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Societal Implications: Selected Readings
"These selected readings provide participants in the building process at the local, State, and regional levels with information on the most significant societal implications of adopting new or improved seismic regulations for new buildings. Included are papers on the estimated impact of the NEHRP [National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program] Recommended Provisions on design and construction costs, seismic hazards in various areas of the U.S., seismic safety codes, current seismic hazard mitigation practices and programs, and recent seismic safety policy research. The book also contains an extensive bibliography, a list of information sources, and a glossary of terms."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1985-06
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Moro Problem: An Historical Perspective
"For over 400 years the Muslim people of the southern Philippines have been at war. They have resisted the Spanish occupation of their ancestral homelands, the American colonial presence, and the current Christian government. To understand what motivates the Moro people to such conflict, it is necessary to study their history, religion, and the ethnic fabric which makes up their various regional groups. The fundamentals of their religion require a homogenous [sic] Islamic government. In the Philippines this would require separation, or at least total autonomy for the Muslim areas. This has never been allowed by the Christian government which has perpetuated the cause of the Moro insurgency. Conflict will surely continue as long as Christian authority is imposed upon the Moro people."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Fowler, Dennis B.
1985-06
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DoD Directive 3005.7: Emergency Requirements, Allocations, Priorities, and Permits for DoD Use of Domestic Civil Transportation
This Directive updates DoD policy and guidance concerning emergency requirements, allocations, priorities, and permits governing DoD use of civil transportation within the continental United States (CONUS), except civil transportation provided by the Civil Reserve Air Fleet and related to civil works projects performed by the Corps of Engineers.
United States. Department of Defense
1985-05-30
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Password Usage
This document specifies basic security criteria for two different uses of passwords in an ADP system, (I) personal identity authentication and (2) data access authorization. It establishes the basic criteria for the design, implementation and use of a password system in those systems where passwords are used. It identifies fundamental ADP management functions pertaining to passwords and specifies some user actions required to satisfy these functions. In addition, it specifies several technical features which may be implemented in an ADP system in order to support a password system. An implementation schedule is established for compliance with the standard. Numerous guidelines are provided in the Appendices for managers and users seeking to comply with the standard.
United States. Department of Commerce
1985-05-30
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National Security Decision Directive 172: Presenting the Strategic Defense Initiative
National Security Decision Directive 172 "details the manner in which the Strategic Defense Initiative program should be presented to ensure public, allied, and congressional support of research program."
United States. White House Office
1985-05-30
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DoD Directive 5160.5: Responsibilities for Research, Development, and Acquisition of Chemical Weapons and Chemical and Biological Defense
The Directive reissues reference DoD Directive 5160.5, "Responsibility for Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) on Chemical Weapons and Chemical and Biological Defense, " March 30, 1976 (hereby canceled) to reflect national policy decisions; update budgeting, and programming and operational procedures; and assign responsibilities for DoD research, development, and acquisition (RDA) of weapons and chemical and biological defense.
United States. Department of Defense
1985-05-01
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 84-026-1599; U.S. Penitentiary Terre Haute, Indiana
"On October 17, 1983, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request to evaluate exposures to formaldehyde for inmates manufacturing bed sheets at the U.S. Penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana. The fabric used to make the sheets is treated with a formaldehyde-containing resin which imparts wrinkle-resistant properties to the material. [...] NIOSH measured concentrations of formaldehyde averaging 1.07 ppm for full-shift personal exposures among the workers/inmates at the Federal Penitentiary in Terre Haute. There was a high prevalence of irritation symptoms. Since formaldehyde is a potential occupational carcinogen and has shown irritation properties at low levels, measures to reduce exposure to the lowest feasible level are recommended."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Crandall, Michael S.
