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Proactive Management of FAA's Security Program Needed, Statement of Kenneth M. Mead, Director, Transportation Issues Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, Testimony before the President's Commission on Aviation Security
GAO discussed the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) policies and procedures for preventing criminal acts against aviation. GAO noted that reviews of FAA domestic and international security programs identified major deficiencies in: (1) passenger screening, with airlines widely varying in screening effectiveness and lacking clearly defined performance expectations; (2) airport security controls, with airlines not complying with FAA standards and FAA inadequately monitoring airports' compliance, resulting in easy access to areas that should be secured; (3) security inspections, which did not include procedures or guidance on the extent of testing or verification needed to ensure the adequacy of security features; and (4) airline training requirements for security personnel, with the quality of training varying widely among airlines. GAO also noted that, although FAA has taken several steps to improve its aviation security programs, it should also consider: (1) establishing a quality assurance program capable of providing proactive, routine, critical assessments of its security programs; and (2) working with foreign governments to identify emerging security issues, such as how to ensure that foreign air carriers provide adequate security for U.S. citizens travelling abroad.
United States. General Accounting Office
1989-12-18
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Aviation Security: Training Standards Needed for Extra Security Measures at Foreign Airports, Report to the Secretary of Transportation
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed changes made to the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Air Carrier Standard Security Program following a terrorist airline bombing over Lockerbie, Scotland, in December 1988. GAO found that: (1) despite additional security measures imposed following the bombing, FAA could not ensure that airlines at designated high-risk foreign airports were properly following required procedures; (2) FAA found deficiencies in the way airline security personnel were carrying out extra security measures; (3) FAA has not established minimum training requirements and standards for extra security measures required at high-risk foreign airports; and (4) FAA did not routinely evaluate formal airline security training at foreign airports, but began examining the training and testing of host government security personnel who screen passengers and baggage at high-risk airports.
United States. General Accounting Office
1989-12-15
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Hijacking of TWA 847: A Study of Bureaucratic Paralysis
"This paper will attempt to examine briefly the subject of bureaucratic politics, in this case the politics of the bureaucracy responsible for combatting terrorism, through discussion of a specific incident: the hijacking of TWA 847 in June 1985. To narrow the focus further, I have chosen to confine the discussion to the Algiers phase of this incident. This is not only because I am more familiar with this phase, but also because the disarray within the U.S. Government, crystal clear during the Algiers phase, led (as in a Greek tragedy) to the subsequent media circus in Beirut and to events beyond. I will examine first the various institutional actors who played a role in combatting terrorism and will then discuss the actions of their representatives in Algiers. I have not used names, although these are, in some cases, unclassified and could be found on any Algiers diplomatic list. What is important, however, is the institutional aspect of this incident ('where you sit determines where you stand'), not the interplay of personalities."
National Defense University
Bruner, Whitley
1989-12-15
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United States-Japanese National Interests in Asia: Security in the 1990s
From the thesis abstract: "Perceptions of the bilateral security relationship between the United States and Japan are beginning to depart the post-war norm. Japan's economic competition is beginning to be seen by some in the United States as a greater threat to U. S. national security than the traditional threat of Soviet expansionism. A difference in fundamental values between the United States and Japan may exacerbate these diverging views during a period of dramatic East-West change. This thesis proposes that the U.S. and Japan re-examine their bilateral security relationship and replace it with a formal, rational division of burden and decision sharing by allocating primary areas of security responsibility in Asia within the alliance. It proposes that Japanese naval forces assume primary responsibility of stability and peace in Northeast Asia while the United States continues primary responsibility of stability and peace in the vital sea lanes of communication in the Indian Ocean and South China Seas. The flexibility of this strategy would permit coping with the uncertainty of United States-U.S.S.R. relations until the success or failure of Soviet reforms can be ascertained. Also, a revised security arrangement between the United States and Japan would diminish the prospects of an independent Japanese military posture in Asia."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Staples, Mark T.
