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Methodology for Seismic Design and Construction of Single-Family Dwellings
This report presents the results of an in-depth effort to develop design and construction practices for single-family residences that minimize the potential economic loss and the life-loss risk associated with earthquakes. The report: [1] Discusses the ways structures behave when subjected to seismic forces; [2] Sets forth suggested design criteria for conventional layouts of dwellings constructed of conventional materials; [3] Presents construction details that do not require the designer to perform analytical calculations; [4] Suggests procedures for efficient plan-checking; and [4] Presents recommendations including details and schedules for use in the field by construction personnel and building inspectors.
United States. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Office of Policy Development and Research
Ralph W. Goers & Associates; Applied Technology Council
1976-09
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Cost, Schedule, And Performance Problems Of The Lake Pontchartrain And Vicinity, Louisiana, Hurricane Protection Project
"The Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity, Louisiana, Hurricane Protection plan--a series of control structures, concrete floodwalls, and levees--is intended to protect the lowlands in the Lake Pontchartrain tidal basin, lying within the greater New Orleans metropolitan area, from flooding by hurricane-induced sea surges and rainfall. Its estimated cost has risen from $85 million in 1965 to $352 million and its completion has been delayed 13 years. Almost two-thirds of this increase is due to inflation. In spite of this, the project retains a benefit-to-cost ratio of about 13 to 1. The Federal share of the project cost (70 percent) has increased from $66 million to $242 million. There is a possibility that the Federal share could increase by $85 million more should local jurisdictions be unable to pay their portions."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1976-08-31
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Revised Flood Plain Management Regulations of the National Flood Insurance Program: Final Environmental Impact Statement, September 1976
"In September of 1976 the National Flood Insurance Administration issued the revised floodplain management regulations implementing the National Flood Insurance Program. This action was accompanied by a Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This EIS evaluates the revised floodplain management regulations' impacts to the human environment."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1976-09
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Observations on the Guatemalan Earthquake Relief Effort
"The relief effort generally was well organized and successful due mainly to the strong central management and leadership by the Guatemalan Government. Nevertheless, those problems which hindered relief operations warrant further study so that future relief efforts may be better managed. The Guatemalan experience demonstrates that the primary need in international disaster relief efforts is strong, centralized management. As discussed in a prior GAO [General Accounting Office] report, this management can be best provided over the long-term by an international disaster relief agency."
United States. Agency for International Development; United States. General Accounting Office
1976-08-23
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Operating System Structures to Support Security and Reliable Software
It is an ambitious goal to design a computer system that satisfies rigorous security requirements, supports reliable software and at the same time meets the performance, flexibility, sharing, and compatibility requirements that are needed to make a computer competitive in the marketplace. Decreasing hardware costs are making these goals much more feasible. This survey focuses on two system structuring concepts that promise to help solve some of the remaining software problems.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
1976-08
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Executive Order 11926: The Vice Presidential Service Badge
This Executive Order supersedes Executive Order 11544 from July 8, 1970 and describes the regulations surrounding the awarding and wear of the Vice Presidential Service Badge.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006
1976-07-19
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Law of Land Warfare
The purpose of this Manual is to provide authoritative guidance to military personnel on the customary and treaty law applicable to the conduct of warfare on land and to relationships between belligerents and neutral States. Although certain of the legal principles set forth herein have application to warfare at sea and in the air as well as to hostilities on land, this Manual otherwise concerns itself with the rules peculiar to naval and aerial warfare only to the extent that such rules have some direct bearing on the activities of land
forces.
United States. Department of the Army
1976-07-15
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Tradeoffs Between Residential and Industrial Fire Protection for Ultimate Public Safety
"In 1975, fire losses in the United States totaled about 0.25% of the GNP [Gross National Product/], or 4.4 billion dollars. Statistics on distribution of fire types show that 30% involve residential dwellings: 10% industrial, institutional, and educational buildings; 21% are due to transportation-related factors; and the remaining show that financial to 36 and 38% include forest, grassland, and rubbish fires. These statistics industrial and public facilities account for almost 50% of the loss statistics, while residential and transportation losses amount 11% of the total, respectively. More are attributed to building fires, and of these, residences. than 60% of fire fatalities almost 90% occur in private This brief survey reveals that a relatively small number of fires are responsible for the major dollar losses, and the major loss of life in fires results from residential fires, where the number of fatalities per fire are relatively small. .. Can technology be applied to reduce either the financial disaster incurred during industrial fires, or the life loss in residential fires? The evidence indicates that residential fire mortality will not be significantly reduced by technical solutions. However, there is also the potential for large life loss in industrial fires, and these could be reduced significantly by technical solutions. Therefore, increased efforts to secure the optimum amount of industrial losses, and possibly fire protection could certainly reduce our financial protect more lives."
