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• Cooperative R&D: Federal Efforts to Promote Industrial Competitiveness [November 4, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "In response to the foreign challenge in the global marketplace, the United States Congress has explored ways to stimulate technological advancement in the private sector. The government has supported various efforts to promote cooperative research and development activities among industry, universities, and the federal R&D [Research and Development] establishment designed to increase the competitiveness of American industry and to encourage the generation of new products, processes, and services. [...] Given the increased popularity of cooperative programs, questions might be raised as to whether they are meeting expectations. Among the issues before Congress are whether joint ventures contribute to industrial competitiveness and what role, if any, the government has in facilitating such arrangements."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Schacht, Wendy H.

  2009-11-04
• Pakistan-Internal Stability and U.S. Response: CRS Experts [November 5, 2009]

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  From the Document: "The following table provides access to names and contact information for CRS [Congressional Research Service] experts on policy concerns relating to Pakistan's internal stability and the U.S. response. Policy areas identified include: Governance and political stability; War on terrorism; Pakistan as a nuclear power; Democratization; International policy responses; U.S. support; and International support."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kronstadt, K. Alan

  2009-11-05
• United Nations Reform: U.S. Policy and International Perspectives [December 15, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "Congress has maintained a significant interest in the overall effectiveness of the United Nations. Some Members are particularly interested in U.N. Secretariat and management reform, with a focus on enhanced accountability and internal oversight. In the past, Congress has enacted legislation that links U.S. funding of the United Nations to specific U.N. reform benchmarks. Opponents of this strategy argue that tying U.S. funding to U.N. reform may negatively impact diplomatic relations and could hinder the United States' ability to conduct foreign policy. Supporters contend that the United Nations has been slow to implement reforms and that linking payment of U.S. assessments to progress on U.N. reform is the most effective way to motivate member states to efficiently pursue comprehensive reform."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Blanchfield, Luisa

  2009-12-15
• United Nations Human Rights Council: Issues for Congress [December 14, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "Congress maintains an ongoing interest in the credibility and effectiveness of the Council in the context of both human rights and broader U.N. reform. In the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division H, the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2009 of P.L. 111-8), for example, Congress prohibited U.S. contributions to support the Council unless (1) the Secretary of State certifies to the Committees on Appropriations that funding the Council is 'in the national interest of the United States' or (2) the United States is a member of the Council. A similar provision was included in Division J of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (P.L. 110-161). Withholding Council funds in this manner would be a largely symbolic policy action because assessed contributions finance the entire U.N. regular budget and not specific parts of it. This report will be updated as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Blanchfield, Luisa

  2009-12-14
• U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions [December 16, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "The U.S. Secret Service has two missions--criminal investigations and protection. Criminal investigation activities, which have expanded since its inception as a small anti-counterfeiting operation at the end of the Civil War, now encompass financial crimes, identity theft, counterfeiting, computer fraud, and computer-based attacks on the nation's financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure, among other areas. Protection activities, which have expanded and evolved since the 1890s, include the safety and security of the President, Vice President, their families, and other identified individuals and locations. In March 2003, the U.S. Secret Service was transferred from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Homeland Security as a distinct entity. [...] During an April 2008 hearing on the FY2009 budget request for the U.S. Secret Service, Members of Congress raised questions related to the missions and organizational location of the Service, and on December 2, 2009, the House Homeland Security Committee conducted a hearing on and questioned U.S. Secret Service presidential protection operations following a White House security breach. Are the two missions of the Service compatible and how should they be prioritized? Is the Department of Homeland Security the most appropriate organizational and administrative location for the Secret Service? These, and other policy questions, have been raised and addressed at different times by Congress and various administrations during the long history of the Service. Additionally, there has been increased interest in the Service due to the recent inaugural security operations and the protection of President Barack Obama."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Reese, Shawn; Corcoran, David

  2009-12-16
• Tsunami Detection and Warnings for the United States [September 25, 2008]

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  From the Summary: "With respect to tsunami disaster warnings for the United States, discussions ensued between the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] about developing a multi-hazard warning and response system and, perhaps, eventually contributing to a global tsunami early warning system. Experts acknowledge that formidable challenges lay ahead in adopting standardized communications protocols and ensuring the interoperability, scope, and purpose of the diverse emergency warning alert systems used by the United States and other countries."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morrissey, Wayne A.

