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• Impact of New Technologies in the Military Arena: Information Warfare

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  The current status of decision support systems is marked by the multiplicity and transit of the information vehicles that feed them. The realm of its application is broad and decisive on the modern battlefield, which is characterized by the extensive use of technologically advanced equipment. That fact, though not exclusive, characterizes the action of the armed forces in emphasizing its importance due to the critical nature of the information that flows in the command and control systems. Technology plays a key role within this context not only as a guarantor of the existing information systems' effectiveness but also as the best way to render those systems inoperable, repackaging an old but ever present concept that is now called "information warfare." The significant technological advances witnessed in the telecommunications and information systems areas have compelled us to define and restructure new and old concepts linked to the transport and use of information, making terms such as digitalization of the battlefield, communication integration and globalization, war games, C3I and C1I2, military Internet, hackers, etc., the order of the day. Due to its growing importance, this article covers this issue, which is currently the subject of a long debate in both military and civilian realms at a moment in history when one witnesses the progressive internationalization of conflicts and of the world economy, where globalization is the operative term.

  Air University (U.S.). Press

  Viegas Nunes, Paulo Fernando

  1999-09
• Randomness Testing of the Advanced Encryption Standard Candidate Algorithms

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  One of the criteria used to evaluate the Advanced Encryption Standard candidate algorithms was their demonstrated suitability as random number generators. That is, the evaluation of their output utilizing statistical tests should not provide any means by which to computationally distinguish them from a truly random source. This internal report lists several characteristics which an encryption algorithm exhibiting random behavior should possess, describes how the output for each candidate algorithm was evaluated for randomness, discusses what has been learned utilizing the NIST statistical tests, and finally provides an interpretation of the results.

  National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)

  Soto, Juan

  1999-09
• Applicant Hanbook - FEMA 323

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  Based on the results of interviews and focus group meetings with our regional, state and local customers, the Federal Emergency Management Agency reengineered the Public Assistance Program. We have streamlined our program to provide assistance in a more consistent, efficient and effective manner. Our redesigned Public Assistance Program is based on four major components: People, Process, Policy and Performance. This Applicant Handbook is one initiative developed under the Process component of the program. The Handbook describes how applicants (our customers) apply for assistance under the Public Assistance Program. We believe that the Handbook is a useful tool. By following the procedures outlined in the Handbook, applicants can help us deliver assistance to them in an efficient and effective manner.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1999-09
• Effective Use of Security Technologies in US Schools

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  "Creating safe schools is the responsibility of the entire community in which a school or school system resides, but responsibility for maintaining them on a day-to-day basis lies principally with school administrators and, to a lesser extent, the local law enforcement agency. To assist schools in this task, the U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Department of Justice have sponsored, often jointly, both research and demonstration programs to collect data and test useful new ideas that will expand understanding of school violence and disorder and lead to new programs to reduce these problems."

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  1999-09
• Resources for Food Safety and Storage in Emergency Situations

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  "This publication contains resources and information for the general public and individuals who are educating the public about responses to emergency situations. The majority of the information focuses on food and water safety and storage, before, during and after natural disasters. A section of Internet Resources is provided. Many local public libraries offer internet connections for those who do not have home access. The last section of this publication includes resources for Y2K. While this is a particularly timely issue, information in these resources can be applied to other emergency situations beyond the year 2000. However, availability of these materials may be limited."

  Food and Nutrition Information Center (U.S.)