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Alvares, Norman J.
1976-06-15
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Tactical Nuclear Planning Considerations: Recent Perspectives
From the thesis abstract: "Approval to use nuclear weapons in some future war may require careful planning. One of the National Command Authority's concerns in the event of another war in Europe is collateral damage resulting from nuclear weapons use. The United States Army policy for the constrained use of nuclear weapons emphasizes this national concern. This study attempts to determine the planning factors which should be considered by a corps commander before he requests approval to make the initial use of nuclear weapons in Europe. The investigation is focused on an analysis of current United States and NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] policies, doctrine, and procedures. Investigation reveals that peacetime planning for the use of tactical nuclear weapons should be done and that current procedures may require modification if adequate plans are to be prepared. Further examination discloses that peacetime plans based on national and NATO command authorities' policy guidance may provide the principal information from which to prepare a justification for the use of nuclear weapons."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
McWhirter, Julian H.
1976-06-11
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Pinochet-Kissinger Meeting: Minutes of the meeting between Pinochet and Kissinger
This declassified document is the memorandum of the conversation between Chile's President, Pinochet, and the Secretary of the United States, Kissinger that took place on July 8, 1976 in Pinochet's office in Santiago, Chile. The topic of the conversation is how the issue of human rights has impaired the relations between the United States and Chile.
United States. Department of State
1976-06-08
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New Directions in Cryptography
"Two kinds of contemporary developments in cryptography are examined. Widening applications of teleprocessing have given rise to a need for new types of cryptographic systems, which minimize the need for secure key distribution channels and supply the equivalent of a written signature. This paper suggests ways to solve these currently open problems. It also discusses how the theories of communication and computation are beginning to provide the tools to solve cryptographic problems of long standing."
National Science Foundation (U.S.)
Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin E.
1976-06-03
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Epidemiological Assessment of Earthquake Relief, Guatemala, February 4 - March 10, 1976
Dr. Carlos C. Campbell and Dr. Harrison Spencer were assigned to assist in the acute relief effort in Guatemala following the 1976 earthquake. This paper documents the coordination of the relief activities there, as well as the methods and roles of the medical epidemiology team.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Campbell, Carlos C.; Spencer, Harrison C.
1976-04-26
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Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular: Aviation Security: Air Taxi Commercial Operators (ATCOs)
"This Circular provides recommended security measures applicable to ATCO [Air Taxi Commercial Operators] operations that should minimize the effects of crimes directed against air transportation. It advises ATCOs of the availability of operations specifications whereby they may implement security procedures to improve their security posture and facilitate operations that interface with certain 121 air carrier operators required to have security programs. Guidance is also provided regarding Federal Aviation Administration [FAA] security requirements for the discharge of ATCO passengers into Federal Aviation Regulation Part 121 certificate holders' sterile concourses. [...] While establishment of a security program encompassing the above recommendations is not required, it is believed that such action will assure consistency in the application of security procedures and reduce the possibility of successful criminal acts being perpetrated against an ATCO's passengers and aircraft. Program approval by FAA and implementation of the operations specifications by the ATCO permits the ATCO to deplane passengers in a sterile concourse and provides for the transfer or interline checked baggage to Part 121 carriers without further screening."
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
1976-04-15
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Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1975
This is a seasonal summary of the 1975 Atlantic hurricane season followed by accounts of the individual storms and hurricanes.
National Hurricane Center (2012- )
1976-04-01?