1989-12
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Sixteen-Fatality Fire in High-rise Residence for the Elderly, Johnson City, Tennessee
"A Christmas Eve fire that caused the death of 14 residents and two visitors occurred at the John Sevier Center, a high-rise residence for the elderly, in Johnson City, Tennessee. It also injured about 50 other people including 15 firefighters. [...] The building had a history of 'false alarms,' which may have caused some of the occupants not to be too concerned even if the alarm was heard. Many of those who were able to make it out on their own in the early stages of the fire simply wandered off, or were treated and released by rescue workers. Others were assisted by their families and friends. Red Cross workers tried desperately to determine who and how many occupants were still left in the building."
United States Fire Administration
1989-12
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Success Story at Retirement Home Fire
"On December 16, 1989, at 1629 a security guard at the Sommerset Retirement Home, 22355 Providence Village Drive in Sterling, Virginia, called 9-1-1 to report that alarm bells were sounding and that smoke was in the building. The facility was a new (one-year-old) three-story retirement home housing elderly people in apartment units. [...] An Incident Command System (ICS) was established immediately to address three tasks simultaneously: establish an emergency shelter and quickly and safely move the residents to that staging area; conduct a thorough search of every apartment; and locate the seat of the fire and extinguish it."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989-12-01?
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Shenandoah Retirement Home Fire, Roanoke County, Virginia
"On December 14, 1989, at 0214 hours, a fire alarm was received by the Roanoke County Fire Dispatch Center from the Shenandoah Retirement Home Center. This is a 6-1/2-story masonry building housing 175 elderly persons. Many of the occupants require canes and walkers for mobility. The second floor of this home is licensed by the State as an adult care center for some 48 persons requiring custodial supervision. On December 14, the building was occupied by 135 residents and three staff members. The building actually houses more than this number, but several were visiting family members or were in the hospital. The first firefighting units arrived 18 minutes after notification of alarm and saw fire coming from a third floor apartment window at the front of the building. Firefighters entering into the building by way of stairwells located at each end of the structure were met by occupants leaving from the upper floors, and with smoke which was already permeating the stairwells. On the third floor they found heat and heavy black smoke from floor to ceiling. Additional fire personnel and equipment had already been alerted by fire dispatch as a result of an on-duty sheriff's deputy who witnessed the fire's progress prior to fire department arrival and radioed this information to the fire dispatch center."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989-12
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Personal Computer Local Area Network Security in an Academic Environment
"This thesis explores the unique security requirements of the Local Area Networks (LAN)s within the Administrative Sciences Department Instructional Laboratories at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Current operating procedures, direction from the Department of Defense and Navy sources, views of computer professionals and case studies of microcomputer labs at other educational institutions, are examined to identify areas where security improvements can be made. Security topics covered include; physical security, equipment tamper-proofing, software protection and damage caused maliciously or unintentionally by users. The threat imposed on the various LANs by users, viruses, and the operating environment are evaluated to determine a suggested security response."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
1989-12
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Combatting Terrorism through Study of the Genetic Psychology of Terrorist Leader--the Early Development of the Terrorist Mind
"The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the necessity for law enforcement, intelligence, and other organizations responsible for collecting information on 'proponents of terror,' to include in target dossiers, data regarding genetic inheritance and childhood environmental influences. The author argues that without this type of information, agencies are hindered in really knowing the 'proponent of terror,' and thus limited in the possibilities for neutralizing the subject. The study analyzes genetic inheritance and childhood environment and presents case studies on Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Ilich Ramirez Sanchez ('Carlos'). The study concludes that genetic and childhood environmental data should be included in target dossiers of terrorists. Collection categories in genetic inheritance and environment are recommended and include, for example, material on terrorists' biological grandparents, parents, and as appropriate, on their brothers and sisters, and children."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Martinez, Peter, Jr.
