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Executive Order 12843: Procurement Requirements and Policies for Federal Agencies for Ozone-Depleting Substances
Executive Order 12843 was enacted "in order to reduce the Federal Government's procurement and use of substances that cause stratospheric ozone depletion."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1993-04-21
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Executive Order 12845: Requiring Agencies to Purchase Energy Efficient Computer Equipment
Executive Order 12845 was enacted in order "to ensure the energy efficient operation of the Federal Government's facilities and to encourage the procurement of pollution preventing technologies that will save taxpayer money, reduce the Federal deficit, and accelerate the movement to energy efficient designs in standard computer equipment."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1993-04-21
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Executive Order 12844: Federal Use of Alternative Fueled Vehicles
"The use of alternative fueled motor vehicles can, in some applications, substantially reduce pollutants in the atmosphere, create significant domestic economic activity and stimulate jobs creation, utilize domestic fuel sources as defined by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, and reduce vehicle maintenance costs. Moreover, Federal action can provide a significant market impetus for the development and manufacture of alternative fueled vehicles, and for the expansion of the fueling infrastructure necessary to support large numbers of privately owned alternative fueled vehicles. The Federal Government can exercise leadership in the use of alternative fueled vehicles. To that end, each agency shall adopt aggressive plans to substantially exceed the alternative fueled vehicle purchase requirements established by the Energy Policy Act of 1992."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1993-04-21
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Biotechnology, Indigenous Peoples, and Intellectual Property Rights [April 16, 1993]
"Plant and animal species are estimated to become extinct as a result of natural processes at a rate of one to ten species a year. But human activities and the destruction of habitat are calculated to increase the extinction rate to 10,000-150,000 species a year. This process threatens the gene pool base that is important for food crops, undermines ecological balance, raises moral concerns about humankind's relationship with other species, adversely affects the development of new products useful to the modern world, and causes the demise of indigenous peoples dependent upon their immediate habitat. Several decades ago pharmaceutical companies and government research agencies devoted substantial efforts to screening plants and animals for useful medicinal properties. But the lack of widespread success and government budget cuts led to a decline in biodiversity screening in the 1970s in favor of efforts to synthesize new drugs in the laboratory. Now there has been a resurgence of interest in biodiversity screening. That resurgence has also been accompanied by a concern in some quarters to involve indigenous peoples in the screening process. […] Developing countries that host most indigenous peoples have generally subordinated protection for intellectual property to concerns about rapid economic development. The rights of indigenous peoples are as yet ill-defined. Existing and proposed international agreements pertaining to intellectual property provide little support for the notion. And the requirements of U.S. patent law that an invention be novel, useful, non-obvious, and not be a product of nature appear to be insuperable obstacles to any domestic protection for such knowledge."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Axt, Josephine R.; Corn, M. Lynne (Mary Lynne), 1946-; Ackerman, David M.
1993-04-16
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Arms Control in Middle East
"The Gulf Crisis and War of 1990-91 showed us, once again, the importance of the need to have stability and security in the Middle East. Stability and security in the region can be achieved by eliminating the proliferation of mass-destruction weapons, preventing countries from exceeding the level of their legitimate security needs, and gaining an offensive capability. Also, we must guard against new hostile groupings that may threaten other countries. This can best be done by achieving and implementing a comprehensive arms control and disarmament agreement or a series of agreements. But, the efforts on arms control and disarmament alone is not enough. In order to be successful, the Middle East needs a lasting peace, which can be achieved only by solving major political problems. However, in this paper, the unique one, the Arab-Israeli conflict has been taken as a major starting point in solving regional problems and enhancing the probability of achieving comprehensive arms control and disarmament agreements. This paper will address the complete complex problem of arms control by examining political, economic, social and environmental aspects that can influence positively the arms control and disarmament process."
Army War College (U.S.)
Koken, Yusuf Yuksel
1993-04-15
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Report of Defense Science Board Task Force on Tactical Aircraft Bottom Up Review
"The DoD team that conducted the Bottom Up Review (BUR) took on a very substantial task. The BUR team was appropriately composed of all relevant OSD offices and the services. This Defense Science Board Task Force conducted an independent assessment of their effort. The limited time available required the BUR team to focus chiefly on a comparison of tactical aircraft as stand alone air warfare assets. The process included six main avenues of analysis: costing, affordability, industrial base and threat assessments, a PA&E qualitative assessment, and an Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA) cost-effectiveness comparison model."