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COINTELPRO: The FBI's Covert Action Programs against American Citizens
"This report is based on a staff study of more than 20,000 pages of Bureau documents, depositions of many of the Bureau agents involved in the programs, and interviews of several COINTELPRO targets. The examples selected for discussion necessarily represent a small percentage of the more than 2,000 approved COINTELPRO actions. Nevertheless, the cases demonstrate the consequences of a Government agency's decision to take the law into its own hands for the 'greater good' of the country. COINTELPRO is the FBI acronym for a series of covert action programs directed against domestic groups. In these programs, the Bureau went beyond the collection of intelligence to secret action defined to 'disrupt' and 'neutralize' target groups and individuals. The techniques were adopted wholesale from wartime counterintelligence, and ranged from the trivial (mailing reprints of Reader's Digest articles to college administrators) to the degrading (sending anonymous poison-pen letters intended to break up marriages) and the dangerous (encouraging gang warfare and falsely labeling members of a violent group as police informers)."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Use of Informants in FBI Domestic Intelligence Investigations
"This Appendix, pursuant to the Committee's mandate under Senate Resolution 21, focuses on the use of informants in FBI intelligence investigations who are recruited, paid and directed by Bureau Special Agents. The Committee did not examine the use of informants in FBI criminal investigations nor did the Committee examine instances of the 'walk-in' who volunteers information to the FBI on a one-time basis. As discussed in more detail below, paid and directed intelligence informants are extensively used in FBI domestic intelligence investigations of groups and individuals. These intelligence informants are the subject of this Appendix."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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FBI's Covert Action Program to Destroy the Black Panther Party
This document outlines how the FBIs COINTELPRO covert action program was able to disrupt and neutralize the Black Panther Party, which the Bureau characterized as a "Black Nationalist Hate Group". "Although the claimed purpose of the Bureau's COINTELPRO tactics was to prevent violence, some of the FBI's tactics against the BPP were clearly intended to foster violence, and many others could reasonably have been expected to cause violence. For example, the FBI's efforts to 'intensify the degree of animosity' between the BPP and the Blackstone Rangers, a Chicago street gang, included sending an anonymous letter to the gang's leader falsely informing him that the the Chicago Panthers had 'a hit out' on him. The stated intent of the letter was to induce the Ranger leader to 'take reprisals against' the Panther leadership."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Domestic CIA and FBI Mail Opening Programs
"The CIA conducted four mail opening programs within the United States, the longest of which lasted for twenty years. These programs resulted in the opening and photographing of nearly a quarter of a million items of correspondence, the vast majority of which were to or from American residents. While the programs were ostensibly conducted for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, one former high-ranking CIA official characterized the Agency's use of this technique as a 'shotgun' approach to intelligence collection; neither Congressmen, journalists, nor businessmen were immune from mail interception. With cooperation from the FBI, domestic 'dissidents' were directly targeted in one of the programs."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Warrantless FBI Electronic Surveillance
"This report focuses exclusively on the FBI's use of electronic surveillance; NSA's monitoring system is described at length in the Committee's Report on NSA. Because the legal issues and the FBI's policy and practice regarding consensual monitoring devices such as 'body recorders' are distinct from those of nonconsensual wiretaps and microphone installations, the report is also confined to the latter forms of electronic surveillance."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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National Security Agency Surveillance Affecting Americans
"This report describes the Committee's investigation into certain questionable activities of the National Security Agency (NSA). The Committee's primary focus in this phase of its investigation was on NSA's electronic surveillance practices and capabilities, especially those involving American citizens, groups, and organizations. NSA has intercepted and disseminated international communications of American citizens whose privacy ought to be protected under our Constitution. For example, from August 1945 to May 1975, NSA obtained copies of many international telegrams sent to, from, or through the United States from three telegraph companies. In addition, from the early 1960s until 1973, NSA targeted the international communications of certain American citizens by placing their names on a 'watch list.' Intercepted messages were disseminated to the FBI, CIA, Secret Service, Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD), and the Department of Defense. In neither program were warrants obtained."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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CIA Intelligence Collection about Americans: Chaos and the Office of Security
"This report discusses the results of a staff inquiry into the major CIA programs which involved collection of information about Americans: the Chaos, Merrimac and Resistance programs and the special security investigations undertaken by the Office of Security. One of the main controversies raised by recent practices of the Central Intelligence Agency is the question of intelligence collection about Americans. Unlike the FBI, the CIA was intended to focus on foreign intelligence matters. Charges have been made, however, suggesting that the CIA spied on thousands of Americans and maintained files on many more, all in violation of its statutory charter."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: Violating and Ignoring the Law
"The Committee finds that the domestic activities of the intelligence community at times violated specific statutory prohibitions and infringed the constitutional rights of American citizens. The legal questions involved in intelligence programs were often not considered. On other occasions, they were intentionally disregarded in the belief that because the programs served the 'national security' the law did not apply. While intelligence officers on occasion failed to disclose to their superiors programs which were illegal or of questionable legality, the Committee finds that the most serious breaches of duty were those of senior officials, who were responsible for controlling intelligence activities and generally failed to assure compliance with the law."
