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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5208, North Korea State Sponsor of Terrorism Designation Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on June 16, 2016. From the Document: "H.R. 5208 would require the Department of State to report to the Congress on the involvement of the North Korean government in terrorist acts, terrorist groups, arms proliferation, cyber-attacks or hacking, assassination attempts, and similar activities. If the department concluded that the North Korean government is involved in such activities it would be required to consider whether to designate that government as a state sponsor of terrorism. If the department decided against such a designation it would be required to justify that decision to the Congress. On the basis of costs for similar reporting requirements, CBO estimates that implementing the bill would cost less than $500,000 over the 2017-2021 period; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds. Pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply because enacting H.R. 5208 would not affect direct spending or revenues. CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 5208 would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2494, Eliminate, Neutralize, and Disrupt Wildlife Trafficking Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as reported by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on May 9, 2016. From the Document: "H.R. 2494 would authorize the Administration to promote the efforts of foreign governments and regional entities in countering wildlife trafficking, in particular by providing technical assistance and support to park rangers and law enforcement officers. In total, and assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 2494 would cost $6 million over the 2017-2021 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-05-20
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Congressional Budget Office: S. 2975, Federal Information Systems Safeguards Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on May 25, 2016. From the Document: "The Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) provides a comprehensive framework to protect the security of federal information systems. S. 2975 would clarify that, under FISMA, federal agencies have the sole and exclusive authority to take appropriate and timely actions to secure their information technology and information systems. CBO estimates that while implementing S. 2975 would clarify Congressional intent, it would have no significant effect on the federal budget because it would not expand the duties of executive agencies. Because enacting the bill could affect direct spending by agencies not funded through annual appropriations, pay-as-you-go procedures apply. CBO estimates, however, that any net change in spending by those agencies would be negligible. Enacting S. 2975 would not affect revenues. CBO estimates that enacting S. 2975 would not increase direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-28
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5385, Quadrennial Homeland Security Review Technical Correction Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on June 8, 2016. From the Document: "Current law requires the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), every four years, to conduct a comprehensive review of its strategy to improve the security of the United States, including recommendations relating to the long-term strategy to improve security. H.R. 5385 would make mostly technical changes to the current requirements for that quadrennial review. Based on information from DHS, we estimate that implementing H.R. 5385 would have no significant effect on the department's spending. Because enacting the legislation would not affect direct spending or revenues, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 5385 would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027. H.R. 5385 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5484, State Sponsors of Terrorism Review Enhancement Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on June 16, 2016. From the Document: "H.R. 5484 would reduce the President's flexibility to remove a country's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism by: [1] increasing the period of time the Congress would have to review any such proposed action[;] [2] increasing the period of time a country must refrain from supporting terrorism before the President could remove such a designation[;] [3] requiring the President to notify the Congress when the Administration initiates a review of a country's designation and, 20 days later, brief the Congress on the status of that review. CBO estimates that providing the notifications and briefings required by the bill would cost less than $500,000 over the 2017-2021 period; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-28
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5390, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection Agency Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on June 8, 2016. From the Document: "H.R. 5390 would rename the National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD) of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection Agency. The bill also would consolidate certain missions of NPPD under two new divisions: the Cybersecurity Division and the Infrastructure Protection Division. Based on information from DHS, CBO has concluded that the bill would largely codify the department's existing plans to reorganize NPPD and would not impose any new operating requirements on the agency. On that basis, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 5390 would have no significant effect on the federal budget."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-29
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Attacks Against the United Arab Emirates: Issues for Congress [March 16, 2022]
From the Overview: "In early 2022, the Iran-backed, Yemen-based Ansar Allah/Houthi movement ('the Houthis') launched several missile and drone attacks against targets in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), killing three foreign nationals. Targets in the UAE included Al Dhafra Air Base, which hosts the United States Air Forces Central (AFCENT) 380th Air Expeditionary Wing [hyperlink]. In Congress, Houthi attacks against the UAE have renewed debate over whether to redesignate the Houthis as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) [hyperlink]. President Trump designated the Houthis as an FTO in January 2021; President Biden reversed that decision citing concerns [hyperlink] that the designation could impede the delivery of humanitarian assistance in Houthi-controlled areas. The Biden Administration has designated individual Houthi leaders and financiers [hyperlink] and said a review is underway [hyperlink] regarding redesignating the group"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell; Humud, Carla E.