  1999-09
• Conversion of NIBRS Data to Summary Data

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  "Law enforcement agencies across the Nation began implementing incident-based reporting systems over a decade ago. Today, many agencies are either certified to report crime data through the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) or are in the process of developing NIBRS reporting systems. However, until the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program receives the preponderance of data via NIBRS, the FBI will continue to report crime statistics to the Nation in the traditional format. During this period of transition, statistics submitted by agencies that have achieved NIBRS capability are converted to the traditional Summary format and then incorporated into the national crime database. This document explains in detail the procedures followed by the FBI when converting NIBRS data to Summary data."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  1999-09
• Bridging Gaps in Police Crime Data

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  "'Crime in the United States' (CIUS), published annually by the FBI, is a compilation of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) provided by over 18,000 policing jurisdictions. It represents one of the two primary sources of data about crime in the United States, the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) being the other The quality of the data provided to the FBI, however, is uneven. Reporting to the FBI remains for many jurisdictions a voluntary activity; although many States now mandate that agencies report crime and arrest data to them (which they then forward to the FBI), even in those States local agencies do not always comply. Moreover, despite the efforts of the FBI to maintain their quality, there are many gaps in the data that make their use questionable. While this has had limited impact in the past, the fact that the UCR data have, for the first time, been used to allocate Federal funds brings issues about data quality to center stage This report describes the history of the UCR system and the data problems that it deals with in reporting crime, arrest and homicide. It describes the procedures used by the FBI to fill in gaps in the data when they exist and makes suggestions about how they might be improved."

  United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  Maltz, Michael D.

  1999-09
• Opening the Gate? An Analysis of Military Law Enforcement Authority Over Civilian Lawbreakers On and Off the Federal Installation

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  "This article examines the authority that military law enforcement officials may exercise over civilian lawbreakers. Specifically, the article seeks to clarify the legal bases for the assertion of military police power over civilians in various contexts-both on and off the federal military installation. The focus is on the exertion of authority at the initiative of military officials, and not at the request of, or in cooperation with, civil authorities. The primary focus of this article is to study the power of military officials to conduct warrantless arrests of civilians. The decision to arrest is a critical stage in the assertion of police authority, and is perhaps the most intrusive of all governmental powers."

  United States. Department of the Army

  Gilligan, Matthew J.

  1999-09
• Linux-Based Approach to Low-Cost Support of Access Control Policies

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  "It is vital to our country's political and economic future to adequately protect corporate and government information from unauthorized disclosure and modification. Unfortunately, the current state of computer security is weak, especially when novice adversaries can perform successful infiltrations of sensitive systems. Systems that enforce Mandatory Access Control (MAC) policies are known to reduce some known security weaknesses, but such systems have seen limited use within the United States Government, and they are rarely applied in the private sector. Some of this limited use is caused by a lack of exposure to systems able to enforce MAC policies. This thesis presents an inexpensive approach to providing a system supporting MAC policies, allowing users an opportunity to have hands-on experience with such a system. A detailed design for modifying the Linux operating system is given, allowing for the flexible and simultaneous support of multiple policies. In particular, a design and detailed specification for the implementation of label-based interfaces for the mandatory portions of the Bell and LaPadula secrecy model and the Biba integrity model have been developed. Implementation of portions of this design has demonstrated the feasibility of this approach to label-based interfaces. This design has potential for widespread use in computer security education, as well as broad application as a component in the ongoing Department of Defense research of trusted computer system interfaces."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Clark, Paul C.

  1999-09
• Monitoring Information Systems to Enforce Computer Security Policies

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  "Many computer security policies are written relatively vaguely. In many ways this is intentional to allow for easier access to all the functionality of the computer network. However, too much leeway allows users, without a need to access many of the network functions, the ability to execute functions that might cause harm to the system or provide access to information they have no need to see. With this in mind, this paper takes a look at computer security. We start with a brief history of computer security and continue with a look at internal security. Since our focus is on computer misuse and detection, a look at internal security provides a look at the reasons why we should attempt to monitor the activities of users. Misuse detection requires at least two features. These are audit reduction and profiling ability. When audit features are enabled in the operating system, massive files can build up. By establishing profiles of personnel usage, the automated audit features can quickly scan audit files, look for usage that falls outside what is determined to be normal, notify administrators, and delete old audit data. A misuse detection system, such as the Computer Misuse Detection System marketed by ODs Networks, may be implemented and incorporated into a comprehensive security policy."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Graham, Scott W.; Mills, Stephen E.

