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Information Warfare and Deterrence
This report documents the sixth in a series of workshops and roundtables organized by the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) Directorate of Advanced Concepts, Technologies, and Information Strategies (ACTIS). These meetings bring together operators, planners, researchers, and analysts to identify and examine those aspects of command and control and information warfare of contemporary interest. The results are used to increase the dialogue and understanding of the subjects and to develop Mission Capabilities Packages (MCP) that support U.S. Armed Forces in joint, combined, and coalition operations. Earlier workshops identified "information warfare and deterrence" as a subject that has strong command and control implications that need to be examined in light of our nascent understanding of IW. ACTIS combines the research and education resources of NDU by merging the Center for Advanced Concepts and Technology (ACT) with the School of Information Warfare and Strategy (SIWS) under a single Directorate. This Directorate serves to improve the state of the art and practice of command and control and information warfare by undertaking selected research and analysis initiatives and by serving as a bridge between the operational, technical, analytical, and educational communities. The Center focuses on emerging requirements and mission areas where new concepts are needed. IW is clearly one of those areas.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Hayes, Richard E., 1942-; Wheatley, Gary F.
1996-12
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Information Warfare: An Old Operational Concept With New Implications
"An examination of the open literature on information warfare shows that recent attempts to address this issue suffer from two major shortcomings. Authors either (1) get involved in attempts to predict technology, thus incurring a loss of credibility with many readers, or (2) they wrap information warfare up in the broader issues of a revolution in military affairs, thereby losing focus and becoming diverted by irrelevant controversies. A radically different approach to the subject is obviously in order. Conclusions:(l) The new balance of information and energy (as well as the degree of coupling between them) is changing the conduct of warfare; (2) Expect to see much more intensive use of deception, stealth and redundancy as well as much smaller and stealthier platforms in order to neutralize the impact of highly accurate PGMs. Taken in aggregate, these changes call for fundamentally different approaches to the design and development of weapon systems, which, in turn, will inevitably lead to basic changes in strategy, tactics and doctrine; (3)Key assets of the national civilian infrastructure may, under certain circumstances, become highly lucrative military centers of gravity for an adversary, blurring the traditional dividing line between the combatant and civilian domains. Even more disturbing is the nature of this critical vulnerability-involving asymmetry of forces, arduous tracing of information warfare attacks, and the bypassing of the military; (4)These conditions, and their interrelationships, may radically alter the role of the military as well as our definition of war."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Singer, Abe; Rowell, Scott
1996-12
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National Communications System Annual Report: Fiscal Year 1997: Information Technology: The Foundation for a Secure America
This report highlights significant telecommunications events, activities, and accomplishments during fiscal year 1997 (FY97). This report also reviews the national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) telecommunications posture of the Nation; significant internal and external factors affecting the NCS; and major NCS interagency plans, programs, and initiatives. A continuing and active national-level effort is necessary to provide interoperable, secure, and timely NS/EP telecommunications in an all hazards environment. The Nation's reliance on information technology as the underpinning of its critical infrastructures necessitates public and private sector cooperation to protect these infrastructures in an environment marked by increasing technological complexity and attendant potential vulnerabilities. The NCS is addressing these challenges through partnerships with the NS/EP community, dedicating itself to its mission of exercising emergency telecommunications responsibilities, and coordinating the planning for and provisioning of critical NS/EP communications for the Nation under all circumstances.
National Communications System (U.S.)
