. Therefore, the threats need to be reassessed and reprioritized, and the implications of the outcome for US military strategy and force structure should be examined. In carrying out the reassessment and reprioritization of threats, it is essential to observe two key principles: (1) emphasis should go to direct challenges to US interests rather than to those of a peripheral concern, and (2) threats should be weighted primarily in terms of the probability that they will actually materialize and not in terms of what havoc they would wreak if they did materialize. On the basis of these criteria, four major threats seem likely to face the US in the coming years. In descending order of importance, they are regional conflicts, Soviet strategic nuclear forces, anti-US terrorism, and Soviet conventional military forces. This configuration of challenges establishes a number of requirements for future US military strategy and force structure. Although it does not afford detailed guidelines for either, it does set broad parameters for both. A few of these requirements merely revalidate aspects of past strategy and force structure, but many dictate new approaches."
Air University (U.S.). Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education
Albright, David
1992-04
-
Military Technology: New Challenges for US National Security Strategy
"As demonstrated during the Gulf War, advanced military technology plays an important role in both our strategy and current force structure. The war also underscored the need to address the growing proliferation of weapons technology in the Third World. In March 1991, Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney highlighted the technology issue in stating 'we are on the verge of a revolutionary period in military technology, with leading nations achieving major breakthroughs and smaller nations gathering access to weapons of mass destruction.' This paper will focus on the current role of technology in US strategy, technology issues from the Gulf War, and future military technology challenges for the United States."
National War College (U.S.)
Elliott, Carol
1992-04
-
Wildlands Fire Management: Federal Policies and Their Implications for Local Fire Departments
"The United States Fire Administration (USFA) has prepared this report for fire service professionals interested in keeping abreast of developments affecting forests and wildland firefighting policies of the Federal government and the fire problem in the rapidly growing wildland/urban interface areas. This paper looks at two of the major wildfires in 1988 and the policy issues that surrounded them: the Greater Yellowstone Area fires and the '49er' fire that caused more than 20 million dollars in damage in the Gold Rush country of Nevada County, California. Through the years, U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and National Park Service (NPS) fire management policies have taken many forms. An early belief in the importance of suppressing all fires in wildlands evolved into current policies that reflect a basic belief that fire is natural to many wildlands and plays a vital role in the ecology of those lands. The Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) fires provided a crucial test under extreme conditions of NPS and USFS wildfire management policies in effect in 1988. The Interagency Fire Management Policy Review Team was formed to review fire management policies and their implementation during the 1988 fire season. The team found that fire management policies were basically sound, but many of the plans devised for individual forests, parks, and wilderness areas did not conform to national policy guidelines. They recommended that steps be taken to strengthen and ensure operational compliance with those policies."
United States Fire Administration
Rossomando, Christina
1992-04
-
AUSA Background Brief No. 42: Special Operations Forces: A Primer
This document brief discusses the makeup and design of Special Operations Forces. A small but critical portion of the Total Force is made up of the SOF of the Army, Navy and Air Force, which are comprised of special operations, psychological operations and civil affairs organizations. Special operations forces are task organized to conduct contingency operations. Special operations forces are designed to augment theater-based force and, in response to a crisis situation, normally operate with an appropriate mix of conventional forces under theater control. Almost all SOF missions require joint planning; also, they are used for missions with allied or coalition forces as well as for a number of ongoing ground missions in many countries.
US Army Institute of Surgical Research
1992-04
-
Compulsive Gambling: Background Information for Security Personnel
"This study of compulsive gambling pulls together in one place information useful to personnel security policy-makers, practitioners, and researchers when reviewing standards and procedures, establishing priorities or developing training programs. It focuses on the potential impact of compulsive gambling on U.S. Government security, the growth of gambling in the United States, the prevalence of a small percentage of problem gamblers among the general gambling population, indicators for identifying these problem gamblers, and the relationship between compulsive gambling and other addictions. It also discusses legal considerations and treatment results that may be relevant to adjudication decisions."
Defense Personnel Security Research Center (U.S.)
Heuer, Richards J.