United States. Defense Science Board
1993-04-14
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Community Nonproliferation Committee
The Community Nonproliferation Committee will complement the Nonproliferation Center's goals by providing a forum for policy, enforcement and intelligence officials to consider plans, opportunities, developments, and related activities in the fields of weapons proliferation and technology transfer.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1993-04-12
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Army Roles, Missions and Organization for the Post Cold War
"This study reviews current U.S. Army roles and missions, examines the effects of a changed strategic landscape precipitated by the end of the cold war, and proposes changes in roles, missions, and organizations to meet the challenges of a post Cold War world. Specifically, it examines United States foreign policy goals and protection of U.S. vital and major interests; changes in global power following the end of the Cold War; the increase in ethnic and regional strife in Eastern Europe; the changing nature of regional conflict and the proliferation of mass destruction weapons; the emerging role of the United Nations in conflict resolution and peacekeeping; the Army's involvement in the war on drugs; public support and expectations; and, the size, organization and funding of Army forces. The study is not intended, nor does it try to determine roles and functions for the other Services. It does propose the creation of a composite division, made up of both heavy and light brigades, to better fulfill Army roles and missions and increase division utility in an uncertain world."
Army War College (U.S.)
Latimer, John C.
1993-04-07
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Air Piracy and Terrorism Directed Against U.S. Air Carriers
"Air piracy and terrorism have presented an increasing challenge to the air carriers of the United States and to the air carriers of the rest of the world. The air carriers of the United States represent a particularly lucrative target because airlines are symbols of nations. Airliners, which may be carrying as many as 350 hostages or vicitms [sic], can be pirated and controlled by a small force. Or they can be blown up by a small explosive device placed in baggage or cargo. Terrorist groups and air pirates differ significantly in their goals, aims, means, capabilities as well as many other characteristics. They represent causes and ideals which cover the ideological spectrum. No matter their cause or ideal they cause confusion and fear in the government and population of their target country. This study will examine air piracy and terrorism historically and provide a survey of more recent highly publicized and political acts against U.S. air carriers."
Army War College (U.S.)
Martin, Charles E.
1993-04-05
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Credibility of the Army Reserve in the New World Disorder
From the thesis abstract: "The end of the Cold War, the demise of the Warsaw Pact, and
the disintegration of the Soviet Union radically changed the balance of world power. To cope with the ambiguities of the resultant security environment and the inability to define clearly the threat, the U.S. has adopted a regionally-oriented and flexible military strategy. This strategy confronts the rapidly changing world security environment and competes with
U.S. domestic issues for scarce resources. This study examines the relevance of the U.S. Army Reserves and the Army National Guard as effective participants in the new military strategy, the ability and credibility of the Reserve components to perform generic missions, their potential contribution to the Army's Total Force, and their cost effectiveness. The report discusses the organization of the Army reserve components, analyzes the Active Army's proposed reductions in Reserve forces end strength and Congress' objections, provides an assessment of Reserve forces readiness capabilities relative to generic missions and the requirement for rapid response contingency forces, and reviews systemic programs affecting the readiness capability of Reserve forces. The study concludes that the Army Reserve Components continue to be a relevant and credible part of the Total Army of the future."
Army War College (U.S.)
Stenger, Thomas M.
1993-04-02
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Attaining Regional Stability in the 21st Century: Security through United Nations Military Force
"The world was easy to understand in the 1980s. They were over there and we were over here. Money was spent by both sides, all too easily, on weapons of both minimal and mass destruction. In retrospect, no one doubts that it was a more peaceable world, although certainly not more peaceful. More explicitly, the nations of the world, particularly those under communist influence, were more inclined to avoid internal conflict, albeit we still had an east-west confrontation that was anything but free of dissension. Today, without the shelter of Soviet authority, the lid has blown off all the pressure cookers. Bosnia is merely the beginning of civil unrest; small national conflicts on a large global scale seem to be the foreseeable future. But what of the unforeseeable future? Boldly, what does the 21st century hold in store for intra-national conflict, for attaining and maintaining regional stability, and for collective-security? This paper proposes a United Nations design for attaining regional stability and then offers a United Nations military force, strongly supported by U.S. resolve, to compel that stability. Such a proposal is neither simplistic nor naive; regional stability can be achieved even in the most gruesome of territorial conflicts. Idealistic indeed, but why bother at all if world peace isn't the ultimate goal? The paper is divided into the following sections: Attaining Regional Stability, United Nations Forces, Future Collective Security, Standing By Forces, Permanent Standing Force."
National War College (U.S.)
Peterson, T.M.; Krieger, Clifford R.