  1999-09
• Export Controls: 1998 Legislative Mandate for High Performance Computers, Report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives

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  "Under the review process required by the National Defense Authorization Act, most of the 938 proposed exports of high performance computers to what were believed to be civilian end-users in countries of concern have generally been allowed to continue without export licenses. Specifically, from February 3, 1998, when procedures implementing the new National Defense Authorization Act became effective, to March 19, 1999, reviewing agencies2 allowed 828 proposed high performance computer exports to continue without a license, but they required license applications for 101 proposed exports because of military, proliferation, or foreign policy reasons such as human rights violations.3 The majority of the objections made by reviewing agencies to the 101 proposed exports were based on concerns that the proposed end-users of the high performance computers might have been involved in military or proliferation-related activity. Subsequently, of the 101 license applications required by the National Defense Authorization Act review, 16 were approved and 6 were denied. The remaining 79 were returned to the exporter without action.4 Licenses that were approved had additional conditions placed on the re-export or end-use of the high performance computers. The majority of these applications involved China, India, and Israel. After the National Defense Authorization Act procedures were implemented, licenses were required for nine exports of high performance computers to end-users of concern who had previously received high performance computer exports without a license."

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1999-09
• Nuclear Nonproliferation: Status of Heavy Fuel Oil Delivered to North Korea under the Agreed Framework, Report to the Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives

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  "As of July 31, 1999, 1.9 million metric tons of heavy fuel oil had been delivered to North Korea at an approximate cost of $222 million. For the first 3 years of the Agreed Frameworks implementation, shipments to North Korea did not occur on a regular and predictable schedule because KEDO- the organization that has arranged and paid for the majority of the heavy fuel oil shipments- did not always have sufficient funding to pay for heavy fuel oil deliveries. For the past 2 years, shipments of heavy fuel oil to North Korea have been made more regularly because of increased contributions from the organizations members and decreasing commodity and freight prices. Because of a recent rise in commodity and freight prices, a KEDO official stated that the organization would need about $10 million in additional funding above existing or promised contributions in order to pay for the remaining 1999 heavy fuel oil deliveries."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  1999-09
• National Money Laundering Strategy for 1999

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  This National Money Laundering Strategy for 1999 is the first in a series of five annual reports called for by the Money Laundering and Financial Crimes Strategy Act of 1998. The Strategy is organized around four broad goals: strengthening domestic enforcement; enhancing the measures taken by banks and other financial institutions; building stronger partnerships with state and local governments; and bolstering international cooperation. This 1999 strategy calls for (1) designating high-risk money laundering zones at which to direct coordinated law enforcement efforts; (2) rules requiring the scrutiny of suspicious activities in a range of financial institutions, from money transmitters to broker-dealers and casinos; (3) submission of the Administration's Money Laundering Act of 1999, to bolster our domestic and international enforcement powers, including provisions to make a broader range of international crimes; (4) a 90-day review of measures that would restrict the use of correspondent accounts in the United States by certain offshore or other institutions that pose money laundering risks; and (5) intensified pressure on nations that lack adequate counter-money laundering controls to adopt them. The Strategy also calls for the 90-day review to determine what guidance would be appropriate to enhance bank scrutiny of questionable transactions.

  United States. Department of the Treasury

  1999-09
• Assessment of the U. S. Marine Transportation System: A Report to Congress