1985-05
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Earthquake Insurance: A Public Policy Dilemma
"This report examines issues and problems associated with the availability and procurement of earthquake insurance from the point of view of consumers and providers. The report outlines the provisions of earthquake insurance policies currently available to homeowners, businesses, local governments, and special districts. It examines the extent to which earthquake insurance is purchased and why it may be unattractive to consumers. The federal role in providing or promoting earthquake insurance is reviewed. Policies are recommended for the Federal Government and others to develop a more adequate system of coverage."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1985-05
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National Emergency Management System
"The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is the Federal point of contact for emergency management programs in both peace and war. FEMA works directly with State and local governments and others in the entire emergency management community to lessen the potential affects of disasters and to increase emergency response programs. The Agency supports State and local government emergency planning, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery programs. As necessary, FEMA provides, funding, technical assistance and resources, equipment and direct Federal support. Ensuring effective emergency communications in times of crisis is also a FEMA responsibility. To ensure that these actions are as responsive as possible to emergencies of all types, FEMA has developed an Integrated Emergency Management System, or IEMS. This system was created after FEMA reviewed response actions to natural disasters and other hazards. FEMA found elements of emergency response were common to all emergencies … elements such as communications, population evacuation and sheltering, law enforcement and direction and control. IEMS recognizes that basic emergency capabilities are required as a foundation for response to any emergency. This system advances each level of preparedness as a building block for dealing with the next level of emergency intensity. It is strongly believed that Integrated Emergency Management System holds great promise for across-the-board improvement in emergency capabilities at all levels of government. In emergency information programs (communications and Automated Data Processing (ADP) systems), FEMA is responsible for the centralized control and daily management of the National Emergency Management System (NEMS) which provides a nationwide infrastructure at the Federal, regional and State levels for various information and communications systems and networks. This manual provides the basic description of the FEMA NEMS, its concepts and status, and is provided as an information mechanism to keep you apprised of our efforts in this critical area."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1985-05
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Trends in Conventional Arms Transfers to the Third World by Major Supplier, 1977-1984 [April 19, 1985]
"This report provides unclassified background data on transfers of conventional armaments to Third World nations by the major supplying nations. It covers the years from 1977-1984 and reviews in detail the values of arms transfer agreements and deliveries, as well as the specific numbers of important conventional weapons delivered to the Third World during this time period."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Grimmett, Richard F.
1985-04-19
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DoD Password Management Guideline
"This guideline has been developed to assist in providing that much needed
credibility of user identity by presenting a set of good practices related to
the design, implementation and use of password-based user authentication
mechanisms. It is intended that features and practices described in this
guideline be incorporated into DoD automatic data processing (ADP) systems
used for processing classified or other sensitive information."
United States. Department of Defense
1985-04-12
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DoD Directive 4640.5: Defense Metropolitan Area Telephone Systems
This Directive defines the policy, responsibilities, and organizational relationships for the management of the three existing Defense Metropolitan Area Telephone Systems (DMATS) located at Boston, MA; St. Louis, MO; and Dayton, OH. This Directives serves as the charter for those three DMATS.
United States. Department of Defense
1985-04-05
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Final Evaluation Report of Top Secret: Version 3.0
"The Department of Defense Computer Security Center (DoDCSC) was established in January 1981 to encourage the widespread availability of trusted computer systems for use by facilities processing classified or other sensitive data. In the second quarter of FY83, CGA Software Products Group, Inc. requested that the DoDCSC evaluate Version 3.0 of their commercially available TOP SECRET security package for the OS/VS2 MVS [Multiple Virtual Storage] operating system. MVS is an IBM operating system for its 303X, 308X, 4341, 370/158 and 370/168 processors. The security features provided by Version 3.0 of TOP SECRET were evaluated against the requirements specified by the Department of Defense trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria dated 15 August 1983."
United States. Department of Defense; National Computer Security Center (U.S.)
Israel, Howard; La Fountain, Steven
1985-04-02
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Have the Basic Requirements of Arms Control Changed Since Efforts were First Made?
This paper attempts to answer the question, Have the basic requirements of arms control changed since efforts were first made? It traces the evolution of arms control attempts from ancient times to the present, and examines some selected past attempts to prevent and control arms proliferation. Finally, the paper concludes with a suggestion about the prospects and potential fate of future arms control efforts. The Rush-Bagot Agreement the Washington Naval Treaty, and the Geneva Protocol on Chemical and Biological Warfare are quoted.
