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Health Hazard Evaluation Report 94-0244-2431; Memphis Fire Department Memphis, Tennessee
"On April 15, 1994, the Division of Safety Research (DSR) received a request from the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) for technical assistance in investigating the circumstances of the deaths of two fire fighters in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 11, 1994. The IAFF requested technical assistance in determining if the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) failed or contributed to the fire fighters' deaths, assessing the accountability of personnel utilizing SCBA in the hazard area, and evaluating the training of command and suppression personnel. This request was handled as a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Health Hazard Evaluation."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Pettit, Ted A.; Merinar, Tim R.
1994-06
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DoD Directive 3025.1-M: Manual for Civil Emergencies
This Manual is issued under the authority of DoD Directive 3025.1, "Military Support to Civil Authorities (MSCA)," January 15, 1993. It provides guidance for the preparation, coordination and execution of military support to civil authorities during civil emergencies within the United States, its territories, and possessions. Further, this Manual serves as a reference for other Federal, State, and local agencies on how the Department of Defense supports civil authorities and how DoD assets can be used to support civilian leadership priorities in returning their communities to a state of "normalcy."
United States. Department of Defense
1994-06
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Command and Control in New Nuclear States: Implications for Stability
"Command and control systems of new nuclear states are likely to fail when placed under stress. This thesis will demonstrate that such failures can dramatically affect regional or international stability. Describing the current argument over the consequences of nuclear proliferation between proliferation pessimists and deterrence optimists, this thesis shows how C2 is in fact the crux of the debate. This thesis develops an analytical tool that may be applied to new nuclear states in order to classify their C2 systems and to predict when and how these evolving systems might fail. To show the tool's usefulness, it is applied to Ukraine, an important new nuclear state. This thesis also suggests several implications for U.S. foreign policy. Nuclear weapons, Command and control, Proliferation, Arms control, Regional stability, Russia, United States, Ukraine, Nuclear capabilities, U.S. Security policy."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Foley, David C.
1994-06
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Hurricane Emily Assessment: Review of Hurricane Evacuation Studies Utilization and Information Dissemination
"Before Hurricane Emily, a comprehensive hurricane evacuation study had been completed for eastern North Carolina. Since Emily directly affected areas where previous study data were available, there was an opportunity to find out whether previous information collected was accurate, how well products were utilized from past studies, and what improvements could still be made. This report addresses information on public shelters, evacuation decisions and transportation clearance times."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
Post, Buckley, Schuh and Jernigan, Inc.
1994-06
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U.S. Ambassador to Colombia Morris Busby to Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Peter Tarnoff: Forcedown Guidance from DOJ
In a forceful plea to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Ambassador Morris Busby laments the Defense Department's unilateral decision to suspend Colombia's access to radar intelligence data. Calling the ban "totally unnecessary," Busby argues for the U.S. to quickly negotiate a short-term "accommodation" with Colombia so that the "absolutely essential" access to real-time intelligence data can resume.
United States. Embassy (Colombia)
Busby, Morris D.
1994-05-31
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Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects
"This task force was established to review information regarding the possible exposure of personnel to chemical and biological weapons agents and other hazardous material during the Gulf War and its aftermath."
United States. Defense Science Board
1994-06
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White Supremacist Activity in Montana
"The Montana Advisory Committee submits this report of its study of activities of white supremacist organizations in the State. The study is based on background research and interviews by Committee members and staff, and a public fact finding meeting conducted in Missoula on May 28, 1992. Persons who provided information were given an opportunity to review relevant sections of the report, and where appropriate, their comments and corrections were incorporated. The study was initiated by the Advisory Committee following reports of activities of white supremacist groups within the State motivated by bigotry and racism. These reports were accompanied by evidence that showed that the Northwest, including Montana, was once selected for the development of a white Aryan homeland to be used as a base of operation for many of these extremist groups. Additional impetus was given to the Committee's project by indications that activities of white supremacist groups in Montana and the Northwest correlate with statistics showing an alarming increase across the country of hatred and violence directed at persons of color, Jewish people, and members of the homosexual community. In Montana, Native Americans are the subject of special attention by white supremacists."
