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Anti-Environmental Warfare: Protecting the Environment during Wartime
This paper analyzes the operational impact resulting from the growing legal and political concerns over the environment during wartime. Current international law and national policies are examined to determine their potential effect on Rules of Engagement, and the resulting operational impact on means and methods of warfare. As illustrated during the recent Persian Gulf War, coalition leaders will be operationally constrained by political demands to protect the environment, and to mitigate ecological destruction caused by an opposing force. These constraints will effect how offensive action is conducted against environmentally sensitive industries including nuclear, chemical and petroleum. Commanders must adhere to the current environmental policies and place more emphasis on the principles of discrimination and military necessity in selecting and striking targets. Concurrently, commanders must balance protecting the environment and the requisite minimum casualties to obtain the objectives and preserve public support. Environmental Law, Environmental Policy, Rules of Engagement, Environmental Warfare, Nuclear Industry, Chemical Industry, Petroleum Industry, Dams, Weapons, Special Forces, Media, Intelligence.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Gamble, Richard O.
1992-06-19
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Critical Assessment of the Effectiveness of the U.S. Customs Service/U.S. Coast Guard/Department of Defense in Joint Counternarcotics Air Interdiction
"This document examines Counternarcotics (CN) Air Interdiction (AI) coordination between the United States Customs Service (USCS), United States Coast Guard (USCG) and Department of Defense (DOD). USCS cooperation with the USCG and DOD has improved since the USCG and DOD became AI partners with Customs in 1987 and 1989 respectively. However, counterproductive CN agency practices continue, reducing AI effectiveness. Conclusions and recommendations spotlight the need t have one Operational Commander (OC), answerable to the Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) commonly known as the 'Drug Czar'. The OC would act as the Drug Czar's chief of staff for Air Operations. The OC would manage the actions of forces provided by the USCS, USCG and DOD for interdicting air narcotics smugglers. The OC would have no ties to his/her parent or former agency. The paradigm to use as the alternative to present CN agency organization, is the DOD unified CINC command structure. This structure was enriched by the 1906 Goldwater/Nichols Defense Reorganization Act. This act allows the unified CINC greater managerial freedom in executing warfare operations. Operational successes, that were greatly served by this act, were General Thurman's 1989 exploits in Panama and Genera: Schwartkopf's Accomplishments in Kuwait/Iraq."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Masiero, David A.
1992-06-19
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Intelligence Lessons Learned from the Battle for Crete, May 1941
"Ultra intelligence derived from the decryption of high-level German military communications nets provided the Allied forces defending Crete with extraordinary warning of the impending German air assault in May 1941. Despite the advantage of this warning, the Allies' defense of Crete was unsuccessful. Examination of the preparations for the battle and of the available intelligence reveals shortcomings in the linkage between intelligence and operations which reduced the battlefield commander's ability to use the intelligence provided to him. Five intelligence lessons learned from the Battle for Crete are the need to plan to ensure continuous availability of intelligence throughout an operation, the criticality of communications to intelligence, the need for the commander to understand intelligence to use it effectively, the problems associated with source protection, and the inevitability of ambiguity in intelligence."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Perlberg, Miriam F.
1992-06-19
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Problem of Theater Ballistic Missiles: Unresolved Dilemma for the Operational Commander
"This essay analyzes ballistic missiles as warfighting tools that exponentially compound the planning efforts of operational military commanders. Despite an all out effort by the United States military during the war against Iraq, unsophisticated Iraqi mobile SCUDs managed to evade targeting, preemptive strikes, and airborne intercepts. Although no U.S. troops were exposed to nuclear, biological or chemical attack from ballistic missiles during the 1991 war, the growing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles combined with the ghastly potential for massive casualties argues for renewed efforts to defend U.S. forces against this potent threat. Ballistic missiles as warfighting tools that compound the planning efforts of operational commanders."
Naval War College (U.S.). Joint Military Operations Department
Carey, John E.
1992-06-19
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Bugs, Gas, and Joint Maritime Operations--Are We Immune?
"Historical and technological data are used to analyze the effects of chemical warfare on joint naval operations throughout the continuum of peace, conflict and war. A judgement is made that the evolution of our National military Strategy from a global to a regional focus, combined with the proliferation of chemical and biological (CB) weapons among regional powers will pose an increased risk to naval -forces. Chemical employment philosophy is presented to show the effect of CB warfare on a wide range of naval missions, including presence, coalitions, and operational strategy. The conclusion is made that blue water forces in the brown water role are not immune, and must retain the initiative by training for chemical environments in regional contingencies."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Bucy, Russell A.