Air University (U.S.). Air Command and Staff College
Starkes, Sheldon D.
1985-04
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 84-493-1583; General Services Administration Washington, D.C.
"In August, 1984, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a Health Hazard Evaluation from the General Services Administration (GSA) to conduct an evaluation of siren noise in ambulances. GSA requested that NIOSH quantify the noise levels relative to siren location prior to completing a proposed revision of the Federal Specification for emergency medical care vehicles (ambulances). [...] A potential hazard was found to exist from ambulance siren noise. Substantial reductions in noise levels (10-22 dBA) were achieved when siren speakers were located in the ambulance grille area. When windows were also kept closed, patient and driver compartment noise levels were 76-80 dBA, the potential hazard of noise-induced hearing loss was eliminated and communicative ability vastly improved. Recommendations to eliminate the potential health and safety hazard are provided in Section VII of the report."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Flesch, Jerome P.; Tubbs, Randy L. (Randy Lloyd)
1985-04
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Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Rail Transit Systems
The Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines contained in this document are designed to help rail transit systems to assess, develop, document and improve their capability for responding to emergency situations, and to coordinate these efforts with emergency response organizations in a manner which best protects the traveling public and transit system facilities and equipment. Four major areas of emergency preparedness are addressed. The first section presents recommendations for Emergency Plan Development, including emergency response procedures, agreements with emergency organizations, and supporting documentation. The training section outlines recommended training for both transit system and emergency response personnel, as well as programs to promote public awareness. The last two sections --Facilities and Equipment, and Vehicles--focus on performance requirements and emergency equipment recommendations to facilitate passenger evacuation and minimize transit property damage. These guidelines have been developed over the past several years, with input obtained from discussions and workshops with transit system and emergency response organization personnel, and from literature sources such as industry guidelines, codes and standards.
United States. Department of Transportation. Urban Mass Transportation Administration
1985-03
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Illicit Drugs a Cause for Concern
"This research paper examines illegal drug trafficking and drug abuse activities that are prevalent in this country with special emphasis on the problems that their use creates for America. It covers the early years when narcotics began appearing with increased frequency in this country. It identifies the basic efforts utilized in combating drug activity, and it addresses why individuals subject themselves to possible jail sentences by becoming involved in illegal narcotic trafficking. The paper also reviews short and long term problems from the enormous profits of illegal drug sales. Finally, the paper considers if change in the drug enforcement system is necessary."
National Defense University
Webster, Ernest R.
1985-03
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National Security Decision Directive 164: National Security Launch Strategy
National Security Decision Directive 164 provides a launch strategy to implement two provisions contained in NSDD 144: 1) The Space Transportation System (STS) will continue as the primary space launch system for both national security and civil government missions. 2)DOD will pursue an improved assured launch capability that will be complementary to the STS.
United States. White House Office
1985-02-25
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Combat Search and Rescue Procedures
The objective of Search and Rescue (SAR) as described in the National Search and Rescue Manual is to aid persons and property in distress. This objective reaches the pinnacle of importance in its application to combat SAR (CSAR). The hazards of the wartime environment dictate that CSAR forces must be specifically equipped, trained, and organized for the wartime mission. This regulation prescribes combat search and rescue procedures approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
United States. Department of the Army
1985-02-25
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National Security Decision Directive 162: FY 1985-1990 Nuclear Weapons Stockpile
National Security Decision Directive 162 "approves nuclear weapons stockpile plan for FY 1985-1990 and issues instructions to Department of Energy for transfer and production of nuclear weapons parts and for meeting nuclear materials needs."
United States. White House Office
1985-02-11
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Pedestrian Falling Accidents in Transit Terminals
"Falls are the second largest cause of accidental injury in the U.S. Based on the reports to the Federal Railroad Administration, the U.S. rail industry carried 7.25 billion passengers during the period 1976-1980, and these patrons experienced about 10,000 station falls. Analysis of accident reports in one system shows alcohol involvement in 29 percent of all falls and 55 percent of male falls where an ambulance was called. Off-peak incident rates were higher, and the P.M. peak is higher than A.M. Most transit falls are due to personal factors. Station falls cost the transit industry an estimated $1.7 million annually in claims settlements. Societal cost for lost time and hospitalization are about the same. High industry standards of design and maintenance result in lower incident rates and settlements than the general experience. Design improvements are warranted to reduce incident rates, severity, and claims."