United States Commission on Civil Rights
1994-06
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Department of Defense Nuclear/Biological/Chemical (NBC) Warfare Defense: Annual Report to Congress, June 1994
This document is the 1994 annual report to Congress by DoD's NBC Warfare Defense Program. "The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994, Public Law No. 103-160, Title XVII, Chemical and Biological Weapons Defense, section 1703, directs the Secretary of Defense to submit this assessment and a description of plans to improve readiness. The Department of Defense (DoD) NBC defense program objective is to enable our forces to survive, fight and win in NBC contaminated environments. Numerous rapidly changing factors are continually influencing the program and its management. These factors include a new defense strategy, an era of declining DoD resources to include force structure reductions, the aftermath of the breakup of the Soviet Union, the signing and future ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), and continued proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). For our forces to survive and fight under contaminated battlefield conditions, an integrated, balanced program is essential. Our forces must have aggressive, realistic training resources and defensive equipment that allows them to avoid contamination, if possible, and to protect, decontaminate, and sustain operations on the non-linear battlefield and provide medical casualty management. Programs are in place to adequately equip our forces to accomplish their missions in an NBC environment. US equipment compares favorably to anything fielded by our allies and adversaries."
United States. Department of Defense
1994-06
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DOE Standard: Guideline to Good Practices for Material Receipt, Inspection, Handling, Storage, Retrieval, and Issuance at DOE Nuclear Facilities
"The Guideline to Good Practices for Material Receipt, Inspection, Handling, Storage, Retrieval, and Issuance at DOE Nuclear Facilities provides contractor maintenance organizations with information which may be used for the development and implementation of a rigorously controlled material receipt inspection process for maintenance organizations at DOE (Department of Energy) nuclear facilities. This document is intended to be an example guideline for the implementation of DOE Order 4330.4A, Maintenance Management Program Chapter 11, Element 11, Material Receipt, Inspection, Handling, Storage, Retrieval,
and Issuance. DOE contractors should not feel obligated to adopt all parts of this guide. Rather, they should use the information contained herein as a guide for establishing a material receipt, inspection, handling, storage, retrieval, and issuance process applicable to their facility."
United States. Department of Energy
1994-06
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Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Readiness
This document contains the final report of the DSB Task Force on Readiness. The report focuses on the Department's readiness management and oversight processes, especially key indicators for measuring readiness and candidate methodologies for providing early warning of potential readiness problem and on other matters affecting individual and collective readiness. The Task Force did not look in detail into acquisition, technology, or industrial base issues related to readiness; the adequacy of forces to carry out the Bottom-Up Review; or nuclear forces strategy and requirements. The Task Force concluded that although there are some downward indicators, the general readiness posture of today's conventional and unconventional forces is acceptable in most measurable areas. However, the Task Force reported that is observed enough concerns that they were convinced that unless the Department of Defense and the Congress focus on readiness, the armed forces could slip into a 'hollow' status. For analytical purposes, the Task Force divided readiness into three levels: unit, joint (and combined) force, and national. The Task Force found that there currently exists a well-defined reporting system to evaluate the current readiness of combat and support units. It found the Department's systems for predicting future unit readiness significantly less mature and less comprehensive. The Task Force determined that the Department has neither a clear definition of joint readiness nor of a system to measure it. At the highest level, national readiness is important to ensure that our forces have sufficient readiness to carry out our National Military Strategy. The Task Force deferred judgment on this level of readiness
United States. Defense Science Board
1994-06
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Research Paper: Western European Strategies to Deter Unwanted Migration: Neither New Barbarian Invasions Nor Fortress Europa
This paper analyzes major developments in European migration policies over the last decades with an eye towards U.S. public policy concerns. It summarizes trends in legal immigration, legalization policies, policies towards asylum-seekers, temporary foreign worker admissions, and measures taken to curb illegal migration. Western European states have developed a limited capacity to deter illegal migration through such measures as employer sanctions, carrier sanctions, visa policies, and reform of asylum policies. Despite statements like the French Minister of the Interior's call for zero immigration, legal immigration will continue, as will some illegal migration. Further steps will be taken to enhance integration of legally resident aliens, who are the most affected by illegal migration. Rising unemployment and economic restructuring have disproportionately affected foreign workers in Europe. Support for anti-immigrant parties may have crested and does not seriously challenge democratic institutions. There exists a dense web of bilateral and multilateral treaties that will prevent achievement of zero immigration. This paper seeks to dispel exaggerated notions of Voelkerwanderung and of Gestapo-like treatment of aliens in Europe. It reveals a remarkable convergence in migration policy concerns between Europe and the U.S. at a time when transatlantic coordination on migration issues is urgently needed. Europe confronts enormous challenges in the migration area. But uncontrollable mass migration has not bowled over Europe. Instead only a fraction of the migrants who aspire to take up residency there make it.