  2008-09-25
• Public and Private Expenditures for Health Care, 2007 [December 1, 2009]

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  From the Document: "This memorandum responds to your request for information on total national health expenditures for health care and the proportion funded by the federal, state and local governments. In particular you are interested in incorporating tax expenditures into the estimate of the proportion of national health expenditures coming from public sources. It can be argued that some private health expenditures should be attributed to the public sector because of tax subsidies available for health care spending."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Hungerford, Thomas L.

  2009-12-01
• Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy [November 10, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "Upon taking office, the Obama Administration faced a deteriorating security environment in Afghanistan, despite a build-up of U.S. forces there in preceding years. Signs of deterioration have included an expanded militant presence in some areas, increasing numbers of civilian and military deaths, Afghan and international disillusionment with corruption in the government of Afghan President Hamid Karzai, and the ease of infiltration of Taliban militants from safe havens in Pakistan. Building on assessments completed in the latter days of the Bush Administration, the Obama Administration conducted a 'strategic review,' the results of which were announced on March 27, 2009. [...] Of the approximately 68,000 U.S. forces in Afghanistan, about 56,000 are part of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) that operates throughout Afghanistan, and the remainder are under the separate U.S.-led Operation Enduring Freedom. U.S. and partner forces also run 26 regional enclaves to secure reconstruction (Provincial Reconstruction Teams, PRTs), and are expanding an Afghan National Army and reforming an Afghan National Police force-the two combined now total about 175,000. The United States has provided about $40 billion in assistance to Afghanistan since the fall of the Taliban, of which about $18 billion was to equip and train these Afghan forces. Breakdowns are shown in the tables at the end. See also CRS Report RL33627, 'NATO in Afghanistan: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance,' by Vincent Morelli and Paul Belkin; and CRS Report RL32686, 'Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy,' by Christopher M. Blanchard."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Katzman, Kenneth

  2009-11-10
• Homeland Security Department: FY2010 Appropriations [September 14, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "This report describes the FY2010 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Administration requested a net appropriation of $44.1 billion in budget authority for FY2010. This amounts to a $2.8 billion, or a 6.7% increase over the $41.2 billion enacted for FY2009 (not including supplemental funding). Total budget authority requested by the Administration for DHS for FY2010 amounts to $55.1 billion. […]. This report contains a detailed discussion of the President's budget request for DHS, but due to time constraints, the text does not include a detailed discussion of the House- or Senate-reported versions of the FY2010 bill. The tables reflect the House- and Senate-reported numbers."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Lake, Jennifer E.; Haddal, Chad C.

  2009-09-14
• U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues [December 18, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "After World War II, during which the U.S. military conducted most information and communication activities, authority for U.S. public diplomacy was placed in civilian hands. During the Cold War, the United States Information Agency (USIA) led U.S. public diplomacy efforts, with a primary mission of combating Soviet propaganda and the spread of communism. Once the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, USIA's role was diminished, and its resources were reduced during the 1990s. Finally, USIA was abolished in 1999 as part of a post-Cold War reorganization, with public diplomacy responsibilities folded into the Department of State. After the 9/11 terror attacks, there was new interest in promoting effective public diplomacy, as a struggle against extremist ideologies became crucial to the overall fight against terrorism. In recent years, many observers have called for increased resources for and improvement of U.S. public diplomacy efforts. A number of challenges and questions, however, currently affect the future of U.S. government communications with foreign publics. Some argue that abolishing USIA was a mistake and that the State Department is ill-suited to conduct long-term public diplomacy. Also, the Department of Defense and the U.S. military have increased significantly their role in communicating with foreign publics. Determining public diplomacy roles, responsibilities, and coordination procedures among civilian and military actors has therefore become a central issue. In addition, with the rise and rapid evolution of Internet communications, the U.S. government must determine how to effectively communicate with foreign publics in an increasingly complex, accessible, and democratized global communications environment."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nakamura, Kennon H.; Weed, Matthew C.