United States. Federal Transit Administration
1985-02
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Executive Order 12501: Arctic Research
Executive Order 12501 establishes the Arctic Research Commission. "The Commission shall: develop and recommend an integrated national Arctic research policy; assist, in cooperation with the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee established by Section 7 of this Order, in establishing a national Arctic research program plan to implement the Arctic research policy; facilitate cooperation between the Federal government and State and local governments with respect to Arctic research; review Federal research programs in the Arctic and suggest improvements in coordination among programs; recommend methods to improve logistical planning and support for Arctic research as may be appropriate."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Reagan, Ronald
1985-01-28
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Department of Defense Directive 5525.7: Implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding Between the Department of Justice and the Department of Defense Relating to the Investigation and Prosecution of Certain Crimes
This Directive reissues DoD Directive 1355.1, July 21, 1981, updates policy and procedures, assigns responsibilities, and implements the 1984 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Department of Justice (DoJ) and the department of Defense (DoD).
United States. Department of Defense
1985-01-22
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National Security Decision Directive 159: Covert Action Policy Approval and Coordination Procedures
The purpose of this NSDD is to establish procedures for the planning, approval, and coordination of covert action (intelligence "special activities" under Executive Order 12333) and for the review and evaluation of these activities in order to ensure that they continuously derive from and support U.S. National security objectives and are integrated fully into overall U.S. policy. Knowledge of covert action policies, decisions, and programs shall be strictly limited to the absolute minimum number of senior officials and their immediate staff focal points. To the extent possible, knowledge of policies, deliberations, and programs; knowledge of operations; and knowledge of supporting information or activities will be strictly compartmented from each other.
National Security Council (U.S.)
1985-01-18
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Threats, Values, and Defense: Does Defense of Values by Force Remain a Moral Possibility?
"Two deep and broad streams of moral reflection on war run through Western history. These streams have their thematic origin in a single fundamental question: Is it ever morally allowable to employ force in the protection and preservation of values? The moral tradition of pacifism has resulted from a negative response to this question, given in various ways under various historical circumstances. A positive answer, given in ways no less conditioned by historical circumstance yet with a similar depth of underlying consistency and wholeness, has produced the other moral tradition on force and violence, which it is both convenient and proper to call by a familiar name: just war tradition. We should note two characteristic facts about this tradition. First, it is a moral response to the question of value and force that is not only historically deep but is a product of reflection and action across the whole breadth of this culture's experience. [...] The second characteristic fact about just war tradition is that it preserves two kinds of moral response to the question of value and force, not merely one: limitation always accompanies justification."
Army War College (U.S.)
Johnson, James Turner
1985
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Beirut Bombing of October 1983: An Act of Terrorism?
"The thesis argued here is that the killing of 241 Americans at the Beirut International Airport was not an act of terrorism, but an unconventional military assault against a military target. That the victims and their chain of command never seemed to realize they were at war in Lebanon only serves to compound the tragedy; that the United States may be considering a multifaceted policy of activism against 'terrorism' may only make matters worse. Indeed, whatever merit there may be in a 'proactive' stance toward terrorism, it should not be derived from the American experience in Lebanon, of all places. To do so would be to adopt the wrong policies for the wrong reasons, and perhaps to prolong the loss of American lives in Lebanon. This article consists of three parts: an examination of the circumstances surrounding the 23 October 1983 bombing; a brief inquiry into the nature of terrorism and its relationship to that tragic event; and a conclusion which urges that the questions of what to do about Lebanon and how to proceed on international terrorism be separated. Priority of effort on the latter question should be devoted to rigorous intelligence analysis focused on definitions, linkages, and rational options. The question of what to do about Lebanon centers, at this juncture, on the very basic matter of keeping our diplomats in that country safe."