2022-03-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4002, Criminal Code Improvement Act of 2015
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on the Judiciary on November 18, 2015. From the Document: "CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 4002 would cost about $1 million in fiscal year 2017 and less than $500,000 annually thereafter; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds. Enacting the bill also could affect direct spending and revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures apply. However, CBO estimates that any such effects would be insignificant in each year. CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 4002 would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027. H.R. 4002 would require the Department of Justice (DOJ) to develop and maintain an inventory of all federal criminal offenses and to make that information available to the public. Based on information from DOJ and the costs of similar activities, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 4002 would cost about $1 million in fiscal year 2017 and less than $500,000 annually thereafter. H.R. 4002 also would establish a default requirement regarding state of mind, for federal criminal offenses that do not already include such a requirement; prosecutors would need to demonstrate that those offenses were committed knowingly. Currently, successful prosecution of some federal crimes requires proof of the defendant's criminal intent when the crime occurred."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-22
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4979, Advanced Nuclear Technology Development Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on May 18, 2016. From the Document: "The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licenses and regulates the use of radioactive materials at civilian facilities, including nuclear reactors. Funding for that agency is provided in annual appropriation acts, and the agency is required to recover most of its funding through fees charged to licensees and applicants. H.R. 4979 would direct the NRC to report to the Congress on existing federal activities related to testing and demonstrating advanced reactors with significant design improvements over existing commercial reactors. The bill also would require to the NRC to submit to the Congress, within one year enactment, a plan for establishing a framework for licensing such reactors. Finally, the bill would specify that any funding provided to the NRC prior to fiscal year 2021 to develop a regulatory framework for advanced reactors would be excluded from the portion of its budget that is offset by fees."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S.461, Cross-Border Trade Enhancement Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on May 25, 2016. From the Document: "S. 461 would extend the current authority for Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to accept donations of real and personal property, including monetary donations, from federal or nonfederal entities to establish or improve CBP facilities at ports of entry. The bill also would extend the current authority for CBP to enter into agreements to provide customs, agricultural processing, border security, or inspection-related immigration services for a fee that would cover the agency's costs. The authority to accept donations and enter into fee agreements expires in 2019 under current law; S. 461 would extend those authorities for 10 years after the date of enactment. Enacting S. 461 could affect direct spending by increasing offsetting receipts from donations and fee agreements as well as the associated direct spending of those funds; therefore, pay you-go procedures apply. However, CBO estimates that the net effect on direct spending would be insignificant. Enacting the bill would not affect revenues. CBO estimates that enacting the legislation would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-07-12
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2964, GAO Mandates Revision Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on May 25, 2016. From the Document: "The Congress often requires that the Government Accountability Office (GAO) perform an annual examination of a program, agency, or other federal activity. S. 2964 would modify or repeal 10 of those activities. Based on information from GAO, CBO estimates that implementing the legislation would reduce discretionary costs by about $1 million over the 2017-2021 period; any such reductions would be subject to future appropriations actions consistent with the provisions of this bill. GAO has an annual budget of more than $500 million and prepares hundreds of products for the Congress each year. CBO expects that implementing S. 2964 would not have a significant effect on the agency's overall workload. Enacting S. 2964 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. CBO estimates that enacting S. 2964 would not increase direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027. S. 2964 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-22
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2016 Annual Report: Additional Opportunities to Reduce Fragmentation, Overlap, and Duplication and Achieve Other Financial Benefits, Report to Congressional Addressees
From the Document: "The federal government continues to face an unsustainable long- term fiscal path based on the imbalance between federal revenue and spending, primarily driven by changing demographics and rising health care costs. Addressing this imbalance will require long- term changes to both spending and revenue and difficult fiscal policy decisions. Significant action to mitigate this imbalance must be taken soon to minimize the disruption to individuals and the economy. In the near term, however, Congress and executive branch agencies can act to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of government programs and activities. Opportunities to take action exist in areas where federal programs or activities are fragmented, overlapping, or duplicative. To call attention to these opportunities, Congress included a provision in statute for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to identify and report to Congress on federal programs, agencies, offices, and initiatives--either within departments or government-wide--that have duplicative goals or activities. As part of this work, we also identify additional opportunities to achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness that result in cost savings or enhanced revenue collection. [...] This report is our sixth in the series, and it identifies an additional 37 areas where a broad range of federal agencies may be able to achieve greater efficiency or effectiveness. For each area, we suggest actions that Congress or executive branch agencies could take to reduce, eliminate, or better manage fragmentation, overlap, or duplication, or achieve other financial benefits. In addition to identifying new areas, we have continued to monitor the progress Congress and executive branch agencies have made in addressing the areas we previously identified."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2016-04