1997
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Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance
The purpose of this paper is to explore alternative concepts for structuring mission capability packages (MCPs) around which future U. S. military forces might be configured. From the very outset of this study group's deliberations, we agreed that the most useful contribution we could make would be to attempt to reach beyond what we saw as the current and commendable efforts, largely but not entirely within the Department of Defense, to define concepts for strategy, doctrine, operations, and force structure to deal with a highly uncertain future. In approaching this endeavor, we fully recognized the inherent and actual limits and difficulties in attempting to reach beyond what may prove to be the full extent of our grasp. It is, of course, clear that U.S. military forces are currently the most capable in the world and are likely to remain so for a long time to come. Why then, many will ask, should we examine and even propose major excursions and changes if the country occupies this position of military superiority? For reasons noted in this study, we believe that excursions are important if only to confirm the validity of current defense approaches. There are several overarching realities that have led us to this conclusion. First, while everyone recognizes that the Cold War has ended, there is not a consensus about what this means for more precisely defining the nature of our future security needs. Despite this absence of both clairvoyance and a galvanizing external danger, the United States is actively examining new strategic options and choices. The variety of conceptual efforts underway in the Pentagon to deal with this uncertainty exemplifies this reality.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Ullman, Harlan; Wade, James P., 1930-
1996-12
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Demographic Trends in France and Germany: Implications for U.S. National Security
This thesis explores the changing demographic picture in France and Germany and how it may affect U.S. national security in the near future. while demographics are only one set of the many forces driving changes in the way the United States and Western Europe interact and cooperate, they have the potential to fundamentally change the way Western Europe shapes and implements its security policies around the world. This thesis examines how demographic trends in Western Europe, particularly France and Germany, will affect those countries' abilities to fund and man viable military forces. The analysis includes topics such as immigration, terrorism, the importation of foreign conflicts, and increased nationalistic xenophobia. Finally it examines the implications these demographic changes will have on U.S. national security, in particular the willingness of France and Germany to act as U.S. allies and their ability to invest in defense spending. It concludes that while they are radically changing their force posture, France and Germany will continue to rely on the U.S. military for European security. Also, if Western Europe's social welfare programs are not significantly reformed, demographic forces will necessitate further decreases in defense spending.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Martin, Mark G.
1996-12
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Future of Planning in a Changing World
The post cold war world appears to be an era of unprecedented change. Nations are disintegrating in some places while in others they are forming supranational powers such as the European Union. Transnational threats such as narcotrafficing, crime and terrorism along with ecological problems, uncontrolled population growth and large- scale population migration create new challenges for the legitimacy of governments. New computer and telecommunications technologies are changing the nature and relationships of societies, nations, and economies creating new fault lines and flash points. In this turbulent environment the armed forces are called upon increasingly for operations other than war. These operations by their nature require increased coordination and cooperation among the departments and agencies of the government. In light of this increased requirement for coordination and the environment of global change it is time to assess the impact on the planner to determine if new or modified organizations or paradigms are needed to adapt effectively. This monograph uses three categories of change (co-evolution, punctuated equilibrium and tectonic plates) as metaphoric lenses through which the impact of change on the elements of national power can be assessed. By understanding the impact of the forces of change on the elements of national power we can more fully understand the environment within which the planner must operate and therefore how planners and their organizations should adapt.
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Carmichael, John M.
1997
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Maritime Patrol Aircraft in MOOTW: Battlespace Awareness for the Operational Commander
Traditional warfare between large armies and navies are perhaps a thing of the past. The battles that the new joint doctrine envisions, fall within a broad spectrum of warfare classed as military operations other than war, or MOOTW. The 'clash of cultures,' democratic political stability, environmental and human crises, and terrorism are among the new enemies that the Joint Force Commander (JFC) will have to decisively defeat. The expansive desert and ocean battlespace was then. Battlespace that is mountainous, urban, and deep within the continents is now. Where once we fought a danger that was 'clear and present,' the new and present dangers are anything but clear. Managing risk and synchronization of military and civilian humanitarian/relief organization efforts in his theater requires the JFC to achieve a near-omniscient battlespace awareness. But, the CINC/JFC have a real dilemma. Most imagery assets are dedicated to national-strategic support, not to the operational level where the JFC conducts his art. Is there an asset that meets the JFCs need? The answer is yes...MPA. The maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) (P-3 'Orion'), is a proven maritime performer that was modified in support of a CINC to fill his needs for real-time, flexible, imagery in MOOTW. Its stand-off weaponry and imagery system enhancements make this Cold War workhorse a littoral/overland, precision force multiplier for the JFC engaging in MOOTW. Its dwell time over target, dynamic ability to be retasked in-flight, robust imagery downlinking capability, and ability to get under the weather to achieve optimal look angles all combine to provide today's JFC with the tool he needs to achieve battlespace awareness in MOOTW and, thus, raise this new operational art to a higher form.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Williams, David A.