Army War College (U.S.)
Hof, Frederic C.
1985
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Serial No. J-98-137; S. Hrg. 98-1266: Oversight on Communications Privacy, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session on Privacy in Electronic Communications, September 12, 1984
From the prepared statement of Senator Mathias: "Our subject today is the privacy of electronic communications. Although no specific legislative proposal is on our agenda, we will explore whether existing law adequately protects the privacy of Americans who, in increasing numbers, are using new forms of electronic communications to talk with one another [....] Some of the messages that these new media carry are highly sensitive. A translation of the digital blips racing by wire, microwave, fibre optics and other paths could reveal proprietary corporate data, or personal medical or financial information. The users of these new networks--and that means all of us--expect legal protection against unwarranted interceptions of this communications stream, whether by overzealous law enforcement officers or private snoops. But the law as it now stands may not provide that protection. Under the 1968 wiretap law, the privacy of Americans may turn on technical questions--whether or not the communication is carried by wire, whether it is in analog or digital form--that are simply irrelevant to the legitimate expectations of those who transmit and receive information in today's communication networks." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Patrick J. Leahy, Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., H.W. William Caming, John C. Keeney, Ronald L. Plesser, Stephen Schachman, Marvin S. Cohen, and Roy P. Weber.
United States. Government Printing Office
1985
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S. Rept. 98-665: Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, January 1, 1983 to December 31, 1984, October 10, 1984
"The 98th Congress has been an unusually busy one for the Select Committee in Intelligence. During this period, the Committee held 127 meetings, hearings and briefings on record, which compares favorably with the 133 in the 97th Congress and 99 in the 96th. As well, it reported 12 bills or resolutions, and the Committee issued 10 reports. Not only has the Committee maintained a high level of the oversight activities with which it has been charged, but also it has weathered the stresses and strains which have come in the course of fulfilling its oversight responsibilities, particularly with regard to the conduct of covert action activities. [...] In summary, the period of the 98th Congress has been an eventful one for the Select Committee on Intelligence and for Congressional oversight of the American Intelligence Community. It is hoped that the following report of the Committee's activities will also show that this period was a productive one for this important Congressional activity." Sections in this report include the following: In the Central American section--Collection and Analysis, Covert Action, History of Nicaraguan Program, Other Oversight Activities Concerning the Nicaraguan Program, Covert Action Reporting Procedures, and Political Violence in El Salvador; in the Legislation: Freedom of Information Act section--Counterintelligence and Official Representation, Polygraphs, National Historical Intelligence Museum, and Legislation Regarding DCI [Director Central Intelligence] and DDCI [Deputy Director Central Intelligence] Positions; and in the Intelligence and Security Activities Sections--Analysis and Production, Counterintelligence, General Collection, Human Intelligence Collection, and Communications Security Program. Other sections in the report include: General Oversight, Budget Authorization, and Administrative Issues, along with an Appendix at the end of the report.
United States. Government Printing Office
1984-10-10
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Biological Weapons Systems
"The purpose of this study is to examine a proposal to utilize biological weapons systems in present day military situations. The study is developed around the question: Why not employ biological weapons systems, now? [...] Four suppositions are selected as having the most applicability to current policies concerning biological weapons and military acceptance of the systems. These suppositions are examined in detail, first as current understanding of them affects nonacceptance of biological systems, and secondly as a better understanding of them would affect acceptance of biological systems. Authoritative authors and official publications in the field have been utilized to support both examinations of the chosen suppositions. Near the end of the study, two hypothetical tactical examples are presented of how biological weapons systems might be used, and the advantages that could accrue from their usage. A summary is presented, conclusions are derived and certain recommendations
are made for consideration."
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
Burnett, Neill C.
1985?
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Statistical Report United States Attorneys Offices: Fiscal Year 1985
This Annual Statistical Report summarizes and presents the criminal prosecutions and civil litigation conducted by the United States Attorneys in Fiscal Year 1985.
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
1985?