  2009-12-18
• Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security [October 28, 2009]

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  This is an updated Congressional Research Service (CRS) report on the recent security developments with respect to Operation Iraqi Freedom and whether a stable Iraq could be achieved, and at what cost. "The security progress in 2008 and 2009 came after several years of frustration that Operation Iraqi Freedom had overthrown Saddam Hussein's regime, only to see Iraq wracked by a violent Sunni Arab-led insurgency, resulting Sunni-Shiite sectarian violence, competition among Shiite groups, and the failure of Iraq's government to equitably administer justice or deliver services. Mounting U.S. casualties and financial costs--without clear movement toward national political reconciliation--stimulated debate within the 110th Congress over whether a stable Iraq could ever be achieved, and at what cost. With an apparent consensus within the Administration to wind down the U.S. combat in Iraq, U.S. economic and security aid to Iraq has been reduced since FY2008."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Katzman, Kenneth

  2009-10-28
• Central Asia: Regional Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests [September 21, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "Soon after the terrorist attacks on America on September 11, 2001, all the Central Asian states offered overflight and other support for coalition anti-terrorism efforts in Afghanistan. […] U.S. policy has emphasized bolstering the security of the Central Asian 'front-line' states to help them combat terrorism, proliferation, and arms and drug trafficking. Other U.S. objectives have included promoting free markets, democratization, human rights, energy development, and the forging of east-west and Central Asia-South Asia trade links. Such policies aim to help the states become what various U.S. Administrations have considered to be responsible members of the international community rather than to degenerate into xenophobic, extremist, and anti-Western regimes that threaten international peace and stability. Policymakers have tailored U.S. policy in Central Asia to the varying characteristics of these states. U.S. interests in Kazakhstan have included securing and eliminating Soviet-era nuclear and biological weapons materials and facilities […]. U.S. relations with Uzbekistan suffered following the Uzbek government's violent crackdown on armed and unarmed protesters in the city of Andijon in May 2005. The 111th Congress is likely to continue to be at the forefront in advocating increased U.S. ties with Central Asia, and in providing backing for the region for the transit of equipment and supplies for U.S.-led stabilization efforts in Afghanistan. Congress is likely to pursue these goals through hearings and legislation on humanitarian, economic, and democratization assistance, security issues, and human rights."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nichol, James P.

  2009-09-21
• Government Collection of Private Information: Background and Issues Related to the USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization [December 9, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "Congress enacted the USA PATRIOT Act soon after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The most controversial sections of the Act facilitate the federal government's collection of more information, from a greater number of sources, than had previously been authorized in criminal or foreign intelligence investigations. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), and the national security letter (NSL) statutes were all bolstered. With the changes came greater access to records showing an individual's spending and communication patterns as well as increased authority to intercept e-mail and telephone conversations and to search homes and businesses. In some cases, evidentiary standards required to obtain court approval for the collection of information were lowered. Other approaches included expanding the scope of information subject to search, adding flexibility to the methods by which information could be collected, and broadening the purposes for which information may be sought. Some perceived the changes as necessary to unearth terrorist cells and update investigative authorities to respond to the new technologies and characteristics of ever-shifting threats. Others argued that authorities granted by the USA PATRIOT Act and subsequent measures could unnecessarily undermine constitutional rights over time. […] In addition to the expiring provisions, pending bills address a range of issues, including national security letters, minimization requirements, nondisclosure requirements (gag orders), interception of international communications, and retroactive repeal of communication provider immunity for Terrorist Surveillance Program (TSP) assistance. This report surveys the legal environment in which the legislative proposals arise."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Bazan, Elizabeth B.; Doyle, Charles; Henning, Anna C.