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Children and the Internet: Legal Considerations in Restricting Access to Content [March 14, 2022]
From the Summary: "Throughout the internet's history, the medium's effect on children has been a recurring topic of interest to legislators and the public. In the internet's early days, much attention focused on children's access to online pornography. Today, commentators have expressed concern with a range of issues including targeted advertising, eating disorders, and self-harm. One possible legislative approach to issues arising from children's use of the internet is to regulate particular types of content that might pose harms to children. When undertaking such efforts, legislators might consider that laws that restrict the provision of expressive material may infringe on free speech rights guaranteed by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, and laws that target specific categories of speech based on its content are subject to the demanding 'strict scrutiny' standard of judicial review. Congress has attempted to criminalize the provision of internet content that is 'harmful to minors,' but courts applying the strict scrutiny standard have struck down these statutes as unconstitutional under the First Amendment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Holmes, Eric N.
2022-03-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S.2848, Water Resources Development Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works on April 28, 2016. From the Summary: "S. 2848 would authorize the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to construct projects to mitigate storm and hurricane damage, to improve navigation and flood management, and to assist state and local governments with safety programs for dams and levees. The bill also would authorize the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide grants and loans to state and local governments, public water systems, and nonprofit organizations to support a wide range of water quality projects and programs. CBO estimates, that implementing this legislation would cost about $4.8 billion over the next five years and $10.6 billion over the 2017-2026 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized and necessary amounts. In addition, CBO estimates that enacting the bill would reduce direct spending by $59 million over the 2017-2026 period and the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) estimates that enacting the bill would reduce revenues by $53 million over that same period. Because enacting S. 2848 would affect direct spending and revenues, pay-as-you-go procedures apply. CBO estimates that enacting the bill would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027. S. 2848 would impose intergovernmental and private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-17
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Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience: Countering Russian and Other Nation-State Cyber Threats [March 16, 2022]
From the Document: "This In Focus provides an overview of the U.S. critical infrastructure community, describing the current development of cyber risk management programs and activities in the Energy, Healthcare and Public Health (HPH), and Communications sectors. In recent decades, the federal government has supported voluntary programs and activities intended to develop common perspective, risk awareness, and risk management culture within a diverse and evolving community of critical infrastructure stakeholders. During this time, development of CISR [critical infrastructure security and resilience]-oriented communities of interest defined by robust sector and cross-sector professional networks, multilateral flows of critical infrastructure information, collaboration with relevant government agencies, and investments in resilience has been uneven."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humphreys, Brian E.
2022-03-16
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5445, Health Care Security Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Ways and Means on June 15, 2016. From the Document: "H.R. 5445 would amend the Internal Revenue code to modify the rules regarding contributions to and treatment of distributions from Health Savings Accounts (HSAs), which are tax-favored accounts that individuals with high-deductible health plans can use to fund certain health expenses. The bill would raise the maximum basic contribution limit to an HSA to equal the sum of the annual deductible and out-of-pocket expenses permitted under a high deductible health plan--almost doubling the limit allowed under current law. Also, under current law, spouses must allocate the entire amount of their catch-up contributions to their own HSA, but the bill would allow spouses to divide up their combined catch-up contributions between both of their HSAs. Lastly, under current law, distributions from HSAs for qualified medical expenses are only excluded from gross income if the expense was incurred after the establishment of the HSA. The bill would allow distributions to be excluded from gross income if the associated medical expenses were incurred within a 60-day period between the individual gaining coverage under a high deductible plan and establishing the HSA. The staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) estimates that enacting H.R. 5445 would reduce revenues by about $20.5 billion over the 2017-2026 period. Of that reduction, about $4.8 billion would result from changes in off-budget revenues (from Social Security payroll taxes). "
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-17
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Fighting a Global Pandemic Requires a Global Response
From the Document: "'The U.S. International Response is an essential part of America's COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] response toolkit.' The emergency COVID-19 relief bill passed at the end of 2020 included $4 billion to support global vaccine distribution through GAVI [formerly the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation] and President Biden has proposed an $11 billion investment in global health investments."