1989-12
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Significant Incidents of Political Violence against Americans 1989
"Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans: 1989, published by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security's Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis (DS/DSS/ITA), is intended to provide a comprehensive picture of the range of political violence that American citizens and interests have encountered abroad during 1989. In addition to examining terrorism-related acts, this study also includes other instances of violence affecting Americans. This chronology is designed to encompass major anti-U.S. incidents that occurred in 1989. Unfortunately, to keep the publication at the unclassified level, some incidents had to be omitted due to the sensitive nature of the information associated with them. The selection of incidents used in this study was based upon the following criteria: (a) lethality; (b) major property damage; (c) unusual tactics or weapons used; and (d) perceptibility of targets as U.S. or representative of U.S.interests."
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security
1990
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Medical Operations in Low Intensity Conflict
This field manual establishes the medical doctrine and provides the principles for conducting medical operations in a low intensity conflict (LIC) environment. It is designed for use by personnel involved in health service support (HSS) planning for LIC, command surgeons, at all levels of command, and their staffs. References herein to activities of terrorist & insurgent organizations, and to concepts of operations of foreign governments, are made for illustrative and informational purposes only. The presence of the material in this manual does not constitute United States (US) Army advocacy or approval of practices that are prohibited by US law or policy.
United States. Department of the Army
1990
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Disaster Relief for Vector Control to Charleston Naval Weapons Station Following Hurricane Hugo
"Hurricane Hugo struck Charleston, South Carolina, on 21 September [1989] causing widespread damage to buildings and other structures. Power, communication, and transportation were disrupted by flooding and fallen trees over a wide area. Many areas were without power four weeks after the storm. Several low-lying areas remained flooded weeks after the hurricane, and fallen trees prevented access for normal mosquito larviciding activities. Concurrent with the destruction of Hurricane Hugo, an epidemic of Eastern Equine Encephalitis was also noted in horse populations along the eastern coast of the Untied States. At least one human case was also noted. These situations caused great concern for the health of military and civilian personnel in the Charleston area."
United States. Department of the Navy
1989-11-02
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Nine-Fatality Mobile Home Fire - Maxton, North Carolina
This technical report series looks at a mobile home fire in Maxton, NC that resulted in nine fatalities. This classic mobile home tragedy emphasizes the need for public fire education and working smoke alarms.
United States Fire Administration
Carpenter, Daniel J., Jr.
1989-11
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European Civil Air: Can NATO Count on It?
"Can NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] count on European civil aviation assets in the event of a crisis? This is the central question James Becker poses in this probing essay. As he points out, the United States has had its Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) program for many years, but major planning for the use of European civil airplanes for military purposes has come about only since the late 1970s. Using an imaginative scenario to depict how an emergency in Europe might be met by employing both United States and European civil aviation, the author explores the likelihood of that use happening, especially in Europe. One great shortcoming, Becker argues, is that cargo aircraft are not as readily available in Europe as in the United States. Becker also explores other issues related to use of civil air in emergencies, areas such as airport reception and handling capabilities, air traffic control, rapid airfield facilities and runway repair, and the handling of hazardous materials. Becker concludes that amazing progress has been made in NATO's ability to rely on Europe's civil aviation assets, progress he attributes to the dedicated efforts of both the NATO headquarters staff and individual country representatives to NATO's Civil Aviation Planning Committee. More progress must be made, however, and Becker suggests where and how to do so. His personal viewpoints illuminate a planning area not widely understood but of potentially vital significance for NATO security."
National Defense University Press
Becker, James W.