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  The U.S. Marine Transportation System (MTS) consists of waterways, ports and their intermodal connections, vessels, vehicles, and system users. Each component is a complex system within itself and is closely linked with the other components. It is primarily an aggregation of State, local, or privately owned facilities and private companies. As with the U.S. economy as a whole, decision making and investment are primarily driven by the marketplace. In addition, national, State, and local governments participate in the management, financing, and operation of the MTS. More than 1,000 harbor channels and 25,000 miles of inland, intracoastal, and coastal waterways in the United States serve over 300 ports, with more than 3,700 terminals that handle passenger and cargo movements. The waterways and ports link to 152,000 miles of rail, 460,000 miles of pipelines, and 45,000 miles of interstate highways. Vessels and vehicles transport goods and people through the system. The MTS also contains shipyards and repair facilities crucial to maritime activity. As the world's leading maritime and trading nation, the United States relies on an efficient and effective MTS to maintain its role as a global power. The MTS provides American businesses with competitive access to suppliers and markets in an increasingly global economy. The MTS transports people to work; provides them with recreation and vacation opportunities; puts food on their tables; and delivers many of the items they need in their professional and personal lives. Within the United States, the MTS provides a cost-effective means for moving major bulk commodities, such as grain, coal, and petroleum. It is a key element of State and local government economic development and job-creation efforts and the source of profits for private companies. With its vast resources and access, the MTS is an essential element in maintaining economic competitiveness and national security.

  United States. Department of Transportation

  1999-09
• DOE Standard: Review Guide for Criticality Safety Evaluations

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  "As in all safety disciplines, this Standard can only be constructively put to use by experienced criticality safety professionals utilizing their professional judgment and expertise. The purpose of this document is to provide a set of guidelines, not checklists, for use by DOE criticality safety personnel when reviewing criticality safety evaluations produced by the contractor. This review guide is intended to provide a consistent framework for assuring that acceptable evaluations are produced by DOE contractors. This Standard is focused first, on assessing criticality safety; and second, on literal DOE Order/Rule compliance. It does not deal with issues of routine document quality assurance that any technical writer should impose upon the product. The Standard contains complementary material to DOE-STD-3007-93 and associated change notice dated September 1998. While the Standard is keyed to sections in DOE-STD-3007-93, it is not necessary that the contractor use this format for documenting criticality safety evaluations. This formalism is used for convenience and to provide a common frame of reference only. The reviewer should concern himself only with the technical content of the criticality safety evaluation, not the format in which it is documented."

  United States. Department of Energy

  1999-09
• Chinese People's Liberation Army: 'Short Arms and Slow Legs'

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  China's rise in power has focused considerable scrutiny on the capabilities and intentions of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). For some observers, Beijing's combination of consistently rising budgets, military modernization, and a more offensive operational doctrine has signaled its intention to assume the status of a world power. While every major power's defense budget and military personnel levels have declined substantially since the Berlin Wall came down, the Chinese budget has increased on average approximately 11% per year. In addition, China's new military doctrine "Limited war under high technological conditions" is more assertive, stressing offensive, even preemptive, uses of military power. This paper examines the PLA's intentions and its ability to threaten its neighbors by considering two variables: China's defense budget and its military doctrine. Defense budgets are only marginal indicators of intentions, but they offer insights into what kinds of capabilities a military is purchasing and developing. Military doctrine is an excellent source of intent because it provides a state's war preparations guidance, which defines the nature and origin of how it perceives future wars and how the military should prepare to fight those wars. Conceptually, the PLA's new doctrine is suited to achieving Beijing's objectives. However, the PLA does not how have, nor has it ever had, the wherewithal to carry out the doctrine's intent. China's deficiencies in systems integration, manufacturing propulsion systems, and advanced computer technologies will be the most limiting factors in the PLA's ability to field the weapons and equipment necessary to satisfy strategic requirements.

  USAF Institute for National Security Studies

  Howard, Russell D. (Russell D'Vere), 1946-

  1999-09
• Defense Management: Army Could Achieve Efficiencies by Consolidating Ammunition Management, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate

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  "This GAO report assessed the Army's (1) progress toward reorganizing the management of conventional ammunition to address the fragmentation issues and (2) efforts to improve business practices to enhance the operational efficiency of ammunition production and procurement. This is the first in a series of reports that will also address issues such as demilitarization, capacity utilization, and storage of conventional ammunition."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  1999-09
• Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools: A Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies

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  This document provides basic guidelines to law enforcement agencies and school administrators and encourages their collaboration as they decide what, if any, security technologies should be considered as they develop safe school strategies. In the wake of recent high-profile school tragedies with multiple homicides, many of this Nation's communities have urged their school districts to incorporate security technology into their safety programs. This guide should help schools, in concert with their law enforcement partners, analyze their vulnerability to violence, theft, and vandalism, and suggest possible technologies to address these problems in an effective manner. This guide describes existing commercially available technologies and urges thoughtful consideration of not only the potential safety benefits that may accrue from their use but also the costs that schools may incur for capital investments, site modifications, additional staffing, training, and equipment maintenance and repair. Topic areas included in this guide are: security concepts and operational issues, video surveillance, weapons detection devices (walk-through and handheld metal detectors and x-ray baggage scanners), entry controls, and duress alarms.

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  1999-09
• NATO: Progress Toward More Mobile and Deployable Forces, Report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Defense, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate

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  NATO, a military alliance of 19 European and North American countries, receives support from its members in two ways. First, countries, at their own expense, maintain forces and assets that they pledge to NATO through a defense planning process. Second, countries make contributions to NATO's commonly funded budgets. NATO does not quantify the cost of the forces that national governments commit to the alliance, although a country's level of defense spending helps approximate this measure. In establishing force goals, NATO considers the missions it may be facing in the future. Before the end of the Cold War, NATO's primary mission was to defeat a large-scale invasion by the Soviet Union and its allies with little or no warning. Accordingly, the alliance planned, through its defense planning process, to maintain (1) large numbers of forward-deployed forces, (2) the ability to reinforce Europe by safeguarding the Atlantic sea lanes, and (3) a robust nuclear deterrent. This plan enabled countries like Germany to rely on the civilian sector for support elements such as hospitals and transportation assets. In addition, host nations agreed to support forward-deployed forces from other countries, and those countries and NATO funded the development of substantial infrastructure, including aircraft shelters, prepositioned weapon storage facilities, and fuel storage and distribution networks.

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1999-09
• Residential Sprinkler Ordinance for the City of Sparks

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  "The problem was that the Sparks Fire Department did not have a fire station in the northern section of the city. This area is all new developments, mostly upscale single family dwellings ranging in price from $150,000.00 to $300,000.00. The average response time from the closest fire station was 8.89 minutes. Because of the long response times, the fire chief directed the fire marshal to work on a residential fire sprinkler ordinance that would require fire sprinklers in new single family dwellings at the time of construction. The purpose of this paper was to research residential fire sprinklers and determine the feasibility of such an ordinance for the City of Sparks. The evaluative research method was used to answer the following questions: 1. What would the cost per dwelling be for a fire sprinkler system, and what incentives would increase support for residential fire sprinklers? 2. What are the objections of the Builders Association of Northern Nevada against residential sprinklers? 3. What have other cities done concerning residential fire sprinklers? The procedures used were researching various trade magazines and books, interviews and meetings with the fire marshal, the city elected officials and builders association. Also researched was how many other fire departments in Nevada currently have residential fire sprinkler ordinances. A great deal of information was taken from the Internet. Results of the survey indicated that, although fire sprinklers are relatively cost effective and operationally very effective, they were not being used widely in single family dwellings."

  National Fire Academy

  DiPietro, Marv

  1999-09
• MFPS XV Security Session

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  "Security has long been a popular application of formal methods. This is because it is a fertile source of challenging problems that are important enough to justify the effort involved in developing mathematical models and formal techniques. We are moving to a more networked world where our vital transactions depend upon our ability to communicate securely over an untrusted network and upon information and software obtained from parties about whom we may know little if anything. To meet these challenges, Mathematical Foundations of Programming Semantics (MFPS) is bringing people in formal methods and semantics together with researchers in the field of security. A special session of MFPS15 was devoted to security. It involved one invited talk by Martin Abadi and six speakers: Dominique Bolignano, Carl Gunter, Pat Lincoln, George Necula, Geoffrey Smith, and Paul Syverson. The speakers covered four major areas of security: Cryptographic Protocol Verification, Public Key Infrastructure, Secrecy Models, and Code Verification. In this paper, the authors present an overview of these areas and indicate why they are important and what makes them difficult. They also give a brief outline of the speakers' talks."

  Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.)

  Meadows, Catherine; Volpano, Dennis

  1999-09
• Question and Answer Series: Honduras: Hardship Considerations

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  "Prior to the devastation wrought by Hurricane Mitch in late October and early November 1998, Honduras, with a population of about 6.2 million people, was one of the poorest and most unequal countries in Latin America. As a result of the storm, social, economic and environmental conditions worsened substantially throughout the national territory. International aid needed for the enormous task of rebuilding was slow in coming, and the debt-strapped Honduran government appeared to have difficulty in establishing mechanisms for making proper and effective use of it. Preparatory to the conference on hurricane aid for Central America held in Stockholm on May 25-28, 1999, the government developed a five-year plan for reconstruction, with costs estimated at around $4 billion. In Stockholm, donor countries and international financial institutions promised to provide up to $3 billion in various forms of assistance to Honduras over the course of four years. However, as of mid-June 1999, it had yet to be determined when the aid package would fully come on line or how Honduras would absorb it. Meanwhile, with the start of another rainy season and renewed flooding in May, and the potential threat of another hurricane with the approach of summer, most Hondurans remained in a day-to-day struggle merely to subsist."

  INS Resource Information Center

  Payne, Douglas

  1999-09
• China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States

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  "Conventional wisdom portrays the People's Republic of China (PRC) People's Liberation Army (PLA) as a backward continental force that will not pose a military challenge to its neighbors or to the United States well into the 21st century. PLA writings that demonstrate interest in exploiting the revolution in military affairs (RMA) are dismissed by a large segment of the PLA-watching community as wistful fantasies. Major Mark A. Stokes, assistant air attaché in Beijing from 1992-1995, offers an alternative perspective. In this study, funded by the United States Air Force Institute for National Security Studies, he outlines emerging PLA operational concepts and a range of research and development projects that appear to have been heavily influenced by U.S. and Russian writings on the RMA. Fulfillment of the PLA's vision for the 21st century could have significant repercussions for U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific region. Major Stokes ventures into facets of PLA modernization that are often ignored. Backed by extensive documentation, he argues that the revolutionary modernization of the PRC's telecommunications infrastructure, a robust space-, air-, and ground-based sensor network, and prioritization of electronic attack systems could enable the PLA to gain information dominance in future armed conflicts around its periphery. Information dominance would be further boosted by China's traditional emphasis on information denial and deception."

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Stokes, Mark A.

  1999-09
• FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: September 1999

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  This issue provides an article about law enforcement and the millennialist vision. It also includes two articles addressing school violence and safeguarding schools. An article about the Gang Congregation Ordinance explains how the U.S. Supreme Court held Chicago's Gang Congregation Ordinance unconstitutional. Regular departments provide information on timber theft, community policing, delinquency prevention, and reducing gang crime.

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  1999-09
• Third Temple's Holy of Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons

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  This paper is a history of the Israeli nuclear weapons program drawn from a review of unclassified sources. Israel began its search for nuclear weapons at the inception of the state in 1948. As payment for Israeli participation in the Suez Crisis of 1956, France provided nuclear expertise and constructed a reactor complex for Israel at Dimona capable of large-scale plutonium production and reprocessing. The United States discovered the facility by 1958 and it was a subject of continual discussions between American presidents and Israeli prime ministers. Israel used delay and deception to at first keep the United States at bay, and later used the nuclear option as a bargaining chip for a consistent American conventional arms supply. After French disengagement in the early 1960s, Israel progressed on its own, including through several covert operations, to project completion. Before the 1967 Six-Day War, they felt their nuclear facility threatened and reportedly assembled several nuclear devices. By the 1973 Yom Kippur War Israel had a number of sophisticated nuclear bombs, deployed them, and considered using them. The Arabs may have limited their war aims because of their knowledge of the Israeli nuclear weapons. Israel has most probably conducted several nuclear bomb tests. They have continued to modernize and vertically proliferate and are now one of the world's larger nuclear powers. Using "bomb in the basement" nuclear opacity, Israel has been able to use its arsenal as a deterrent to the Arab world while not technically violating American nonproliferation requirements.