1992-06-19
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Legal Use of Terror as a Weapon
"This study investigates the legal use of terror as a weapon to accomplish national goals and objectives. This study does not advocate using terrorism. Terrorism, for the purpose of this paper, is illegal. Legal terror, by my criteria, conforms to the standard-is of the laws of land warfare. Specific criteria are established to define what constitutes using legal terror as a weapon. These criteria are used to analyze specific case studies to determine if the United States has used legal terror in the past. There are two major factors in defining legal terror. First, the target must be legally viable as defined by the laws of land warfare. Secondly, the method of engaging that target must also conform to the laws of war. The conclusion of this study is that legal terror is a legitimate weapon. It has been used in the past and will probably be used in the future."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Hogg, David R.
1992-06-05
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Analysis of the Execution of Counter-Drug Strategy in Bolivia Using the Low Intensity Conflict Imperatives
From the thesis abstract: "This study investigates the actions of U.S. military personnel conducting the counter-drug mission in Bolivia in accordance with the Bolivian/U.S. Counter-Drug Strategy. The analysis determines if U.S. personnel, in executing their mission, are complying with the low intensity conflict (LIC) imperatives. These imperatives are (1) political dominance, (2) adaptability, (3) unity of effort, (4) legitimacy, and (5) perseverance. The study used Operations 'Blast Furnace' and 'Snowcap' conducted in 1986 and 1989 respectively as illustrutative [sic] examples to analyze the execution of the counter-drug mission. The LIC imperatives are the doctrinally approved 'truths' acknowledged as essential to the successful planning and execution of LIC operations which are: insurgency-counterinsurgency, peacekeeping operations, combatting [sic] terrorism, and peacetime contingency operations. The counter-drug mission is a subset of peacetime contingency operations; therefore, the analysis provides a validation of the imperatives as an analytical tool. The study concluded that U.S. personnel did not comply with the LIC imperatives. The failure to comply has a direct correlation to the failure to stop the flow of cocaine from Bolivia."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
de la Peña, Sergio
1992-06-05
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Are Special Operations Imperatives Applicable to Counterdrug Operations?
"This study investigates the contributions of Special Forces to the nation's counterdrug efforts to interdict the flow of drugs coming into the United States according to Department of Defense directives. The research hypothesis is that Special Forces, incorporating the special operations imperatives in its mission planning and execution have experienced success when conducting counterdrug operations. Drug trafficking has become a threat to our national security. Efforts by law enforcement agencies to stop the flow of illicit drugs crossing our borders have not succeeded. The President has directed that we use all our national resources, including the military, to stem the flow. The research concludes that the hypothesis is valid and that Special Forces incorporation of the special operations imperatives into counterdrug operations has made a contribution to the national effort to stop the flow of illicit drugs into the United States. The study provides a review and analysis of selected counterdrug operations executed, incorporating selected special operations imperatives, and the success or failure of these missions based on the use of those imperatives. It also proves that special operations imperatives, as defined in current doctrine, are realistic and essential to success."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Newton, Ronald A.
1992-06-04
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Marketing Loans for Grains and Wheat: Memorandum Opinion for the General Counsel, Department of Agriculture [June 3, 1992]
"The formulas in the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, under which farmers repay loans from the Department of Agriculture, contain a scrivener's error in the organization of the subsections, and the provisions should be read as if the error, which arose in the process of enrollment, had not been made. Under section 1302 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, marketing loan provisions that previously had been discretionary would be mandatory for the 1993 through 1995 crop years, if an agricultural trade agreement under the Uruguay Round Negotiations pursuant to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade were not entered into by June 30, 1992, or if this agreement had not entered into force for the United States by June 30, 1993. You have requested our views concerning the proper reading of two provisions of the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990. These provisions prescribe formulas governing repayment of marketing loans for feed grains and wheat for the 1991 through 1995 crop years. As explained in more detail below, we concur in your opinion that the provisions should be given the reading that ignores a likely typographical error in the process of enrollment. We also agree with your reading of a provision of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1992-06-03
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Director of Central Intelligence Directive: National Intelligence Council and the National Intelligence Officer
This report details the mission, size, and composition of the National Intelligence Council (NIC), which are adjustable at the discretion of the Director of Central Intelligence to meet his needs as the principal intelligence
advisor to the President and as the senior leader of the US national
Intelligence Community. The NIC and NIOs are the DCI's primary instruments for
coordinating the substantive finished intelligence output of the Intelligence Community as a whole; that is, the intelligence products that pool the judgments of the agencies making up the National Foreign Intelligence Board.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1992-06-01
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Community Personnel Coordinating Committee
The Committee will advise and assist the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) in the discharge of his duties and responsibilities with respect to human resource management functions within the Intelligence Community.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1992-06-01
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Guidelines and Procedures for Implementation of the Executive Order on Seismic Safety of New Building Construction
"This document provides guidelines for Executive Order 12699, 'Seismic Safety of Feeral and Federally Assisted or Regulated New Building Construction', which was signed by the President to further the goals of Public Law 95-124, the 'Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1997', as amended. These guidelines and procedures for implementing the Order have been prepared and endorsed by consensus of the Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.); United States. Department of Commerce. Technology Administration; Building and Fire Research Laboratory (U.S.)