1992-04
-
Theater Strategic Appraisal for South America
"U.S. National Security Strategy supports the accomplishment of the following objectives in South America (SA): (1) Deter aggression against our allies and friends in SA in terms of the Rio Treaty; (2) Counter terrorist threats to U.S. citizens and commercial interests in SA short of armed conflict; (3) Prevent, or at least limit, the transfer of militarily critical technologies by Brazil and Argentina, particularly the spread of missile and/or nuclear technology; (4) Reduce the growth and export to the United States of illegal drugs, most notably cocaine, and work with SA governments to combat drug traffickers; (5) maintain access to SA markets and energy/mineral resources; (6) Continue to encourage the development of free-market economies in SA; (7) Achieve cooperative solutions to the environmental challenges of the Amazon Rain Forest, industrial pollution, and exploitation of Antarctica; (8) Establish a more balanced partnership with South American allies, while providing leadership and ensuring hemispheric stability during the transition period; (9) Strengthen the Organization of American States (OAS) to promote diplomatic solutions to regional disputes; (10) Deter regional military powers, such as Brazil, from seeking regional dominance or initiating internecine warfare; (11) Aid in warding off threats to democratic institutions in SA from subversion, insurgencies, military takeover, or lawlessness; and (12) Promote economic development and social/political progress in SA."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Gay, Mark P.
1992-04
-
National Security Directive 67: Intelligence Capabilities-1992-2005
From the Document: "The NSR-29 [National Security Review-29] assessment of intelligence requirements and capabilities through 2005 is complete. Policy requirements for intelligence support have changed markedly in the past year and more change is inevitable. The priorities reflect a general consensus among policy departments and agencies. A summary of the 1992-2005 requirements is attached. I approve the NSR-29 requirements as a basis for resource management and production priorities. They should be reviewed periodically to ensure continuing relevance to the dynamic world situation and consonance with policy objectives. The DCI [Director of Central Intelligence]'s recommendation to reallocate resources in FY 1993 and beyond is also approved. I expect additional changes will be recommended in the future, and I encourage a continued strong correlation of resource allocation and policy requirements for intelligence."
United States. White House Office
1992-03-30
-
Statutory Authority to Contract with the Private Sector for Secure Facilities: Memorandum Opinion for the Director, Federal Bureau of Prisons [March 25, 1992]
"The Federal Bureau of Prisons has statutory authority to contract with the private sector for secure facilities. This memorandum responds to your request for our opinion whether the Federal Bureau of Prisons ('BOP') has statutory authority to contract with the private sector for secure facilities. The General Accounting Office ('GAO') has concluded that BOP lacks such authority; BOP has taken the opposite view. For the reasons explained below, we conclude that BOP has statutory authority to contract with the private sector for secure facilities."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1992-03-25
-
Drugs and Terror: A Threat to U.S. National Security
"One of the most ominous developments in recent years is the union of drug traffickers and terrorists. This growing problem, called narcoterrorism, threatens U.S. national security. This threat causes corruption at every level of government and society. In 1989 President Bush declared that drug abuse was the gravest domestic problem facing our nation and was a national security threat. There has been little or no improvement since then. Secretary of Defense Cheney has stated that the detection and countering of the production, trafficking, and the use of illicit narcotics is a high priority national security mission of the Department of Defense. The social impact of the widespread drug abuse in the United States, the staggering effect on the economy, and Third World instability all have substantial national security implications. Narcoterrorism links the drug problem with the terrorist problem, and it is an international and domestic security threat."
Army War College (U.S.)
Cantrell, Alvin D.
1992-03-23
-
Preserving the U.S. Military Technological Edge: A Long-Term Military-Industrial-Economic Strategy to Expand the U.S. Military Technological Edge into the 21st Century
"A comprehensive military-industrial-economic strategy is critical for improving U.S. defense and industrial abilities to research, develop, and produce advanced systems. Desert Shield and Desert Storm raised concerns about the U.S. capability to produce advanced weapons systems for future combat operations because many critical parts of U.S. weapons are increasingly being designed by foreign companies. U.S. industries appear to have an extremely difficult time transferring early technological leads into profitable, non- defense, commercial products and seem to miss opportunities to produce high technology products for domestic and international consumption, resulting in a further erosion of the U.S. industrial base. The diminished U.S. industrial base, in turn, makes it more difficult for the U.S. to produce weapons systems efficiently and reconstitute combat forces should a large force be required to resolve a crisis. This study focuses on finding a better way for the Department of Defense (DoD), industry, and congress to cooperate toward creating a more viable technological and industrial base to support both national defense and economic interests."
Army War College (U.S.)
Shamess, James M.