U.S. Global Leadership Coalition
2021-02?
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Energy and Water Development Appropriations: Nuclear Weapons Activities [Updated March 14, 2022]
From the Document: "The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill funds, among other activities, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency within the Department of Energy (DOE). NNSA operates three programs: Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, Naval Reactors, and Weapons Activities. The last is the subject of this report. The Weapons Activities account supports U.S. nuclear warheads, provides the materials and components for those weapons, and sustains the infrastructure that supports that mission. They provide for 'the maintenance and refurbishment of nuclear weapons to continue sustained confidence in their safety, reliability, and performance; continued investment in scientific, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities to enable production and certification of the enduring nuclear weapons stockpile; and manufacture of nuclear weapon components.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2022-03-14
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Methane Emissions: A Primer [Updated March 16, 2022]
From the Document: "Methane is the world's simplest hydrocarbon, with a chemical formula of CH4 (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions and is commonly produced through the decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen. It is released into the atmosphere by natural sources such as wetlands, oceans, sediments, termites, volcanoes, and wildfires as well as human activities such as oil and natural gas systems, coal mines, landfills, wastewater treatment facilities, and the raising of livestock. [...] Methane, however, when vented or leaked into the atmosphere (commonly referred to as 'fugitive' emissions), can affect human health and safety and the environment. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration lists methane as both an asphyxiant and an explosive; increased concentrations in local settings can jeopardize worker safety. Further, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies methane as both a precursor to ground-level ozone formation (commonly referred to as 'smog') and a potent GHG [greenhouse gas], albeit with a shorter atmospheric life than CO2 [carbon dioxide]. Methane's effect on climate change is up to 34 times greater than that of CO2 when averaged over a 100-year time period, and even greater when considered over the first 20 years after it is emitted."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lattanzio, Richard K.
2022-03-16
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Guyana: An Overview [Updated March 14, 2022]
From the Document: "Located on the northern coast of South America between Suriname and Venezuela, English-speaking Guyana has characteristics similar to other Caribbean nations because of their common British colonial heritage (Guyana became independent in 1966). The country participates in Caribbean regional organizations, and its capital, Georgetown, serves as headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), a regional integration organization. Once one of the poorest countries in the hemisphere, Guyana's development prospects have shifted significantly since the discovery of large offshore oil deposits in 2015."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Klein, Joshua
2022-03-14
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Guyana: An Overview [Updated October 27, 2020]
From the Document: "Located on the north coast of South America, English-speaking Guyana has characteristics of a Caribbean nation because of its British colonial heritage (the country became independent in 1966). Guyana participates in Caribbean regional organizations, and its capital Georgetown serves as headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), a regional integration organization. In 2020, Guyana has faced two major challenges--a political crisis concerning the conduct of the March 2, 2020, elections, and a public health threat due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2020-10-27
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Fundamentals of Unemployment Compensation [Updated March 17, 2022]
From the Document: "The joint federal-state Unemployment Compensation (UC) program provides income support through UC benefit payments. Although there are broad requirements under federal law regarding UC benefits and financing, the specifics are set out under each state's laws. States administer UC benefits with U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) oversight, resulting in 53 different UC programs operated in the states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Total UC expenditures include benefits and administrative costs. During economic expansions, states fund approximately 85%-90% of all UC expenditures--as almost all of the benefits are state-financed by state unemployment taxes. In comparison, federal expenditures are relatively small during these expansions (approximately 10%-15%) in which federal expenditures are primarily administrative grants to the states financed by federal unemployment taxes. During FY2021, federal expenditures were 27% of total permanent-law, regular UC program outlays. Almost 88% of all FY2021 Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit expenditures were federally financed once the temporary COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] UI benefits outlays are included in the calculation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Whittaker, Julie M.; Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-
2022-03-17