1993-04-02
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National Guard: Defending the Nation and the States
The National Guard, the subject of this report, is a centuries-old institution, with roots going back before the "Minutemen."The Guard plays a vital role in our national defense and emergency preparedness systems. Today, the Guard has emerged as the foremost reserve of the Army and the Air Force, capable, under the Total Force Policy, of providing organized and trained units to engage in missions shoulder to shoulder with elements of the active forces. Recent events have called attention to the role of the Guard in America's defense and emergency preparedness systems and to a range of intergovernmental issues concerning the Guard's control and operation.
United States. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
1993-04
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Natural Disaster Survey Report: Hurricane Iniki, September 6 - 13, 1992
"The purpose of this survey was to evaluate how the warning and detection system in Hawaii worked in the case of Iniki. It was to identify systemic strengths and weaknesses so that necessary improvements could be developed and implemented. Although some scientific examination of Iniki was a necessary part of this process, this survey was not intended to produce an in-depth scientific analysis of the event. That will be left to others."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1993-04
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Army High-Performance Computing Research Center for the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Computer simulation methods have been used to analyze the structural interactions and energetics governing the binding of substrates formycin 5'- monophosphate (FMP) and adenyl(3' to 5')guanosine (ApG) in the ricin A-chain active site. The studies undertaken showed the average simulation structures of the substrate-bound enzyme to be in good accord with the observed X-ray crystal structures in reproducing an overall binding mode. However, for FMP there are significant differences in the location and binding of the phosphate group. Free-energy simulation methods have been employed to explore several structural motifs of FMP which would have a greater binding affinity for the active site. It is shown that ricin A-chain has a preference for FMP over analogs 2-amino formycin 5'-phosphate and 2-hydroxyl formycin 5'-phosphate. Using the binding motif of the adenine ring from the average simulation structures, several substituents have been appended to the base with removal of the ribose and phosphate group leading to the design of new ligands for ricin. These potential antidotes are being further evaluated by molecular-dynamics simulations to determine the relative binding affinities
United States. Army Research Office
1993-04-01
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Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan
"Though little known, Russia's Caucasian campaigns from 1801-1864 constitute one of the most fascinating and instructive episodes in modern warfare. Pitted against the determined, resourceful Muslim tribes of the mountains and forests of the central Caucasus, Russia's military forces compiled a frustrating record that reflected many of the difficulties inherent in armed conflicts between Western-style, conventional armies and non-Western, unconventional forces in theaters lacking a highly developed transportation and communications infrastructure common to urbanized societies. Repeated Russian failures, the product of errors and the increasingly skillful leadership of the resistance, forced Russian military analysts to reexamine their approach. In the end, the conquest of the interior Caucasus depended upon the Russians' gradual recognition of the distinctive nature of their opponents and the local conditions, subsequent adaptations of their strategy and tactics in the face of intellectual and institutional inertia, and relentless and methodical prosecution of the war."
Combat Studies Institute (U.S.)
Baumann, Robert F., 1952-
1993-04
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Need for an AntiSatellite Capability in the Twenty-First Century
From the thesis abstract: "The US must develop an antisatellite (ASAT) capability because it will probably face adversaries in the next century that have access to force-enhancing satellites. This is likely because: (1) satellites made significant contributions to the success of US-led coalition forces in the Gulf War; (2) analysts from other countries have recognized this; (3) many countries already have satellites that could provide their forces with space-based capabilities comparable to those enjoyed by US forces; and (4) more countries will be able to acquire such capabilities."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Ward, Robert S.
1993-04
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Feasibility Study of a Maritime Business Start-up
From the thesis abstract: "This study sought to determine the feasibility of operating a business as represented by the proposed Sunset Cruises. [...] Having given consideration to the mandated standards of performance requirements and the analysis of the financial projections, I would the judge this project as not feasible. The requirements of the U.S. flagging policy necessitates burdensome costs associated with modifications, crewing, scheduling, and most restricting, finance and investment. The marketing program, the company structure, and the growth strategy are all sound in practice and lay the foundation for a viable venture; however, the entrepreneur's insistence on flagging the vessel U.S. is the single debilitating factor in this finding of not feasible. This inability to operate a business in the maritime industry indicates a major weakness for a maritime nation which adversely impacts that nation's overall national security."
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Lott, Bradley M.
1993-04
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Time for a Change: The Costs and Benefits of the U.S. Relationship with Israel
From the thesis abstract: "Containment evaporated as the foundation of American foreign policy with the end of the Cold War. Washington is searching for a replacement -- for a strategy which will serve American interests under current conditions of reduced threat and limited resources. Domestic affairs have taken precedence over foreign policy, the economy over defense. The government is pinching pennies -- and raising taxes -- to make up for quadrupling the national debt in a score of years. As we adjust to the straitened circumstances of the post-containment era, it is appropriate to reevaluate all aspects of our foreign policy, particularly those which are most costly. We need to ask whether past programs serve American interests, whether they produce benefits commensurate with their costs, and whether we can afford to maintain them in the future. This paper considers the costs and benefits of support for Israel from the perspective of American interests."