1992-03-21
-
Executive Order 12793: Continuing the Presidential Service Certificate and the Presidential Service Badge
"The Presidential Service Certificate is hereby continued, the design of which accompanies and is hereby made a part of this order. The Certificate shall be awarded in the name of the President of the United States by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Air Force, or, when the Coast Guard is not operating as a service in the Navy, the Secretary of Transportation."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1992-03-20
-
Letter to House Armed Services Committee: Senator Dick Cheney, March 17, 1992
"Some of the most important intelligence reforms proposed by the 9-11 Commission, including the creation of a Director of National Intelligence (DNI), might have been adopted over a decade ago if not for the opposition of the Secretary of Defense at the time, Dick Cheney. In a March 1992 letter to Congress, Secretary Cheney defended the status quo and objected to proposed intelligence reform legislation, particularly the DNI position. A companion letter from the DoD General Counsel elaborated on Secretary Cheney's objections, complaining that the intelligence reform proposal would 'give the DNI far more extensive authority and responsibility for program and budget matters than is now exercised by the DCI,' which is indeed the whole point." This letter is the full text of Senator Cheney's comments, as well as commentary on post-Cold War intelligence reform.
United States. Department of Defense
1992-03-17
-
Strategic Defense Initiative in a Changing World
"In response to dramatic changes in the global strategic environment, the United States must move from a bipolar to a multipolar defense strategy. Our emerging strategy must concentrate on both global and regional conflicts in which ballistic missiles of varying ranges and weapons of mass destruction may be employed. The proliferation of space and ballistic missile capabilities, especially into the Third World, will directly impact upon the future strategic defense requirements of the United States and its allies. The changing global geo-political situation, along with technology proliferation, will require an effective ballistic missile defense through the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Program, especially to defend against ballistic missile attack in regional conflict. More importantly, however, the changing global threat will considerably influence future arms-control regimes. This paper analyzes the emerging threat. It focuses on the growing weapons of mass destruction and on proposed redirection of the SDI Program to adequately respond to the proliferation threat. Finally, it reviews how international arms-control regimes can be redirected from an East-West orientation to a broader global focus relative to missile proliferation."
Army War College (U.S.)
Peacock, Jerry E.
1992-03-16
-
National Security Directive 66: Civil Defense
National Security Directive (NSD) 66 "reiterates the need and importance of a civil defense program in aiding a national response to a variety of disasters or threats. The directive also mandates that the civil defense program will support the national all hazards plan by: recognizing the authority of states in providing for the safety of their citizens; serving as a intermediary between states and the federal government in terms of hazard response and planning; working with state and local governments to ensure appropriate use of preparedness funds; creating a civil defense infrastructure that can be mobilized to respond to national level emergencies; utilize all appropriate and willing resources and government agencies. FEMA is put in charge of the managing and implementation of the civil defense program, under the guidance of the National Security Council. The directive mandates that the implementation of the civil defense program should include: population protection, crisis management, citizen awareness of threats, business and industry awareness of threats, and voluntary participation of citizens in threat awareness, survivor sustainability, definition and assessment of base response capabilities, and civil defense mobilization. The directive concludes by stating that federal aid will only be distributed in situations where states and localities are unable to deal with the disasters."
United States. White House Office
1992-03-16
-
Application of 18 U.S.C. 205 to Proposed 'Master Amici': Memorandum Opinion for the Chief Judge, United States Court of Veterans Appeals [March 12, 1992]
"18 U.S.C. § 205 precludes attorneys in the executive branch from serving as 'master amici' in the Court of Veterans Appeals. You have requested the Department of Justice's opinion whether 18 U.S.C. § 205 would bar an attorney employed in the government from serving as a 'master amicus' in the United States Court of Veterans Appeals. The Attorney General has forwarded your request to our Office. We conclude that an executive branch attorney's service as a master amicus would be prohibited by the statute."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1992-03-12
-
United States Responses to Excessive National Maritime Claims
"The purpose of this study is to publicize efforts undertaken by the United States Government to preserve and enhance navigation freedoms worldwide. Particularly, this study will focus on the U.S. Freedom of Navigation (FON) Program, begun in 1979 and designed to be a peaceful exercise of the rights and freedoms of navigation and overflight recognized under international law. [...] Under the FON Program the United States undertakes diplomatic action at several levels to preserve its rights under international law. It conducts bilateral consultations with many states stressing the need for and obligation of all states to adhere to customary international law, as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention). When appropriate, the United States delivers formal diplomatic protests addressing specific maritime claims that are inconsistent with international law. Since 1948, the United States has filed more than 140 such protests, including more than 110 since the FON Program began. Portions of these notes are reprinted, or cited, in this study. Operations by U.S. naval and air forces designed to emphasize internationally recognized navigational rights and freedoms complement U.S. diplomatic efforts. These assertions of rights and freedoms tangibly exhibit U.S. determination not to acquiesce in excessive claims to maritime jurisdiction by other States."
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
Smith, Robert W.; Roach, J. Ashley
1992-03-09