  2009-12-09
• Mustering for War: Army National Guard Mobilization for the Global War on Terrorism

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  From the Preface: "Historically, one of the most difficult aspects of waging war is getting the nation's soldiers prepared for and into the fight. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were no different. Mobilization of a reserve component is a complex process with myriad factors, events, diverse players, and entities impacting and influencing it at each stage. On top of this, mobilization methods evolved during the course of the Global War on Terror, altering significantly to address critical shortfalls, rectify identified problems, and meet the operational demands of a different kind of war. Experience grew across the total Army through what became a protracted, rotational war, the first of its kind, involving the wholesale rotation of units within an all-volunteer force instead of individual replacements supported by conscription. The Army force structure altered, moving from a division-centric force to one revolving around brigade combat teams (BCTs). The readiness model shifted from a tiered system to a progressive one within a new force generation model. The vicissitudes of the operating environment forced the Army Guard to transition from a strategic reserve force to a more operationally-responsive component, through resourcing, modernization, extensive use, and developed experience. During the Global War on Terrorism, the Army identified problems with the mobilization process for the war it was fighting, implemented solutions to address the issues, and continually refined and adjusted to meet the operational demands. The Army transitioned from a disjointed, seemingly-chaotic process to a steadily-predictable one. The complexities of the issues faced by the Army National Guard during its mobilization experiences from 2001 to 2011 are too numerous for complete coverage by an interim study. However, as an interim study, the four major categories of issues are addressed, these include problems associated with manning the force, equipping the force, health readiness, and training the formations for overseas service. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes implemented to address these four categories, understanding the evolving nature of mobilization process over the course of the wars."

  Combat Studies Institute (U.S.) Press

  Anderson, Michael G., 1984-

  2021?
• Evaluation of the Department of Defense's Handling of Incidents of Sexual Assault Against (Or Involving) Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy

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  From the Objective: "The objectives of this evaluation were to determine whether: [1] United States Naval Academy (USNA) Sexual Assault Prevention and Response (SAPR) Office personnel provided SAPR services to midshipmen-victims of sexual assault as required by DoD and Navy policy; [2] United States Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) agents investigated reports of sexual assaults involving midshipmen-victims in accordance with DoD, Navy, and NCIS policy; [3] USNA commanders and decision makers retaliated against midshipmen-victims by separating them from the USNA for reporting sexual assault; and [4] the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (USD[P&R]) annually reported the correct number of midshipmen-victim reports of sexual assaults to Congress."

  United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General

  2021-05-17
• MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 1, 2021: Excess Death Estimates in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease -- United States, February-August 2020

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  The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Excess Death Estimates in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease -- United States, February-August 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

  2021-06-01
• Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat

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  This report examines the threat posed by ballistic and cruise missiles. It begins with a summary of key findings, organized by country. The key findings focus on the missile capabilities of North Korea, Iran, China, India, Pakistan, and Russia. The report then overviews the threats of specific weapons, including warheads and targets, ballistic missiles, short-range ballistic missiles, medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic missiles, intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and land-attack cruise missiles. From the report summary: "Ballistic missiles are already in widespread use and will continue to increase in number and variety. The availability of weapons of mass destruction for use on ballistic missiles vastly increases the significance of this threat. […]. Proliferation of [Land-Attack Cruise Missiles (LACMs)] will expand in the next decade. At least nine countries will be involved in producing these weapons. The majority of new LACMs will be very accurate, conventionally armed, and available for export. The high accuracy of many LACMs will allow them to inflict serious damage, even when the missiles are armed only with conventional warheads. US defense systems could be severely stressed by low-flying stealthy cruise missiles that can simultaneously attack a target from several directions. Ballistic and cruise missiles, with their relatively low operating costs, their potential to penetrate defense systems, and their value as a symbol of national power, will continue to be the offensive weapons of choice for many nations. As such, they are threats that must be carefully considered in future military planning and operations."