  USAF Counterproliferation Center

  Farr, Warner D.

  1999-09
• Preventing the Spread of Dangerous Weapons to Iraq and Iran

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  "Working in close cooperation with our friends and allies, and adopting a long-term, patient approach, the United States will achieve its goal of curbing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, changing the behaviors of dangerous states, and thus securing our vital interests in one of the most strategically important regions of the world." When President Clinton was elected in 1992, his administration immediately recognized the strategic importance of the Persian Gulf region and identified two central threats to stability and security there -- Iran and Iraq. In the past two decades, both countries have aggressively sought to build their arsenals of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, and this drive has created greater instability and uncertainty in a volatile region of the world. One of the most important objectives of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East has been to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to Iraq and Iran. Allowing weapons of mass destruction to spread to Iraq and Iran undermines security and stability throughout the region. Over the course of years of sustained diplomacy, the United States has developed a level of trust and confidence with key states in the Middle East. Working in close cooperation with our friends and allies, and adopting a long-term, patient approach, the United States will achieve its goal of curbing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, changing the behaviors of dangerous states, and thus securing its vital interests in one of the most strategically important regions of the world.

  United States. Department of State

  Riedel, Bruce O.

  1999-09
• Eligibility of a Dual United States Citizen for a Paid Position with the Department of Justice, Memorandum for the Director, Office of Attorney Personnel Management, Department of Justice [August 26, 1999]

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  "Section 606 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act of 1999 does not bar the Department of Justice from employing, in a paid position, a United States citizen who is also a citizen of another country."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel

  1999-08-26
• Sabotage at Nuclear Power Plants

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  This paper discusses emerging threats and current methods of choice for sabotage. Potential consequences of sabotage acts, including economic and political, not just those that may result in unacceptable radiological exposure to the public, are also discussed. Applicability of risk-assessment methods and mitigation techniques are also presented.

  United States. Department of Energy

  1999-08-24
• Chemical and Biological Defense: DoD's Evaluation of Improved Garment Materials

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  This report examines the Defense Department's (DoD) programs to develop improved chemical defense garment materials for U.S. armed forces to determine whether the programs were conducted fairly. To assess the fairness of DoD's evaluation process, the GAO determined whether, in the research and development context, DoD (1) provided sufficient notice to industry of the government's interest in identifying improved chemical defense materials, (2) provided industry sufficient opportunity to participate in the programs, and (3) changed requirements in the transition of MCLIST to JSLIST. In addition, this reports on DoD's response to a recent congressional reporting requirement concerning sources of supply for the military's chemical defense materials.

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1999-08-18
• Cybernotes: August 18, 1999

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  The document includes a table summarizing software vulnerabilities identified between August 1 and August 13, 1999. The table provides the hardware/operating system, equipment/software name, potential vulnerability/impact, identified patches/workarounds/alerts, common name of the vulnerability, potential risk, and an indication of whether attacks have utilized this vulnerability or an exploit script is known to exist. Software versions are identified if known. This information is presented only as a summary; complete details are available from the source of the patch/workaround/alert, indicated in the footnote or linked site. Please note that even if the method of attack has not been utilized or an exploit script is not currently widely available on the Internet, a potential vulnerability has been identified. Updates from previous issues of Cybernotes are listed in bold. Cybernotes is published every two weeks by the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC). Its mission is to support security and information system professionals with timely information on cyber vulnerabilities, hacker exploit scripts, hacker trends, virus information, and other critical infrastructure-related best practices.

  National Infrastructure Protection Center (U.S.)

  1999-08-18