National War College (U.S.)
McLean, Martin
1993-04
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Non-Residential Floodproofing - Requirements and Certification for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas in accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program
"This bulletin describes design, construction, and planning requirements for the floodproofing of non-residential buildings under the 'National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) regulations and how to correctly complete the NFIP's Floodproofing Certificate for Non-Residential Structures form. For the purposes of this bulletin, floodproofing means making a building watertight, substantially impermeable to floodwaters. Before a floodproofed building is designed, numerous planning considerations, including flood warning time, uses of the building, mode of entry to and exit from the building and the site in general, floodwater velocities, flood depths, debris impact potential, and flood frequency, must be addressed to ensure that dry floodproofing will be a viable floodplain management tool. These critical considerations are discussed within this bulletin."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1993-04
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Training Air National Guard Contract Security Personnel: How Much Is Enough?
"The Air National Guard has military installations located across 54 states and territories--from Alaska to the Virgin Islands and from Maine to Guam. Occupying these installations are aerospace weapon systems and resources which are tasked by the Department of Defense for both peacetime and wartime missions. The day-today security of these installations is provided by a variety of security forces ranging from military security police to contracted security guards. The training of these contract security guards varies between installations and between states. This research considers whether or not a training program should be standardized for all Air National Guard contract security personnel. The results of this research suggest that the Air National Guard should prescribe a required standard of entry level training for all contract security guards. Furthermore, the research suggests that a security Code of Ethics should be prepared for all Air National Guard security force personnel."
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Hoffmaster, Jan C.
1993-04
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Realizing the Peace Dividend: A Systems Perspective on Defense Conversion
"Many believe the notion of large-scale defense conversion holds the promise of the peace dividend. The true peace dividend is not the amount of money saved on defense, but rather how we utilize the real resources released from defense. In today's environment, we must view defense conversion from a systems perspective and the interaction of three sectors: the civil (non- defense) sector, the defense support sector (Defense Industrial Base), and the military sector (DoD and the Services). The objectives of defense conversion must be to sustain needed defense capability, including a viable defense industrial base, and to use excess resources from defense to promote long-term economic growth. Clearly, defense conversion is not the panacea for curing the nation's economic ills; however, if done right, it can contribute to our long- term economic well-being. The only way to do this is through a systems perspective. This study provides the conceptual foundation for applying systems concepts to defense conversion. It demonstrates how an integrated systems perspective can be used in developing and analyzing policy options to improve system performance; that is, achieving the defense conversion goals. This framework can serve as a useful conceptual guide for the public policy community which must develop and implement defense conversion policy."
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Wallett, Robert M.
1993-04
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Managing Change: Converting the Defense Industry
"Defense conversion is a part of the changing defense industrial posture. It brings the issue of governmental industrial policy into conflict with America's historical opposition to central planning. This research paper explores the issue from the perspective of commercial firms' strategic planning process and the structural, political, human resource, and symbolic frames of Bolman and Deal's organization behavior theory. The multitude of stakeholders requires an integrated perspective and policies which simultaneously satisfy the goals of the stakeholders in each frame. Congress established the Defense Conversion Commission to recommend actions and policies for this effort. It concluded that conversion does not pose extraordinary problems for the nation. It recommends coordinated planning for integrated federal, state, and local programs (most already in existence) and management by the Executive Office of the President. This research paper concludes that the defense conversion effort is actually a transition which isn't extraordinary when compared with previous efforts. Normal economic restructuring is taking place and government's safety net is in place. It's manageable but requires an integrated, high-level manager. The political pressures to answer vested interests' demands for special attention is potentially costly and misguided. Alas, actual plant conversion is a myth and a fad which should not be a major government or public focus. However, when it's defined as shifting people, skills, technology, equipment and facilities into alternative economic applications, it is very important that it be done right in order to preserve our national security and maintain the capability to reconstitute or mobilize in a national emergency."
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Sparks, Larry A.