1997
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Future of the Army in Domestic Operations: A Strategy for the 21st Century
"The issue of whether or not the Army should be involved in support of domestic operations continues to be a controversial one. As this debate continues, there is ample evidence to demonstrate that the Army has a long standing history of providing support to the nation. It is within reason to expect that the Army will continue to do so in the future if the nation's leadership continues to focus on the domestic agenda. Despite the fact that the military has played a significant role in the development of the nation, there has never been a stated strategy or policy for the employment of military forces in the domestic arena. With a smaller force and a reduced budget in the future, we can ill afford to continue without such a strategy. This paper outlines some components of a domestic strategy for the employment of military forces. In doing so, the author examines the historical roles and limitations of the military in the domestic arena. In addition, he identifies the domestic challenges and threats that the nation currently faces, as well as some military assets that may be used to address those threats. A key issue is that, unlike any other time in recent history, the country has the opportunity to utilize wisely some of the Army's resources to promote domestic prosperity."
Army War College (U.S.)
Austin, Lloyd J. (Lloyd James), 1953-
1997
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FBI Bomb Data Center General Information Bulletin 97-1: 1997 bombing incidents
The FBI Bomb Data Center (BDC) collects and reports bombing information to public safety agencies, elected officials and the interested public. The graphs and tables contained in the body of this summary reflect the use of explosive and incendiary devices by criminals in the United States. Statistics show criminals are continually using these devices to facilitate unlawful purposes. This places the public and law enforcement personnel at great risk. The information contained in the charts comes from bombing incidents reported in 1997 and its territories. Also presented are statistics regarding hoax devices, recoveries of improvised devices, explosives, and military ordnance. State and local public safety agencies (to include over 600 bomb squads) make a significant contribution in reporting these types of incidents to the FBI. In addition, the BDC gathers information from the Postal Inspection Service; Military Explosive Ordnance Disposal units; and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. While we make every effort to obtain data on all bombing incidents, it is necessary to point out that not every incident is reported to law enforcement agencies, or in rare instances, those reported to the agencies may not come to the attention of the FBI.
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Gadson, Latonya O.; Michael, Melody Lynn; Walsh, Nancy . . .
1997
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Export Controls: Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Technologies
"In December 1995, in The Hague suburb of Wassenaar, the United States and its allies and former adversaries, including Russia, agreed to establish an export control arrangement to deal with post- Cold War security risks arising from transfers of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. The objective is to promote greater transparency and responsibility and as well as restraint in such transfers. At their Dec. 13, 1996 meeting the 33 member states of the Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) noted that they have now begun work on the basis of the Ainitial elements,' the WA's principles and procedures, which were agreed to in July. Although WA members have national policies against selling arms or sensitive dual-use items for military end-uses in 'states of serious concern,' key members oppose measures that would diminish their freedom of action. Thus the WA does not formally identify the 'states of serious concern' (Iran, Iraq, North Korea and Libya). Furthermore, the requirements to exchange information on transfers to non-members are limited in scope and timeliness. Most importantly, the WA failed to secure agreement on notification prior to transferring arms to regions of instability (Middle East and South Asia) or on disclosure of dual-use transfers to purported civilian end-users in states of concern. Thus, the WA lacks the tools needed to meaningfully implement its objectives."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Sullivan, Peter
1996-12
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Command and Control of Special Operations Forces
"Today integrated operations are a prime requirement of Special Operations Forces (SOF) and General Purpose Forces (GPF) of all services. None can unilaterally conduct operations because of strategic lift and logistic limitations. No unit is capable of all types of missions nor should any unit or its leadership believe it is capable of all types of missions. SOF must become more able to integrate jointly with all branches and services to secure its future effectiveness. This thesis looks at historical examples of four integrated operations and illustrates some definitive problems associated with them. It shows how four variables are especially significant to all levels of an operation. These variables may affect the outcome of operations significantly enough to be considered essential. The thesis summarizes the problems associated with each operation and looks at some future implications for joint warfare."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Brown, Harry S.