Bieniawski, Ann; Todd, Diana
1992-06
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Natural Disaster Survey Report: The Halloween Nor'easter of 1991, East Coast of the United States...Maine to Florida and Puerto Rico, October 28 to November 1, 1991
"Beginning on October 28 and lasting until November 1, 1991, a succession of meteorological events combined over the northwest Atlantic Ocean resulting in a series of extraordinary ocean waves and swells. Driven and maintained by persistent, near-hurricane force winds, these waves and swells spread to the south and southwest before crashing onto the North American coast and the northern shores of the islands of the western Atlantic. [...] During the course of its investigation, the NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmosperic Administration] Disaster Survey Team (DST) traveled along the East Coast from North Carolina to Maine. Overall, the team found that the system established to develop and disseminate coastal flood watches, warnings, and statements worked well."
United States. National Weather Service
1992-06
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Deterrence and the Impact of Strategic Defense
"This paper examines the role of strategic defense in a deterrence strategy. Deterrence theory, strategic defense, the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, the national military strategy, and Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS) are reviewed. It is asserted that the roles of nuclear forces and strategic defense are complimentary and stabilizing. The options to counter the threat of future proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the threat of accidental or unauthorized launch of ballistic missiles are examined with the conclusion that a comprehensive defense is necessary."
Naval War College (U.S.). Joint Military Operations Department
Lunghofer, Dennis M.
1992-06-01
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Controlling Street-level Drug Trafficking: Evidence from Oakland and Birmingham
"Two large U.S. cities-Oakland, California, and Birmingham, Alabama-served as testing grounds for the effectiveness of several different policing models for controlling the problem of street-level drug trafficking. The National Institute of Justice subsequently tested and assessed the models to determine their effectiveness. The study examined the models' impact on the reduction of reported crimes as well as citizens' perceptions of their own safety and the extent of crime in their neighborhoods. Police departments in the two cities used special task forces and also 'community policing' techniques to identify and arrest drug traffickers. Generally, both methods left citizens believing that police were more effective than prior to the experiments. Furthermore, crime rates in the experimental neighborhoods decreased, particularly for violent crimes. This 'Research in Brief' highlights the study's findings with an indepth look at how two large police departments are dealing with drug trafficking and drug-related crime."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Uchida, Craig D.; Forst, Brian; Annan, Sampson O.