United States. Government Printing Office
1976-04
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Internal Revenue Service: An Intelligence Resource and Collector
"The Internal Revenue Service functions as an intelligence agency in two respects. First, through its Intelligence Division, it both collects general intelligence about possible tax violators and investigates specific allegations of tax fraud to secure evidence for criminal prosecution. Second, the IRS accumulates vast amounts of information about the financial and personal affairs of American citizens from the tax returns and supporting information which Americans voluntarily submit each year. This report is primarily an exploration of the reasons these uses of the IRS have led to serious and illegal abuse of IRS investigative powers and to a compromise of the privacy and integrity of the tax return. As a rich deposit of intelligence and an effective intelligence gatherer, the IRS is a powerful tool which other agencies of government, including Congress and the executive branch, have periodically sought to employ for purposes other than tax law enforcement."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: Political Abuse of Intelligence Information
"The Committee finds that information has been collected and disseminated in order to serve the purely political interests of an intelligence agency or the administration, and to influence social policy and political action. The FBI's ability to gather information without effective restraints gave it enormous power. That power was inevitably attractive to politicians, who could use information on opponents and critics for their own advantage, and was also an asset to the Bureau, which depended on politicians for support. In the political arena, as in other facets of American life touched by the intelligence community, the existence of unchecked power led to its abuse."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: Excessive Use of Intrusive Techniques
"The intelligence community has employed surreptitious collection techniques -- mail opening, surreptitious entries, informants, and 'traditional' and highly sophisticated forms of electronic surveillance -- to achieve its overly broad intelligence targeting and collection objectives. Although there are circumstances where these techniques, if properly controlled, are legal and appropriate, the Committee finds that their very nature makes them a threat to the personal privacy and constitutionally protected activities of both the targets and of persons who communicate with or associate with the targets. The dangers inherent in the use of these techniques have been compounded by the lack of adequate standards limiting their use and by the absence of review by neutral authorities outside the intelligence agencies. As a consequence, these techniques have collected enormous amounts of personal and political information serving no legitimate governmental interest."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: Deficiencies in Control and Accountability
"The Committee finds that those responsible for overseeing, supervising, and controlling domestic activities of the intelligence community, although often unaware of details of the excesses described in this report, made those excesses possible by delegating broad authority without establishing adequate guidelines and procedural checks; by failing to monitor and coordinate sufficiently the activities of the agencies under their charge; by failing to inquire further after receiving indications that improper activities may have been occurring; by exhibiting a reluctance to know about secret details of programs; and sometimes by requesting intelligence agencies to engage in questionable practices. On numerous occasions, intelligence agencies have, by concealment, misrepresentation, or partial disclosure, hidden improper activities from those to whom they owed a duty of disclosure. But such deceit and the improper practices which it concealed would not have been possible to such a degree if senior officials of the Executive Branch and Congress had clearly allocated responsibility and imposed requirements for reporting and obtaining prior approval for activities, and had insisted on adherence to those requirements."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: Using Covert Action to Disrupt and Discredit Domestic Groups
"The Committee finds that covert action programs have been used to disrupt the lawful political activities of individual Americans and groups and to discredit them, using dangerous and degrading tactics which are abhorrent in a free and decent society. Although the claimed purposes of these action programs were to protect the national security and to prevent violence, many of the victims were concededly nonviolent, were not controlled by a foreign power, and posed no threat to the national security."
United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations
1976-04
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Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: Inadequate Controls on Dissemination and Retention
"The Committee finds that the product of intelligence investigations has been disseminated without adequate controls. Reports on lawful political activity and law-abiding citizens have been disseminated to agencies having no proper reason to receive them. Information that should have been discarded, purged, or sealed, including the product of illegal techniques and overbroad investigations, has been retained and is available for future use. The Committee's finding on Political Abuse describes dissemination of intelligence for the political advantage of high officials or the self-interest of an agency. The problems of excessive dissemination, however, include more than political use. Dissemination has not been confined to what is appropriate for law enforcement or other proper government purposes. Rather, any information which could have been conceived to be useful was passed on, and doubts were generally resolved in favor of dissemination. Until recently, none of the standards for the exchange of data among agencies has taken privacy interests into account. The same failure to consider privacy interests has characterized the retention of data by the original collecting agency."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: Introduction and Summary
"We have examined three types of 'intelligence' activities affecting the rights of American citizens. The first is intelligence collection -- such as infiltrating groups with informants, wiretapping, or opening letters. The second is dissemination of material which has been collected. The third is covert action designed to disrupt and discredit the activities of groups and individuals deemed a threat to the social order. These three types of 'intelligence' activity are closely related in the practical world. Information which is disseminated by the intelligence community or used in disruptive programs has usually been obtained through surveillance. Nevertheless, a division between collection, dissemination and covert action is analytically useful both in understanding why excesses have occurred in the past and in devising remedies to prevent those excesses from recurring."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
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Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: The Overbreadth of Domestic Intelligence Activity
"The Committee finds that domestic intelligence activity has been overbroad in that (1) many Americans and domestic groups have been subjected to investigation who were not suspected of criminal activity and (2) the intelligence agencies have regularly collected information about personal and political activities irrelevant to any legitimate governmental interest. The central problem posed by domestic intelligence activity has been its departure from the standards of the law. This departure from law has meant not only the violation of constitutional prohibitions and explicit statutes, but also the adoption of criteria unrelated to the law as the basis for extensive investigations of Americans."
United States. Congress. Senate
1976-04