U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform
Miller, Mark J.
1994-06
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Bus and Passenger Accident Prevention
"A fundamental goal of each transit system is to provide passengers and employees with the highest level of safety that is practical and consistent with the mission of the transit system. Accomplishing this goal with any degree of efficiency requires a transit system to develop and implement a comprehensive safety program. This program should address the three primary safety functions of a transit system, which are as follows: to prevent the occurrence of accidents, to respond to and recover from accidents, and to learn from accidents that have and do occur. This document, prepared under the sponsorship of The Federal Transit Administration (FTA), provides guidance on how to develop and implement an accident prevention program for urban, rural, and specialized transit systems."
United States. Federal Transit Administration
1994-06
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Inland Oil Spills: Options for Minimizing Environmental Impacts of Freshwater Spill Response
"Selecting appropriate protection, response, and cleanup techniques, both before and following an oil spill, affects the ultimate environmental impact and cost resulting from a spill. The American Petroleum Institute (API) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) jointly developed this guide as a tool for contingency planners and field responders to identify response techniques that have minimal ecological impacts and also minimize the impact of the oil. The guide provides information on 29 response methods and classifies their relative environmental impact for combinations of four oil types and twelve freshwater environments and habitats. Spill topics of special concern in freshwater settings are also discussed, including public health, conditions under which oil might sink in freshwater, oil behavior in ice conditions, permafrost, and use of firefighting foams."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1994-06
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Pre-Judgment Interest Under the Back Pay Act for Refunds of Federal Insurance Contributions Act Overpayments: Memorandum for Stephen W. Preston, Acting General Counsel, Department of Defense [May 31, 1994]
"This memorandum responds to your Office's request for our opinion whether civilian employees of the Department of Defense ('DoD') who receive from the Internal Revenue Service ('IRS') a refund of taxes that were deducted from their pay pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 3121(a) of the Federal Insurance Contributions Act, 26 U.S.C. §§ 3101-3128 ('FICA'), as amended, are entitled to receive prejudgment interest on the refund from DoD pursuant to the Back Pay Act, 5 U.S.C. § 5596, as amended. We conclude that these DoD employees are not entitled to receive additional interest from DoD."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1994-05-31
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Management of Nuclear Materials
The purpose of this manual is to establish requirements and procedures for the management of nuclear materials within the department of Energy. The objectives of this manual are: Conserve valuable nuclear material resources, distribute nuclear materials needed for DOE and other programs for research, development, and other purposes, optimize nuclear materials production, processing, and inventory management operations, and finally conduct studies and prepare plans for the future use and disposition of nuclear materials including operation of DOE nuclear materials production, processing, and storage facilities.