1996-12
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Annual Energy Outlook 1997 with Projections to 2015
"The Annual Energy Outlook 1997 (AEO97) presents midterm forecasts of energy supply, demand, and prices through 2015 prepared by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). These projections are based on results of EIA's National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). This report begins with a summary of the reference case, followed by a discussion of the legislative assumptions and evolving legislative and regulatory issues. 'Issues in Focus' discusses emerging energy issues and other topics of particular interest. It is followed by the analysis of energy market trends. The analysis in AEO97 focuses primarily on a reference case and four other cases that assume higher and lower economic growth and higher and lower world oil prices than in the reference case. Forecast tables for these cases are provided in Appendixes A through C. Appendixes D and E present summaries of the reference case forecasts in units of oil equivalence and household energy expenditures. Twentythree other cases explore the impacts of varying key assumptions in NEMS--generally, technology penetration, with the major results shown in Appendix F. Appendix G briefly describes NEMS and the major AEO97 assumptions, with a summary table. Appendix H provides tables of energy conversion and metric conversion factors. Appendix I presents instructions for obtaining tables through the EIA Fax-On-Demand system."
United States. Energy Information Administration
1996-12
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Probabilistic Modeling of a Syndrome
"We propose a probabilistic methodology for deducing a syndrome or syndromes (possibly induced by chemical/biological agents) associated with a large number of people from certain geographic areas that have well-established diagnoses and symptoms. Here, using the finite element method and the databases of symptoms and diagnoses, for each geographic area an analytical probability distribution function is established, which gives a probability that a person has a certain number of symptoms/diagnoses. This, in turn, allows us to write down an analytic expression for the symptoms/diagnoses density from which, with the help of databases, one deduces the overall most numerous symptoms and diagnoses; as such, they define the syndrome for the particular geographic area. Now, comparing the syndromes to each other, one can see to what extent geography, and what is on it, affects the syndromes associated with different geographic areas."
U.S. Army Research Laboratory
Soln, Josip Z.
1996-12
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Domestic Support Operations: Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief
"During recent domestic support operations, including hurricane relief and civil disturbance operations, CALL identified the following key lessons which commanders should consider when tasked to support domestic support missions."
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
Cooper, Clay.
1997
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Natural Disaster Reduction: A Plan for the Nation
"The purpose of this report is to highlight ongoing Federal research efforts in this science and technology (S&T) field and to identify new and promising areas where there might be gaps in Federal support. The report is intended for internal planning purposes within the Federal agencies and as a mechanism to convey to the S&T community the types of research and research priorities being sponsored and considered by Federal agencies. The Administration is committed to a broad range of high-priority investments (including science and technology), as well as to deficit reduction, and to a smaller, more efficient Federal Government. These commitments have created a very challenging budget environment-requiring difficult decisions and a well-thought-out strategy to ensure the best return for the Nation's taxpayers. As part of this strategy, this document does not represent the final determinant in an overall Administration budget decision-making process. The research programs presented in this report will have to compete for resources against many other high-priority Federal programs. If these programs compete successfully, they will be reflected in future Administration budgets."
National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)
1996-12
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Hospitals and Community Emergency Response - What You Need to Know
Protecting health care workers who respond to emergencies involving hazardous substances is critical. Health care workers dealing with emergencies may be exposed to chemical, biological, physical or radioactive hazards. Hospitals providing emergency response services must be prepared to carry out their missions without jeopardizing the safety and health of their own workers. Of special concern are the situations where contaminated patients arrive at the hospital for triage or definitive treatment following a major incident.
In many localities, the hospital has not been firmly integrated into the community disaster response system and may not be prepared to safely treat multiple casualties resulting from an incident involving hazardous substances. Increasing awareness of the need to protect health care workers and understanding the principal considerations in emergency response planning will help reduce the risk of health care worker exposure to hazardous substances.
United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1997
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State and Local Law Enforcement Wireless Communications and Interoperability: A Quantitative Analysis
This 1997 NIJ-sponsored study, conducted by the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center, focuses on interoperability issues in the law enforcement community. It is based on a mail survey of the interoperability experiences and needs of law enforcement agencies across the Nation. Four basic questions drove the research: What are the current and planned telecommunications capabilities of State and local law enforcement agencies? What is the knowledge and training level of State and local law enforcement agencies related to telecommunication technologies, information sources, and interoperability policies or issues? What is the nature and extent of law enforcement agencies' past and current interoperability experience and requirements? What is the nature and extent of interoperability shortfalls experienced by law enforcement agencies? This study confirmed much of what has been generally believed about police use of wireless communications equipment and interoperability. It also revealed some surprises. Fragmented spectrum and funding were identified as serious interoperability obstacles, and problems with channel congestion and outdated equipment were quantified. The study revealed trends related to the shift from analog to digital systems, high VHF to 800 MHz, and increasing use of spectrum for data transmissions related to the use of MDTs and laptop computers. Surprises include the extent to which agencies already have channels dedicated for interoperability, their general level of confidence in handling routine local interoperability events, and the relatively modest requests for additional channels. Non routine events remain a challenge for most agencies. Willingness to adopt interoperability standards is linked to funding issues.