1992-06
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Learning from Hurricane Hugo: Implications for Public Policy
"Between September 10 and 22, 1989, the storm that became known as Hurricane Hugo made its way across the Caribbean Islands, up the southeastern coast of the United States, and came ashore along the South Carolina coast. The results of the storm included 49 deaths, widespread damages and losses estimated to exceed $9 billion, temporary displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, and disruption of the lives of about 2 million people. Its long-term impacts will be felt for years. Like other natural disasters, Hugo spawned a large number of research investigations, post-disaster evaluations, case studies, assessments, conferences, journal articles, and other documentation. This report is a collection of the findings and conclusions from that body of material that have or could have public policy implications. The goal was to provide a succinct summary of the information gleaned from the Hugo experience that would be relevant to public officials at any level who have to plan for or manage disasters."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1992-06
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Investigation into Islamic Fundamentalism and an Assessment of Its Relationship with the Concept of Jihad
"Islamic fundamentalism and Jihad are terms which have become prominent over the last two decades but are frequently misunderstood as concepts. Fundamentalism essentially means reviving Islam with its original pure principles as outlined by Mohammad and as demonstrated by his own example. Jihad means active struggle in the path of Allah both against evil and against enemies who threaten Islam. Fundamentalism is a recurring theme in Islam which is a religion of continual renewal. Frequent attempts have been made to cleanse Islam of the potential impurities of mysticism and the secular influences of nationalism and modernization. Sunni and Shia fundamentalist movements present interesting contrasts as exemplified by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Khomeini in Iran. The Sunnis have acted as a transnational 'conscience' of Islam without gaining power. The Shia appeal to emotion, through re-enactment of dramatic history, inspired fanatical martyrdom and produced a remarkable revolution."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Campbell, Alastair
1992-06
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Immigration Control: Immigration Policies Affect INS Detention Efforts, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on International Law, Immigration, and Refugees, Committee on Judiciary, House of Representatives
"When Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, the illegal flow of aliens into this country was not a major problem. Since then, however, the flow has become a torrent. Apprehensions of aliens illegally entering the country have risen from 45,000 in 1959 to 1.17 million in 1990. INS apprehends aliens it wants to deport or exclude from the country. For the purposes of this report, excludable aliens are those persons to whom INS denies admission to the country. Deportable aliens are those persons who violate their condition of entry or enter illegally and are subject to deportation. Criminal aliens are those persons who were convicted of a crime (e.g., murder) for which they can be deported."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1992-06
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DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow, Volume 3 of 3
The Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow Fundamentals Handbook was
developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of the thermal sciences. The handbook includes information on thermodynamics and the properties of fluids; the three modes of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation; and fluid flow, and the energy relationships in fluid systems. This information will
provide personnel with a foundation for understanding the basic operation of various types of DOE nuclear facility fluid systems.
United States. Department of Energy
1992-06
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Significant Incidents of Political Violence against Americans 1991
"Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans: 1991, published by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security's Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis (DS/DSS/ITA), is intended to provide a comprehensive picture of the range of political violence that American citizens and interests have encountered abroad during 1991. In addition to examining terrorism-related acts, this study also includes other instances of violence affecting Americans. This chronology is designed to encompass major anti-U.S. incidents that occurred in 1991. Unfortunately, to keep the publication at the unclassified level, some incidents had to be omitted due to the sensitive nature of the information associated with them. The selection of incidents used in this study was based upon the following criteria: (a) lethality; (b) major property damage; (c) unusual tactics or weapons used; and (d) perceptibility of targets as U.S. or representative of U.S.interests."
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security
1992-06
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Lessons in Restructuring Defense Industry: The French Experience
This background paper first describes the structure and management of the French defense-industrial base and then reviews a variety of strategies the French Government and industry are pursuing to rationalize the base, while preserving key technological assets and strengthening the competitive position of French defense contractors in world markets. France has faced the problem of overcapacity since the late 1980s and is already implementing some of the policy options for the United States in the 1990s discussed in the OTA report Redesigning Defense. These strategies include consolidation, diversification into the civil sector, shifting emphasis from procurement to R&D, integrating civil and military production, and international collaboration. While not all French efforts have been successful, and some actions taken by the French Government would not be appropriate to the U.S. economic or political context, the French experience provides interesting and useful lessons for the United States in planning its own restructuring efforts.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1992-06
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Building Future Security: Strategies for Restructuring the Defense Technology and Industrial Base
Building Future Security, the final report of OTA's assessment of the U.S. defense technology and industrial base (DTIB), discusses strategies for moving to a smaller and more efficient DTIB over the next decade and maintaining that base in the future. The principal finding of Building Future Security is that while powerful bureaucratic, economic, and political interests favor a proportional downsizing of the DTIB in which a maximum number of current firms or organizations would survive (albeit smaller and perhaps weaker), this approach would not best serve the Nation's defense needs. Instead, if these needs are to be met, the anticipated cuts in defense spending will require a fundamental restructuring of the DTIB to 1) reallocate resources from short-term military capabilities to long-term military potential, and 2) exploit the synergies that can result from a closer integration of the R&D, production, and maintenance elements of the base.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1992-06
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Design and Evaluation of INFOSEC Systems: The Computer Security Contribution to the Composition Discussion
"There has recently been a heightened awareness within Information Security
(INFOSEC) organizations of the absolute need to approach systems security issues from a more global perspective than had previously been the case. A major consequence has been the investigation of 'the composition problem'; that is, how to bring a set of components together to form a system and then be able to determine the security attributes of the system from the analysis of the properties of the system's components...Recent developments in the computer security community have dealt with these issues from a slightly different, but relevant, perspective. The insights gained appear in the 'Interpretations' of the Trusted Computer Systems Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC); the Network Interpretation (TNI), and the DataBase Interpretation (TDI). This paper will examine the contributions made by this set of work, and then discuss the extension of the insights provided to the more general problem of INFOSEC systems."