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Letter from CBO Director Keith Hall to the Honorable John McCain Regarding [Budgetary Effects of S. 2943, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017] [June 9, 2016]
From the Letter: "The Congressional Budget Office [CBO] has completed an estimate of the budgetary effects of S. 2943, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, as reported by the Senate Committee on Armed Services on May 18, 2016. […] For 2017, the bill would authorize an estimated $603.2 billion, nearly all of which ($602.6 billion) would be specifically authorized by the bill. The remaining $0.6 billion largely reflects CBO's estimate of the amount not specifically authorized by the bill that would be necessary to fund certain accrual payments required under current law. Under S. 2943, specified authorizations for defense programs would total $602.4 billion, an increase of $3.3 billion (1 percent) compared to amounts appropriated for 2016. Operation and maintenance would receive the largest increase ($7.4 billion, or 3 percent), followed by research and development ($2.6 billion, or 4 percent). Procurement would decline by $6.4 billion (5 percent), while authorized funding for all other categories combined would decrease by $0.3 billion (less than 1 percent). Of the amount specifically authorized, $543.5 billion--plus the estimated $0.6 billion mentioned above--would cover 'base' budget costs that, if appropriated, would count against the 2017 cap on defense appropriations. Another $58.9 billion would be for overseas contingency operations and if appropriated, would not be subject to that cap. The remaining $0.2 billion specified for nondefense appropriations would count against the nondefense cap. […] CBO estimates that enacting S. 2943 would increase net direct spending and on-budget deficits by more than $5 billion in each of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-09
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2970, A Bill to Amend Title 5, United States Code, to Expand Law Enforcement Availability Pay to Employees of the Air and Marine Operations of U.S. Customs and Border Protection
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and and Governmental Affairs on May 25, 2016. From the Document: "S. 2970 would change the system for determining overtime compensation for certain employees of Air and Marine Operations in U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Based on information from CBP, CBO estimates that implementing S. 2970 would reduce costs by about $2 million annually or $10 million over the 2017-2021 period, assuming future appropriations are reduced consistent with the bill's provisions. Enacting the legislation would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. CBO estimates that enacting S. 2970 would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027. Under current law, about 500 law enforcement officers in Air and Marine Operations are eligible for overtime compensation under three different schedules: the Administratively Uncontrollable Overtime (AUO), the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), and the Federal Employee Pay Act (FEPA). Total overtime costs for those officers, including pay and benefits, totaled $18 million in 2015. Their total base pay was $46 million in that year. Under S. 2970, law enforcement officers in Air and Marine Operations would no longer be eligible for overtime compensation under AUO or the FLSA. The bill would make them eligible for Law Enforcement Availability Pay, and they would remain eligible for FEPA overtime pay. Costs would decline under S. 2970 mostly because the affected officers would no longer receive compensation required under the FLSA."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-14
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Questioning Judicial Nominees: Legal Limitations and Practice [Updated March 17, 2022]
From the Summary: "The U.S. Constitution vests the Senate with the role of providing 'advice' and granting or withholding 'consent' when a President nominates a candidate to be an Article III judge--a federal judge potentially entitled to life tenure, such as a Supreme Court Justice. To carry out this 'advice and consent' role, the Senate typically holds a hearing at which Senators question the nominee. After conducting the hearing, the Senate generally either 'consents' to the nomination by voting to confirm the nominee or rejects the nominee. Many prior judicial nominees have refrained from answering certain questions during their confirmation hearings on the ground that responding to those questions would contravene norms of judicial ethics or the Constitution. [...] Beyond judicial ethics rules, broader constitutional values, such as due process and the separation of powers, have informed the Senate's questioning of judicial nominees. As a result, historical practice can help illuminate which questions a judicial nominee may or should refuse to answer during confirmation. For example, recent Supreme Court nominees have invoked the so-called 'Ginsburg Rule' to decline to discuss any cases that are currently pending before the Court or any issues that are likely to come before the Court. Senators and nominees have disagreed about whether any given response would improperly prejudge an issue that is likely to be contested at the Supreme Court. Although nominees have reached varied conclusions regarding which responses are permissible or impermissible, nominees have commonly answered general questions regarding their judicial philosophy, their prior statements, and judicial procedure."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brannon, Valerie C.; Lewis, Kevin M.; Lampe, Joanna R.