1993-04
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Hurricane! A Familiarization Booklet
"There is nothing like it in the atmosphere. Even seen by sensors on satellites thousands of miles above the earth, the uniqueness of these powerful, tightly coiled storms is clear. They are not the largest storm systems in our atmosphere, or the most violent; but they combine those qualities as no other phenomenon does- as if they were designed to be engines of death and destruction. In our hemisphere, they are called hurricanes, a term that echoes colonial Spanish and Caribbean Indian words for evil spirits and big winds. The storms are products of the tropical ocean and atmosphere, powered by heat from the sea, steered by the easterly trades and temperate westerlies, and their own fierce energy. Around their core, winds blow with lethal velocity, the ocean develops an inundating surge, and as they move ashore, tornadoes may descend from the advancing bands of thunderclouds."
United States. Department of Commerce; United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; United States. National Weather Service
1993-04
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Value of Space Control and How we Can Achieve It
"This report provides a discussion on the value of space control and whether or not we can achieve it. Space control encompasses offensive and defensive concepts that include surveillance and warning, survivability, launch and negation. In short, space control means more than negation or anti-satellite capabilities. The surveillance, survivability and launch legs of, the definition are fairly robust and will not be dealt with to any degree of detail in this paper. However, the negation aspect is the only leg of this space control definition that has not achieved fruition. Additionally, it has been the subject of great debate since the early 1970's. In a rapidly changing world, the debate over the need for an anti-satellite capability is sure to be a debate worth observing and participating in."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Carron, Brian E.
1993-04
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Enemy Must be on your Staff
"Intelligence analysts, long neglected by the technology driven USAF, must be resurrected as the human link between operational decision makers and the impersonal intelligence process which supports them. Commanders at squadron, wing, numbered air force, and major command levels want knowledgeable analysts to represent the enemy on their staffs. This requires fundamental changes in USAF Intelligence focus, force structure, training, education, and career management."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Whitten, Daniel L.
1993-04
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Oil Algorithm: The Impact of World Oil on Future U.S. National Strategy.
"The availability of oil resources plays a key role in U.S. economic, domestic, and military programs. With over 40 percent of U.S. oil requirements currently being supplied by foreign sources, U.S. national strategy must consider domestic, regional, and international strategies that ensure oil security. This paper reviews world oil production, potential threats, offsetting alternatives, and national security impacts. While many analysts recommend a simple supply and demand solution, the paper recommends a synergistic U.S. national strategy that encapsulates domestic, regional, and international oil policy opportunities."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Burns, Patrick A.
1993-04
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Operational and Technical SIGINT--2020 Foresight
"In many respects the 21st Century's New World Order will not be so 'new' or so 'orderly'. The increasing rich/poor dichotomy, overpopulation, rapid urbanization, environmental degradation and disease and rising nationalism will render the international arena more volatile and unstable. Into this morass U.S. troops will be employed to deter and/or fight insurgency, terrorism, proxy warfare and drug trafficking. To support them in this environment, signals intelligence must bury its classical separations which have divided it into four disciplines during the Cold War and must provide fused, operational and technical intelligence covering the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Ongoing and currently planned programs are leading to such increased capabilities and interoperability - - the key is to not let them become new collection programs, but maintain their emphasis on information processing and dissemination which will provide focused, fused, friendly intelligence - - the 'cheaper' force multiplier of the 21st Century."
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
Henderson, Lewis S.
1993-04
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Key Role of Air Power in the Defence of Australia
"The defence of the island continent of Australia poses difficult problems for its population of 17 million people. While there are no aggressors on the horizon, the defence of the country requires a clear focus to put in place an effective defence at a time of continuing resource constraints. Air power assumes a key role in the defence of Australia because its characteristics, such as mobility, flexibility, versatility, speed of response and reach, are well-matched to Australia's unique situation. While the defence of the sea-air gap to the north remains the prime consideration for defence planners, a task for which air power is well-suited, an offensive strategic strike capability is essential. The flexible strike capability provided by airpower can deter enemies, allow the initiative to be regained and the risks of gradual attrition of friendly forces to be avoided."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Birrer, Kenneth N.
1993-04
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Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1992
This document produced by the State Department in April 1993 provides graphs and analysis of international terrorist acts for the year of 1992. Topics discussed include in depth regional analysis of terrorism activity, international counterterrorism efforts, the Palestinian uprising, background on major groups discussed in the report and a map of incidents.
United States. Department of State
1993-04
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Crime and Security Risk: Background Information for Security Personnel
"This study of crime and security risk provides information relevant to investigative procedures and adjudication standards. It is prepared as background information for policy makers, adjudicators, investigators, and researchers. Information is included on the prevalence of various crimes and on the frequent inadequacy of criminal history records checked during security investigations. Also discussed are means of predicting criminal behavior and the relationship of crime to other behaviors of security concern."
Defense Personnel Security Research Center (U.S.)
Heuer, Richards J.
1993-04