United States. Department of Defense
Tinto, Mario
1992-06
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DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow, Volume 1 of 3
The Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow Fundamentals Handbook was
developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of the thermal sciences. The handbook includes information on thermodynamics and the properties of fluids; the three modes of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation; and fluid flow, and the energy relationships in fluid systems. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for understanding the basic operation of various types of DOE nuclear facility fluid systems.
United States. Department of Energy
1992-06
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Meta-Analysis of Integrity Tests: A Critical Examination of Validity Generalization and Moderator Variables
"A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether integrity test validities are generalizable and to estimate differences in validity due to potential moderating influences. The database included 665 validity coefficients across 576, 464 data points. Results indicate that integrity test validities are positive and in many cases substantial for predicting both job performance and counterproductive behaviors on the job such as theft, disciplinary problems, and absenteeism. Validities were found to be generalizable. The estimated mean operation predictive validity of integrity tests for supervisory ratings of job performance is .41. For the criterion of counterproductive behaviors, results indicate that use of concurrent validation study designs may overestimate the predictive criterion-related validity applicable in selection situation."
Defense Personnel Security Research Center (U.S.)
Ones, Denise S.; Schmidt, Frank L.
1992-06
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View of Management in Fire Investigation Units, Volume II: Issues and Trends for the 90's
Fifteen fire investigation agencies from Maryland to Washington participated in a
U.S. Fire Administration project that provided management assistance on fire and arson investigation. Earlier research funded by the U.S. Fire Administration indicated that many local and state agencies responsible for arson control wanted hands-on assistance in defining a better system for investigating and prosecuting incendiary fires. TriData Corporation of Arlington, as the contractor for the project, conducted management "audits" for each of the sites and prepared individualized reports documenting strengths and problem areas as well as what measures were recommended to improve overall investigation procedures and capabilities, and to enhance coordination among investigation agencies.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Tri-Data Corp.
1992-06
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National Security Directive 68: Nuclear test Program for FY 1993 and First Quarter FY 1994-Klaxon
In this Directive, President H.W. Bush approves "the Nuclear Test Program for FY 1993 and the first quarter of FY 1994, 'Klaxon,' proposed by the Secretary of Energy. I implementing the Klaxon program, the following guidance will apply: -- All tests associated with Klaxon will be conducted in compliance with Threshold Test Ban Treaty, the Limited Test Ban Treaty, the National Environmental Policy Act, and all other relevant environmental laws and regulations. -- The Department of Energy shall review each test with design yields near 150 kilotons to ensure reasonably that the device yield does not exceed the Threshold Test Ban Treaty limit. The Testing agency shall continue to coordinate with the National Security Council staff public affairs activities related to the implementation of the Klaxon program, as appropriate, in advance of test events."
United States. White House Office
1992-05-28
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National Defense Executive Reserve (NDER)
"This release supersedes COMSCINST 3061.1A and provides policies and procedures for the administration of the National Defense Executive Reserve (NDER) Unit of the Military Sealift Command. This brief document addresses the re-establishment of the National Defense Executive Reserve Unit program which provides a reserve of highly qualified individuals from industry and labor to serve in civilian positions in the federal government during a national emergency. Responsibilities of the MSC NDER Coordinator, Personnel, Manpower, and Management Director, Flag Secretary, Public Affairs Office, Office of Counsel, Operations Director, Engineering Director, Comptroller, and Plans, Policy, and Program Director are clarified."
United States. Department of the Navy
1992-05-26
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Assessing Controlled Access Protection
Assessing Controlled Access Protection provides guidance to the Department of Defense components charged with ensuring that the automated information systems (AISs) used for processing sensitive or classified information provide at least controlled access protection.
United States. Department of Defense
1992-05-25
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Executive Order 12807: Interdiction of Illegal Aliens
"The Secretary of State shall undertake to enter into, on behalf of the United States, cooperative agreements with appropriate foreign governments for the purpose of preventing illegal migration to the United States by sea."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1992-05-24