United States. Department of Energy
1994-05-26
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Deputization of Members of Congress as Special Deputy U.S. Marshals: Memorandum for Francis J. Martin, Acting General Counsel, United States Marshal Service [May 25, 1994]
"You have requested our assistance in determining whether the United States Marshals Service may deputize members of Congress as special Deputy U.S. Marshals. The Director of the Marshals Service is authorized to deputize the following individuals to perform the functions of Deputy Marshals: selected officers or employees of the Department of Justice; federal, state or local law enforcement officers; private security personnel to provide courtroom security for the Federal judiciary; and other persons designated by the Associate Attorney General. […] We believe that deputation of members of Congress is inconsistent with separation of powers principles and with the statutory language and historical practice governing special deputation. First, deputizing members of Congress violates the principle recognized in Bowsher v. Synar, 478 U.S. 714 (1986), that Congress may not exceed its constitutionally prescribed authority by playing a direct role in executing the laws. The Marshals Service is clearly a part of the executive branch and the primary duties of Deputy Marshals are the execution and enforcement of federal law."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1994-05-25
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Drug War: The Effects of Policy Change at the Operational Level
"Regardless of its name, 'Drug War' or 'Domestic Drug Problem,' the international drug trade is a threat to the moral fiber of this country as well as its National Security. After a review of policies and results, three questions will be addressed: (1) How do we measure success in the Drug War? (2) Was the past policy ineffective or too expensive? (3) Where does this leave the operational commanders? The results will show that the recent policy change was inappropriate and inconsistent with current objectives. Additionally, that a unilateral policy change effecting an international problem may have undesired long term effects."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Walter, George J.
1994-05-23
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Reconsideration of Applicability of the Davis-Bacon Act to the Veteran Administration's Lease of Medical Facilities: Memorandum for Thomas S. Williamson, Jr., Solicitor, Department of Labor, [and] Mary Lou Keener, General Counsel, Department of Veterans Affairs [May 23, 1994]
"At the request of the Attorney General, we have reviewed the principles and reasoning of a 1988 Office of Legal Counsel opinion concluding that the Davis-Bacon Act did not cover a contract entered into by the Veteran's Administration (now Department of Veterans Affairs) ('VA') for the long-term lease and construction of a building to be used as an outpatient clinic. […] We have concluded that the 1988 Opinion erred in concluding that the plain language of the Davis-Bacon Act bars its application to any lease contract, whether or not the lease contract also calls for construction of a public work or public building. We believe that the applicability of the Davis-Bacon Act to any specific lease contract can be determined only by considering the facts of the particular contract."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1994-05-23
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Is There a Need for a CONUS-Based National Missile Defense System to Protect the United States Against Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles in the 21st Century?
"This is an unclassified review of the debate on the necessity to develop and field a ballistic missile defense system for the continental United States. Initially, the paper recounts the rationale for the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) which was the U.S. approach to defense against the massive nuclear arsenal of the Soviet Union. The paper next reviews the threat environment in 1994 and the ongoing worldwide proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological, chemical). A description of the proposed 'Limited Defense System' for continental protection of the U.S. is followed by a review of present U.S. ballistic missile defense policy and budget. The paper concludes by evaluating the current situation and recommending a prudent course of action for U.S. policy makers, i.e., the projected threat environment warrants deployment of a limited defense system as soon as technology permits."
Marine Corps University (U.S.). Marine Corps War College
Nelson, Gary R.
1994-05-20
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Port Security Instructions
This instruction implements AFPD 10-11, "Operations Security" and Department of Defense (DoD) Directive 5100.78, "United States Port Security Program", August 25, 1986. It assigns Air Force functions and responsibilities for supporting the US Navy in its role as the DoD Port Security Executive Agent. As a part of the Air Force Operations Security Program, it provides additional instructions for controlling critical information and operations security (OPSEC) indicators from foreign vessels admitted into US ports and territorial waters. Reference AFI 10-1101, "Operations Security Instructions" and AFMAN 10-1106, "OPSEC Surveys", for additional instruction on how to deny mission critical information to an adversary. This is the initial publication of AFI 10-1105. It aligns the instruction within the Air Force Operations Security Program under AFPD 10-11 and changes the office of primary responsibility (OPR) from HQ AFOSI/IVOB to HQ USAF/XOXT. It also tells Air Force commanders to implement OPSEC as the first line of defense against the exploitation threat presented by foreign vessels transiting their area of responsibility.