  National Air and Space Intelligence Center

  2009-04
• Operation Enduring Freedom: Foreign Pledges of Military & Intelligence Support [Updated October 17, 2001]

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  From the Summary: "In response to the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, a number of countries and organizations have pledged military and intelligence support of operations against the Al [Qaeda] network and the Taliban in Afghanistan. This report summarizes public and media statements concerning military and intelligence support; it does not track humanitarian or law enforcement assistance. It will be updated as necessary."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Hildreth, Steven A.; Gerleman, David J.; Stevens, Jennifer E.

  2001-10-17
• COVID 19: Future Implications and Lessons Learned from COVID-19

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  From the Executive Summary: "In the decade ahead, growing geo-political tensions, economic fluctuations, social unrest, and the adoption of emerging technologies by consumers, industry, and governments will give rise to a range of existing and novel threats to global supply chains and organizations. In 2020 these threats were accelerated by the global COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, corresponding economic recession, and resulting social clashes. The ongoing effects of climate change combined with localized and global destabilizing events will only amplify the impact of these threats for the foreseeable future."

  Association for Supply Chain Management

  2021-03?
• Government Collection of Private Information: Background and Issues Related to the USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization [December 23, 2009]

  Show summary     Open resource [pdf]     (open full abstract)

  From the Summary: "Congress enacted the USA PATRIOT Act soon after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The most controversial sections of the Act facilitate the federal government's collection of more information, from a greater number of sources, than had previously been authorized in criminal or foreign intelligence investigations. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), and the national security letter (NSL) statutes were all bolstered. With the changes came greater access to records showing an individual's spending and communication patterns as well as increased authority to intercept e-mail and telephone conversations and to search homes and businesses. In some cases, evidentiary standards required to obtain court approval for the collection of information were lowered. Other approaches included expanding the scope of information subject to search, adding flexibility to the methods by which information could be collected, and broadening the purposes for which information may be sought."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Henning, Anna C.; Doyle, Charles; Bazan, Elizabeth B.

  2009-12-23
• 2017 Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat

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  "Many countries view ballistic and cruise missile systems as cost-effective weapons and symbols of national power. These weapons present an asymmetric threat to US forces. Many ballistic and cruise missiles are armed with weapons of mass destruction. However, numerous types of ballistic and cruise missiles have achieved dramatic improvements in accuracy that allow them to be used effectively with conventional warheads. These highly accurate weapons can be used in anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) missions. The term A2/AD refers to capabilities designed to deter or counter adversary forces from deploying to or operating within a defined space."

  National Air and Space Intelligence Center; United States. Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee

  2017-06
• Ballistic & Cruise Missile Threat

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  "Ballistic and cruise missiles present a significant threat to US and Allied forces overseas, and to the United States and its territories. Missiles are attractive to many nations because they can be used effectively against an adversary with a formidable air defense system, where an attack with manned aircraft would be impractical or too costly. In addition, missiles can be used as a deterrent or an instrument of coercion. Missiles also have the advantage of fewer maintenance, training, and logistic requirements than manned aircraft. Even limited use of these weapons could have devastating consequences because missiles can be armed with chemical, biological, or nuclear warheads. The ballistic and cruise missile threat continues to increase with the proliferation of missile technology. Over 20 countries have ballistic missile systems, and missiles likely will be a threat in future conflicts involving US forces. Ballistic missiles have been used in several conflicts over the last 30 years, including the Iran-Iraq war, the Afghan civil war, the war in Yemen, the 1991 and 2003 Persian Gulf conflicts, the Russian military actions in Chechnya and Georgia, and most recently in the conflict within Syria. Although LACMs have not yet been widely proliferated, as many as 20 countries could possess cruise missiles in the next decade. The US Air Force, in cooperation with the other services, is responsible for countering the ballistic and cruise missile threat through deterrence and, if necessary, active suppression. Threat suppression may include attacks on missile systems, both before launch and in flight, and attacks on their supporting infrastructure. This document includes information on some of the major current and projected foreign ballistic and cruise missile systems. Guided cruise and ballistic missiles were first used when Germany attacked targets in England and Northern Europe with V-1 cruise missiles and V-2 ballistic missiles during World War II. Although these missiles were inaccurate, their use resulted in tens of thousands of Allied casualties."