2022-03-17
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International Trade and E-Commerce [Updated March 14, 2022]
From the Document: "Online transactions through e-commerce allow customers to research and purchase goods without leaving their home or office, increasing access and convenience. Using online sales, businesses are able to scale efficiently and reach customers in new markets, both domestically and abroad, especially small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs). Although some online purchases replace what may have been in-store transactions, other purchases are new sales."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fefer, Rachel F.
2022-03-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4768, Separation of Powers Restoration Act of 2016
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on the Judiciary on June 8, 2016. From the Document: "H.R. 4768 would authorize courts that review agency actions to decide all relevant questions of law, including the interpretation of constitutional and statutory provisions and rules, without deferring to previous legal determinations by the agency (de novo review). Under the legislation, the courts could overturn some agency decisions that they would have upheld under current law. Some of those decisions could affect the budget by overturning regulations that affect discretionary spending, direct spending, and revenues. However, CBO has no basis for estimating either the likelihood that such actions would be overturned or what the effects on the budget might be. Because enacting the legislation could affect direct spending and revenues, pay-as-you-go procedures apply. For example the legislation could affect the timing or content of rules that concern federal entitlement programs or rules related to the collection of fees. CBO also cannot determine whether enacting H.R. 4768 would increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2027. H.R. 4768 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2016-06-14
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Nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court [March 14, 2022]
From the Summary: "On February 25, 2022, President Joe Biden announced his nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to serve as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. If confirmed, Judge Jackson would fill the vacancy expected with the retirement of Associate Justice Stephen G. Breyer in summer 2022, at the end of the Supreme Court's term. Judge Jackson would be the first Black woman to serve on the Supreme Court. Judge Jackson has been a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit since 2021, having also been nominated to that court by President Biden and confirmed by the Senate. Before that, she was a judge on the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, appointed by President Barack Obama in 2013. The nominee earned her law degree from Harvard Law School, and clerked for three federal judges, including Justice Breyer. In addition to her judicial experience, Judge Jackson has spent time in private practice at several law firms, served on the U.S. Sentencing Commission, and worked as a federal public defender--an experience that no current or former Justice has had."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gunter, David
2022-03-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 180, National Blue Alert Act of 2013
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on the Judiciary on May 7, 2013. From the Document: "H.R. 180 would require the Department of Justice (DOJ) to establish and promote a national communications network to issue alerts (that would be known as 'blue alerts') when a law enforcement officer is killed or seriously injured. Under the bill's provisions, the department would develop guidelines and protocols for state and local governments that participate in the program and provide assistance as necessary to those participants. Based on the costs of similar activities, CBO estimates that it would cost about $1 million annually from appropriated funds for DOJ to establish and administer the new program. Enacting the legislation would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2013-05-09
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Challenges that Maintaining Legacy Assets Poses to United States Coast Guard Mission Performance, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 20, 2012
From the opening statement of Frank LoBiondo: "The subcommittee is meeting this afternoon to review the challenges the Coast Guard faces maintaining its legacy assets and examine how those challenges impact the Service's mission and performance. Findings by GAO [Government Accountability Office] and others over the years have accurately shown the rapid decline of legacy assets that is causing the Coast Guard to fall short of its operational targets, forcing the Service to spend too much of its tight budget on maintenance and undermining the success of its critical safety and security missions. This is a very serious problem that has me and, I believe, many others very deeply concerned." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Ronald J. Rábago, Stephen L. Caldwell, Rick Larsen, Howard Coble, and Frank LoBiondo.
United States. Government Printing Office
2012