National Law Enforcement & Corrections Technology Center (U.S.)
Tolman, Thomas K.; Epper, Robert C.; Taylor, Mary J.
1997
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Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited: Strategic Doctrine in Question
Article discusses Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, an evolutionary defense strategy based on the concept that neither the United States nor its enemies will ever start a nuclear war because the other side will retaliate massively and unacceptably. MAD has remained the central theme of American defense planning since the 1950s. Times have changed, however. Missile guidance improvements have eliminated the need for multiple targeting by redundant weapon systems. More importantly, our enemies have changed as have our fears about Communist domination. Author asserts that it is time to rethink US baseline defense strategy and the doctrine behind it. Major topics of article include Lessons from the Strategic Bombing of Japan, Lessons from Strategic Bombing in Vietnam, Lessons from Strategic Bombing in the Persian Gulf, and Lessons from the Cold War. Author ultimately concludes that if the world is to reverse the tide of history and survive the atomic age, we must soon recognize the incompatibility of weapons of mass destruction with the political nature of warfare. Only then will we begin to change the counterproductive strategies that threaten us all.
United States. Department of the Air Force
Parrington, Alan J.
1997
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Information as a Weapon: Reality versus Promises
Literature discussing information warfare, IW, can be divided into two broad categories, the first involving a concept that discusses IW in terms of the traditional use of "information warfare" to support decision making and combat operations; the second providing evidence to support or refute the question of whether information is a weapon. This article uses those writings that profess the use of information as a weapon rather than those that boast the effective use of information in warfare in supporting combat operations, since the latter is not relevant to the question of whether information is a weapon. Major topics of the article include The Information Weapon, Enemy Will and Capacity to Fight, The Information Weapon: Use with Caution, and Implications. The author concludes that the US civilian and military leaders should strive to understand why information warfare appears so attractive, in order that realistic and useful doctrinal guidance may be developed for its employment and incorporation into the overall war-fighting strategy. The consequences of not accomplishing this self-examination could result in the military promising too much, too fast.
United States. Department of the Air Force
Whitehead, Yulin G.
1997
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Naval Aviation: Forward Air Power from the Sea
For over two hundred and twenty years America's naval forces the Navy and Marine Corps have been forward-deployed, on call and ready to respond. In peacetime, crisis, and conflict we have answered our nation's call on countless occasions in every region of the world. Today, we find ourselves in an era of 'chaotic peace' where the challenges, though sometimes ambiguous, are as daunting as ever. The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, along with the availability, of sophisticated weapons and commercial information technology on the open markets contribute to uncertain and often dangerous international situations. Our nation's need for unencumbered, forward-deployed, expeditionary forces to provide true flexibility for rapid response will he critical in the 21st century. The unique expeditionary nature of our Service will permit America to respond whenever and wherever America's citizens, friends, and interest are art risks. The expeditionary nature of naval forces means that we will continue to be the force of choice for crisis response.
United States. Department of the Navy
1997
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Preventing Ballistic Missile Proliferation: Lessons from Iraq
The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles is now one of the greatest threats to the United States and its allies. Efforts to contain WMD proliferation, particularly the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), have had limited success and must be improved to deal with new arms proliferation challenges. This thesis examines the case of Iraq to assess the performance of the missile nonproliferation regime since 1970. By analyzing the methods used by Iraq to obtain missile systems and missile technology, this thesis assesses the ability of the international community to prevent ballistic missile proliferation. Understanding Iraq's past capabilities as well as its post-war efforts to rebuild weapons programs and procurement networks, this thesis provides suggestions for improving the regime's performance. This thesis finds that (1) prior to 1992 the MTCR failed in its attempts to prevent proliferation; (2) the existence of the MTCR, while necessary to slow proliferation, is not sufficient to prevent proliferation; and (3) additional enforcement is needed to counter WMD acquisition by resourceful and determined states.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Talay, Brian J.