  National Air and Space Intelligence Center

  2013
• Harbor Dredging: Issues and Historical Funding [Updated November 6, 2019]

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  From the Document: "Congress is debating whether to support increased funding for dredging to better maintain harbor channel depths and widths. A bill passed by the House (H.R. 2440) seeks to boost dredging activity by utilizing more of the collections from a port tax levied to fund harbor maintenance. However, it is not clear whether the additional funding would increase the volume of material dredged from U.S. harbors, as a variety of factors affect the cost and performance of harbor dredging. In contrast to the House bill, in S. 2470 the Senate Committee on Appropriations recommends a Gulf Coast demonstration program addressing concerns about dredging cost and availability. According to S.Rept. 116-102, among other goals, the program should reduce the number of contract solicitations that lead to no bids or bids that are more than 25% higher than the government cost estimate and should reduce the cost per cubic yard for hopper dredge contracts."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Frittelli, John

  2019-11-06
• Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2001-2008 [September 4, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "This report is prepared annually to provide Congress with official, unclassified, quantitative data on conventional arms transfers to developing nations by the United States and foreign countries for the preceding eight calendar years for use in its policy oversight functions. All agreement and delivery data in this report for the United States are government-to-government Foreign Military Sales (FMS) transactions. Similar data are provided on worldwide conventional arms transfers by all suppliers, but the principal focus is the level of arms transfers by major weapons suppliers to nations in the developing world."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Grimmett, Richard F.

  2009-09-04
• Identity Theft: Trends and Issues [Updated August 26, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "Congress continues to debate the federal government's role in (1) preventing identity theft and its related crimes, (2) mitigating the potential effects of identity theft after it occurs, and (3) providing the most effective tools to investigate and prosecute identity thieves. With respect to preventing identity theft, one issue concerning policymakers is the prevalence of personally identifiable information--and in particular, the prevalence of social security numbers (SSNs)--in both the private and public sectors. One policy option to reduce their prevalence may involve restricting the use of SSNs on government-issued documents such as Medicare identification cards. Another option could entail providing federal agencies with increased regulatory authority to curb the prevalence of SSN use in the private sector. In debating policies to mitigate the effects of identity theft, one option Congress may consider is whether to strengthen data breach notification requirements. Such requirements could affect the notification of relevant law enforcement authorities as well as any individuals whose personally identifiable information may be at risk from the breach."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Finklea, Kristin M.

  2009-08-26
• Chemical Facility Security: Reauthorization, Policy Issues, and Options for Congress [Updated September 3, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "The granted the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) statutory authority to regulate chemical facilities for security purposes. This authority expires in October 2009. The 111th Congress is taking action to reauthorize this program, but the manner of its reauthorization remains an issue of congressional debate. The Obama Administration and some Members of Congress support an extension, either short- or long-term, of the existing authority. Other Members call for revision and more extensive codification of chemical facility security authorities. The tension between continuing and changing the statutory authority is exacerbated by questions regarding its effectiveness in reducing chemical facility risk and the sufficiency of federal funding for chemical facility security. […] Members have introduced several bills in the 111th Congress to address chemical facility security. Both the Senate-passed and House-passed versions of the DHS appropriations bill (H.R. 2892) would extend the existing statutory authority through October 4, 2010. Both appropriations bills provide additional chemical facility security funding relative to FY2009."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Shea, Dana A.