1989-11
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Rural Emergency Medical Services
"The problems of health care in rural areas have long occupied a special niche in policies designed to advance the Nation's health. Programs for recruitment, training, and deployment of health care personnel, for constructing health care facilities, and for financing health care, often have included special provisions for rural areas. These programs have often also included attempts to mitigate the negative impacts on rural areas of policies primarily designed for and responsive to the needs of urban areas. [...] Mounting concerns related to rural residents' access to health care prompted the Senate Rural Health Caucus to request that OTA [Office of Technology Assessment] conduct an assessment of these and related issues. The first OTA paper prepared in connection with this assessment, 'Defining "Rural" Areas: Impacts on Health Care Policy and Research', was published in July 1989. This Special Report, 'Rural Emergency Medical Services', is the second paper prepared in connection with that assessment. This report finds that many State EMS [Emergency Medical Service] systems are fragmented and lacking resources to remedy EMS problems in rural areas. Many rural EMS programs lack specialized EMS providers, have inadequate EMS transportation and communications equipment, and are not part of a planned regional EMS system. The report describes the availability and distribution of emergency medical service (EMS) resources (e.g., personnel, transportation, facilities) and examines how limited Federal resources can be used to improve rural EMS. In addition, the report discusses how Federal EMS resources might be targeted to States' rural areas."
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
Hewitt, Maria Elizabeth
1989-11
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SDI and Arms Control
"President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI, and the pursuit of defenses to protect against ballistic missile attack are issues of significant debate. Some praise the proposal, first made in a presidential address to the nation on 23 March 1983, as a grand vision that will abolish nuclear blackmail by adopting a totally defensive posture. Others condemn it as being destabilizing, a Pandora's box of strategic transition that could precipitate armed conflict. To date, the focus primarily has been on questions of technology. Are defenses feasible? Will they work? How effective can they be? In addition, many have addressed the impact of defenses on US-Soviet stability. Will SDI defenses seem threatening? Will they destabilize the strategic equation? Is a shift toward defense necessarily away from offense? Perhaps the real questions to ask concern the strategic direction currently being pursued, how strategic defense will or should interact with strategic offense, and the relationship of strategic defense to arms control. The vision of SDI originally portrayed in March 1983-ultimately eliminating the threat of strategic nuclear missiles-is now a longer-term goal. Now deterrence is, as before, the byword; perfect defenses are recognized as being unattainable, and continued dependence on offensive ballistic missiles is envisioned. These considerations, once accepted, may precipitate further nuclear arms control agreements-with SDI as the catalyst."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Dewolf, Howard G.
1989-11
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Radiological Emergency Information for Farmers, Food Processors, and Distributors
"While it is unlikely that a serious radiological emergency will occur in this country, it is important that we be prepared for such an event. The information in this brochure may help you to more effectively respond to such an emergency."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Food Safety and Inspection Service
1989-11
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Lateral Asymmetry in Pattern Recognition: Understanding the Effects of Familiarity, Distinction, and Perspective Change
"The effects of perspective change and familiarity upon lateral asymmetry for a face recognition task are analyzed based on the results of several experiments. A four choice match-to-sample procedure involved frontal target perspective faces and choice sets which contained faces in either front perspective, 3/4 perspective, or side perspective faces. The study assesses the effects of stimulus familiarity and distinctiveness. Results taken from analysis of variance, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis suggests complex relationships between the sensitivity of faces and the ensuing development of familiarity. Conclusions are drawn in terms of implications for interpreting higher order cognition in laterality studies."
Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio)
McNeese, Michael, 1954-
1989-11
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Advisory Memorandom on Release of Communications Security Equipment, Material or Information to Foreign Enterprises
"National Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Advisory and Information Memorandum COMSEC/l-85, 'Release of Communications Security Equipment, Material, or Information to Foreign Enterprises , announces criteria to be considered in determining the advisability of releasing COMSEC equipment, material, or information to private enterprises which are foreign owned, controlled, or influenced. The subject of release of COMSEC information to foreign governments and international organizations is addressed separately in NCSC-6, 'National Policy Governing the Disclosure or Release of Communications Security Information to Foreign Governments and International Organizations,' dated 16 January 1981."