1996-12
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Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations
America's national security depends on a strong national defense, effective intelligence capabilities, and proactive engagement in International Affairs. New global relationships, advances in technology and communications, new forms of regional instability, and an obligation to safeguard our nation from the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction and preventable environmental degradation -- all form the basis of a new, more complex International Affairs policy agenda. Our success in pursuing this agenda will materially impact the lives of this and future generations of Americans. To succeed, America must lead. Although International Affairs programs and activities comprise barely one percent of all federal budget expenditures, they are the substance of US relationships with the rest of the world. Funds distributed over four cabinet departments, nine agencies, and several foundations and international organizations are the conduits of American influence. The Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations provides the fiscal year 1998 budget request and justification for the Function 150 accounts of the federal budget within the jurisdiction of the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives Committees on Appropriations, Subcommittees on Foreign Operations. This Presentation includes an explanation of U.S. foreign policy objectives, strategies, resources, and performance indicators by function and region.
United States. Department of State
1997
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Personnel Planning in the Medical Service Corps: A Training Guide for Healthcare Executives
During the past decade the Medical Service Corps (MSC) has undergone a myriad of changes. The most challenging change has been the pressure to downsize while maintaining an appropriate force structure to enable it to support two nearly simultaneous major regional conflicts as mandated by the Defense Planning Guidance. While the MSC has cogently developed requirements-led measures to ensure that they can support its operational and peacetime requirements, the process of personnel planning has evolved to ensure that the proper number and mix of MSC officers are available. This thesis examines the current state of personnel planning in the Medical Service Corps. Of particular interest is to identify the various organizations involved in personnel planning and how Navy Medicine uses its personnel plans to meet its readiness and peacetime missions. The three personnel plans used by the Medical Service Corps: (1) End Strength, (2) Accession, and (3) Promotion, are used to ensure that the Medical Service Corps has on active duty the right number of officers, at the right grade at the right time.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Houser, Kurt J.
1996-12
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Overseas Jurisdiction Advisory Committee, Section 1151, Public Law 104-106: Report to the Secretary of Defense, The Attorney General, The Congress of the U.S.
This is a report of the Jurisdiction Advisory Committee. The committee reviewed and made recommendations concerning criminal jurisdiction over civilians accompanying the armed forces outside the United States. This report reflects a year of work. Ably assisted by a working group of military lawyers, the committee thoroughly researched the relevant legal issues and gathered a large body of data to support their findings and recommendations. The product of their efforts is a report that guides the Congress to the best resolution of this difficult and longstanding issue.
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Department of Defense
1997
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Port Security: A National Planning Guide
Port Security: A National Planning Guide has been produced for the purpose of conveying the United States Department of Transportation's policy perspective on port security to the maritime community. This guide provides an overview of the essential aspects of port security and identifies many of the challenges facing ports. It is also intended to provide local governments and the commercial maritime industry with a common basis upon which to establish port security standards and the outcomes expected from meeting those standards. This guide is intended to be the first document in a series to be produced through the cooperative efforts of the maritime industry and the Federal government. The guide and subsequent technical manuals are intended to be usable by port directors or general managers, the directors of port security, and the officers of port security departments in fulfilling their responsibilities toward the development of an effective port security program. This can enhance the ability of port security managers to execute their risk management responsibilities and to measure the impact and effectiveness of the security measures implemented in the port. These manuals are expected to address such topics as: Developing and Implementing a Security Plan, Security Survey and Risk Assessment, Physical Security and Access Control, Information Security, Personnel Security, Maritime Terrorism, Drug Smuggling, Stowaways and Alien Smuggling, Roles/Responsibilities/Legal Authorities of Port Agencies, Sea Robbery, Cargo Security and Hazardous Materials, Intelligence. This guide and its subsequent technical manuals are intended to be dynamic, and therefore flexible enough to be revised so that they may remain current and useful.