  2009-09-03
• Treatment of Noncitizens in H.R. 3200 [August 26, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "This report outlines the treatment of noncitizens (aliens) under H.R. 3200, America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009. In particular, the report analyzes specific provisions in H.R. 3200, and whether there are eligibility requirements for noncitizens in the provisions. Within the bill, noncitizens are treated differently in several provisions. In 2008, there were approximately 37.3 million foreign-born persons in the United States. The foreign-born population was comprised of approximately 15.1 million naturalized U.S. citizens and 22.2 million noncitizens."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Siskin, Alison; Lunder, Erika

  2009-08-26
• Special Operations Forces (SOF) and CIA Paramilitary Operations: Issues for Congress [August 3, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "The 9/11 Commission Report recommended that responsibility for directing and executing paramilitary operations should be shifted from the CIA to the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). The President directed the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence to review this recommendation and present their advice by mid-February 2005, but ultimately, they did not recommend a transfer of paramilitary responsibilities. This Report will briefly describe special operations conducted by DOD and paramilitary operations conducted by the CIA and discuss the background of the 9/11 Commission's recommendations. For additional information see CRS Report RS21048, U.S. Special Operations Forces (SOF): Background and Issues for Congress, by Andrew Feickert."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Best, Richard A.; Feickert, Andrew

  2009-08-03
• Strategic Studies Quarterly (Summer 2021)

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  This Summer 2021 Civil-Military Relations (CMR) Special Edition of Strategic Studies Quarterly contains the following articles: "Foreword" by Jim Golby; "Civil-Military Relations: 'What Does It Mean?'" by Martin E. Dempsey; "Civil-Military Relations in the United States: What Senior Leaders Need to Know (and Usually Don't)" by Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn; "The Line Held: Civil-Military Relations in the Trump Administration" by Kori Schake; "An 'Unprincipled Principal': Implications for Civil-Military Relations" by Pauline Shanks Kaurin; "Through the Looking Glass: Trump-Era Civil-Military Relations in Comparative Perspective" by Risa Brooks; "Maximum Toxicity: Civil-Military Relations in the Trump Era" by Mackubin Thomas Owens; "Trump's Generals: A Natural Experiment in Civil-Military Relations" by James Joyner; and "Uncivil-Military Relations: Politicization of the Military in the Trump Era" by Jim Golby.

  Air University (U.S.). Press

  2021-05-27
• Cyber Defense Review (Spring 2021)

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  This Spring 2021 Edition of the Cyber Defense Review contains the following articles: "Cybersecurity within a Pandemic Environment" by Jeffrey M. Erickson; "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and the Cyber Challenge" by Keith B. Alexander and Jamil N. Jaffer; "COVID-19 and Cyber - Foreshadowing Future Non-Kinetic Hybrid Warfare" by Rob Schrier; "Seven Cybersecurity Lessons the Coronavirus Can Teach the Armed Forces (and Us All)" by Mike Lloyd and Ray Rothrock; "Achieving Systemic Resilience in a Great Systems Conflict Era: Coalescing against Cyber, Pandemic, and Adversary Threats" by Chris Demchak; "Unleash the Dragon: China's Strategic Narrative during the COVID-19 Pandemic" by Mark Bryan Manantan; "Homefront to Battlefield: Why the U.S. Military Should Care About Biomedical Cybersecurity" by Nataliya D. Brantly; "Factors That Motivate State-Sponsored Cyberattacks" by Lance Y. Hunter, Craig Douglas Albert, and Eric Garrett; and a Book Review: "Censored: Distraction and Diversion Inside China's Great Firewall by Margaret E. Roberts" by Tommy Hall.

  Army Cyber Institute, West Point