United States. National Security Agency
1989-10-29
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Special Access Programs and the Defense Budget: Understanding the 'Black Market' [Updated October 24, 1989, Archived]
"It us generally accepted that there is a security advantage to be gained by exploiting a technology militarily and keeping potential adversaries from learning about its application and military usefulness. However, in an open, democratic system society where constitutional checks and balances are fundamental to the system of government, a natural tension exists between those who want access to information to facilitate decision -making and oversight and those who want enhanced protection to prevent military secrets from falling into adversaries' hands…The Senate version of the FY90-91 defense authorization bill (S. 1352) established additional reporting requirements pertaining to the reclassification of special access program data. The arguments made by those in favor of these changes reflect their concern about Pentagon motives, the practice of restricting information from some Members of Congress, and the need for an informed debate of program issues and costs. The arguments made by those who oppose proposed legislative innovations reflect their fear of inadvertently exposing the programs and budgets of the intelligence agencies and a general concern about making certain sensitive information more accessible to foreign intelligence interests. It is DOD's position that additional legislation was not and continues not to be required."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
1989-10-24
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United States Fire Administration Technical Support Series: Phillips Petroleum Chemical Plant Explosion and Fire
This report examines the effectiveness of emergency response teams at a chemical plant explosion. It concludes that the emergency responders were effective in their handling of the situation and offers several suggestions for improving performance in similar circumstances.
United States. Department of Homeland Security
Yates, Jack
1989-10-23
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Unit Field Sanitation Team
To fulfill the requirements in AR 40-5, this manual provides a training program for personnel appointed as members of the field sanitation team of each company, battery, or similar unit. It contains a master schedule, a text which may serve as reference material for the instructor, and lesson plans with supporting illustrations. The lesson plans should be modified in order to place more emphasis upon special problems for your particular geographical area of operations. The demonstrations and practical exercises, which are described with the subject matter to which they pertain, maybe grouped into more comprehensive field exercises. Metric measurements used throughout this publication are approximate equivalents of the customary units of measure and are provided for the convenience of the instructor.
United States. Department of the Army
1989-10-11
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National Security Directive 28: National Security Directive on Sealift
The purpose of National Security Directive (NSD) 28 was to ensure that the U.S.
maintained the capability to meet sealift requirements in the event of crisis or war -- i.e., the availability of sufficient military and civil maritime resources to meet both defense deployment and essential economic requirements. To that end, it stipulated that the U.S. owned commercial fleet should be relied upon to provide sealift in peace, crisis and war, knowing that the U.S. might need to respond unilaterally to security threats in geographic areas not covered by alliance commitments. The flag fleet was to continue to rely on U.S. owned, controlled and allied shipping resources to meet commitments to established alliances. Further, the directive called on the departments of Defense and Transportation to work together to determine the capacity of the merchant marine industries to meet and provide sealift requirements and to incorporate national defense features in new and existing ships. The directive was careful to note, however, that government programs and policies would provide for an environment which fosters the competitiveness and industrial preparedness of all U.S. industries, including the maritime industry.
United States. White House Office
1989-10-05
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Annual Summaries: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988
The 1988 hurricane season is summarized, including accounts of individual storms. Twelve tropical storms were tracked, of which five became hurricanes. Gilbert and Joan were devastating hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, and Gilbert's sea level pressure fell to a new record minimum for Atlantic hurricanes.
National Hurricane Center (2012- )
Lawrence, Miles B.; Gross, James M.
1989-10
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Twelve-Fatality Nursing Home Fire, Norfolk, Virginia
"On October 5, 1989, at 2218 hours, a fire in Norfolk, Virginia, was reported from the Hillhaven Rehabilitation and Convalescent Home, 1005 Hampton Boulevard. This was a 4-story masonry building, housing 161 elderly patients, most of whom were bedridden. First arriving firefighting units discovered fire coming out of the window of a second floor patient room located on the front of the building. The fire was lapping up to the third floor window. The second floor was completely filled with heavy smoke, and some flame at the ceiling level was observed. No alarms were heard and there was no apparent commotion. Second and third alarms were sounded immediately to assist in rescue efforts. Some patients were removed from their rooms by the use of ground ladders set up on the outside. Bedridden patients, trapped in their rooms, had to be carried by firefighters through heavy smoke and heat conditions. Rescue efforts on the second floor required approximately 35 minutes."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989-10
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Urban Counterinsurgency: Case Studies And Implications for U.S. Military Forces
"This report examines five historical case studies to provide valuable insights for developing U.S. military counterinsurgency doctrine for urban areas. The report begins with an introduction to the nature of urban insurgency and then evaluates each case. The cases (Palestine [1944-19471, Algeria [1954-1957], Cyprus [1955-1958], Venezuela [1960- 19631, and Uruguay (1968-1972]) are diverse in many areas including causes, intensity, insurgent and counterinsurgent strategies and tactics, the role of cities in the overall terrorist campaign, and outcome. After discussion of the case as a whole, emphasis shifts to military forces. The role of military forces in a government's total counterinsurgency effort is examined as are the details about military execution of this role. Political, legal, and strategic factors, organization and command and control, tactics, and equipment are discussed in detail. The report develops findings and conclusions and addresses their implications for U.S. military forces in future urban counterinsurgency operations."