United States. Department of Transportation
United States. Maritime Administration
1997
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USAF TACS Battle Management: Preparing for High Tempo Future Operations
The thesis of this paper is that "The shifting nature of warfare will bring with it demands on the USAF theater air control system (TACS) that the current USAF command, control, and execution framework and battle management training system are not preparing it for." The author writes that "The conceptual approach to warfare prior to Desert Storm was, for the most part, very sequential in nature" and that "Enhanced mobility of fighting systems and improved communications systems have dispersed and mobilized the battlefield beyond Clausewitz's wildest dreams. As a result, the US and other friendly nations will be forced to use maneuver, dispersion, speed, mobility, range, and deception to a far greater extent when facing unpredictable enemies who may potentially be armed with weapons of mass destruction. The shifting nature of warfare that we will face in the future, with its whirlwind tempo, fluidity, and reliance on responsive flexible command and control structures, begs the question--is our TACS ready for the future." The author recommends that "The Air Force must be able to command, control, and execute air operations faster, and more efficiently than the enemy can." He writes that "We must act now to design a training system which will prepare our battle managers for future warfare, otherwise we must prepare ourselves to accept the consequences" and concludes that "If we are to continue to espouse the old adage of "train how you plan to fight", then we as a service must be ready to put our money where our mouth is. Professional quality, realistic training is not a frivolous waste, it is a necessity for ensuring success in the future."
Marine Corps Command and Staff College (U.S.)
Miller, C.B.
1997
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Law of the Sea and Naval Operations
Section I is a general survey of the law of the sea. As will be seen, the world's waters are subdivided into various legal regimes, each with differing obligations and rights for those who traverse them. Given the multiple regimes, the judge advocate must be able to answer two very basic questions maritime operators inevitably pose: "May I drive my ship or fly my aircraft there" and, if so, "What are the limitations on my activities in the area?" Using the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention as a point of departure, Section I describes how to determine where the regimes lie and what they mean in practical terms for ship drivers, pilots and operational planners. Armed with the basics, in Section II the reader is introduced to the law of naval operations per se, with emphasis placed on periods of armed conflict. The survey begins with a discussion of the law of neutrality, including the rights of belligerents and neutrals, visit and search operations, and the possible effect of UN operations on neutrality law. It concludes with a brief summary of four traditional concerns during armed conflict at sea -- targeting, mine warfare, deception, and maritime zones.
Judge Advocate General School (United States. Air Force)
Schmitt, Michael N.; Astley, John
1997
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Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security
"The charge given by the President of the National Defense University and RAND leadership was threefold: (1) push the envelope; (2) emphasize the policy and strategic dimensions of national defense with the implications for Complexity Theory; and (3) get the best talent available in academe."
Command and Control Research Program (U.S.)
Czerwinski, Thomas J.; Alberts, David S. (David Stephen), 1942-
1997
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Binational Study: Migration Between Mexico and the United States
"Few issues hold greater implications for bilateral relations between Mexico and the United States than does migration. The main objective of this Binational Study covering the years 1995-1997 is to contribute to a better understanding and appreciation of the nature, dimensions, and consequences of migration from Mexico to the United States. It also provides an opportunity to identify options to respond to these movements. This Mexico/United States Binational Study on Migration was a joint effort undertaken by twenty scholars from both countries who worked together in teams on five subject areas focusing on distinct elements of the migration phenomenon: quantification of the scale of migration between Mexico and the United States; characteristics of the migrants; the factors that cause, sustain, or hinder migration; the impacts on the two countries; and the responses adopted individually or jointly by Mexico and the United States. These researchers wrote background research papers and individual team reports. The information and conclusions from these papers and team reports were collaboratively condensed and compiled into this joint summary report."
U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform
1997
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Tactical Employment of Non-lethal Technologies
This monograph explores the non-lethal technologies available to and currently being used by the individual soldier and Marine, and focuses on the impact these technologies have on the individual's ability to apply lethal force when the situation so dictates. This study asserts that while non-lethal technologies increase the force options available to the individual soldier or Marine, they challenge the individual's ability to engage an adversary when the application of lethal force, for either mission accomplishment or self- protection, is required. This monograph provides insight into the physical, legal, and psychological implications of arming the individual with non-lethal means, and employing him in an environment riddled with confusion and uncertainty. The aim of the analysis is determining whether the individual has the ability to transition to lethal force, thereby protecting himself and contributing to his unit's mission. This monograph concludes that while non-lethal weapons offer increased options for the application of military force in today's international security environment, their true effectiveness will be realized only if those bearing them are properly trained, prepared for the contingency, and guided by realistic rules of engagement.
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Popovich, Michael J.
1997