U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory
Miller, R.; McLaurin, R. D. (Ronald De), 1944-1995
1989-10
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Emergency Response Concept Plan for Lexington-Blue Grass Army Depot and Vicinity
The storage and disposal of the United States' chemical stockpile has the potential for accidental releases that could escape installation boundaries and pose a threat to civilian populations. This concept plan develops provides a framework for initiating an emergency preparedness program that will significantly reduce the probability of adverse effects from such releases. The report identifies the advantages and disadvantages of six categories of protective actions: evacuation, in-place sheltering, respiratory protection, protective clothing, prophylactic drugs, and antidotes.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1989-10
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Counterinsurgency in the Philippines: Problems and Prospects
"This research project examines the Aquino government's response to the nationwide communist insurgency in the Philippines on three levels: the political, the socioeconomic, and the military. Each of these are interrelated and together provide a cogent picture of the insurgency movement. Additionally, the study shows that the primary New People's Army (NPA) objective is to create a new regime based on egalitarian values and centrally controlled structures designed to mobilize the people and radically transform the social structure within the existing political community. It suggests the political war in the countryside favors the NPA in many areas because it is the only organization providing basic social services to the people. While looking at some of the goals, techniques, strategies, and accomplishments of the NPA, we were able to examine possible policy options for both the Aquino government and the United States."
Army-Air Force Center for Low Intensity Conflict (U.S.)
Stephan, Robert B.
1989-10
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Aerosol Extinction Transmissometry at Visible and Infrared Wavelengths Applied to Specialized Problems in CB Defense
"The report compiles, updates, and discusses several novel techniques in aerosol extinction transmissometry, in the visible and infrared wavelength regions, that are applicable to the solution of a variety of specialized problems in CB defense. These techniques share common elements with one another, and so they are brought together here for easy reference. Complex calculations of optical scattering using high-speed electronic computers have become so commonplace that the technology has evolved into several specialty fields, e.g., extinction spectroscopy, angular scattering measurements and nephelometry. As a consequence, the overall technology and our ability to remotely characterize or quantitatively analyze atmospheric aerosols might be further advanced than is realized by workers in the individual disciplines who do not have the time to keep up with advances in other disciplines. This report examines techniques of transmission (extinction) and turbidity spectroscopy, polarization and angular scattering measurements, and related developments and concludes that computer programs can be written to optimize desired parameters in interdisciplinary investigations. An appendix discusses sampling, which is a complicated problem in aerosol physics. A technique described to monitor continuously the mass concentration of monodisperse test aerosols using a He:Ne laser."
Chemical Research, Development & Engineering Center (U.S.)
Carlon, Hugh R.
1989-10
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Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions
At the request of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs and Senator Orrin G. Hatch, OTA undertook an assessment of the containment and monitoring practices of the nuclear testing program. This special report reviews the safety of the nuclear testing program and assesses the technical procedures used to test nuclear weapons and ensure that radioactive material produced by test explosions remains contained underground. An overall evaluation considers the acceptability of the remaining risk and discusses reasons for the lack of public confidence.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1989-10