United States. Department of the Air Force
1994-05-19
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Aviation Security: Development of New Security Technology Has Not Met Expectations, Report to Congressional Requesters
Although the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990, passed in the wake of the terrorist bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, set goals for deploying new technology to detect explosives, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has made little progress toward introducing new detection systems into everyday use. Several devices show promise, but technical problems are hampering their development and approval. FAA estimates that it could take as long as five years to approve new devices for airline use. Similarly, FAA's efforts to enhance airline survivability are promising but years from completion. GAO identified several weaknesses in FAA's security research program. For example, FAA does not plan to test new explosive detection systems at airports during the certification process. Further, FAA does not (1) do software reviews to evaluate system designs, (2) emphasize integrating different technologies into total systems, and (3) give enough attention to human factors. Purchasing the new security equipment will also place demands on airlines throughout the next decade. Yet FAA lacks a strategy to guide its and the airlines' efforts to introduce this equipment. If FAA expeditiously develops a strategy, the airlines will be in a better position to plan and budget for future security acquisitions. In addition, Congress is considering clarifying the availability of Airport Improvement Program grants to buy explosive detection systems. Several issues need to be resolved before such funds can be used for that purpose.
United States. General Accounting Office
1994-05-19
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Intelligence Preparation of the Future Operational Battlefield
"The demise of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact left the United States with no single identifiable threat. The 'victory' of the Cold War has not provided the US with a significant 'peace dividend' as predicted, but instead presents an unstable and uncertain world. Future conflicts may present US forces with enemies which do not represent traditional nation-states but are instead formed from ethnic, religious, tribal, criminal, or corporate based groups. The current intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) process provides a useful framework for organizing information required by future commanders. What is lacking, however, is an appreciation for all of the intangible factors which may influence that battlefield based on the potential disparity of actors involved."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Grimsley, William F.
1994-05-17
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Organizing for War: Past and Present
"The monograph begins with a historical examination of the triangular concept that, was the foundation for the Army's reorganization and force design on the eve of World WAR II. Then the monograph examines the pentomic concept which developed during the early years of the Cold War and was the operational concept for the Army until 1961. The historical sketches provide a foundation for analysis using a three part methodology. The methodology considers the strategic requirements that shape the nation's needs for its army, the operational concept that determines how the Army will fight and the system processes that influence the size, shape and complexion of the force. The monograph continues with a discussion of Clausewitz' understanding of the nature of war in relation to the Army's view of military theory and doctrine. It concludes with an examination of the Army's current situation, identifying several problems the Army must carefully consider."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Orlov, II, Morton
1994-05-17
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Authority of Department of Housing and Urban Development to Initiate Enforcement Actions Under the Fair Housing Act Against Other Executive Branch Agencies: Memorandum for James S. Gilliland, General Counsel, Department of Agriculture [May 17, 1994]
"Pursuant to Executive Order 12146, you have asked us to resolve a dispute between the Department of Agriculture ('USDA') and the Department of Housing and Urban Development ('HUD') regarding 'whether a Federal agency, such as USDA, may be a respondent under the enforcement process contained in sections 810-812 and [814] of [the Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 3601 et seq. ('the Act')], 42 U.S.C. §§ 3610-3612, 3614.' Applying the standard the Supreme Court has used when a particular interpretation or application of an Act of Congress would raise separation of powers or federalism concerns, we believe that because substantial separation of powers concerns would be raised by construing the Act to authorize HUD to initiate enforcement proceedings against other executive branch agencies, we cannot so construe the Act unless it contains an express statement that Congress intended HUD to have such authority. Because the Act does not contain such an express statement, we conclude that it does not grant HUD this authority. In light of this conclusion, we do not decide whether such a grant of authority would be constitutional."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1994-05-17
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Ballistic Missile Defense: Putting a Roof over our Forces in the Theater
"This paper examines the development of ballistic missile defense and the concepts that operational commanders should consider to counter growing threats posed by potential adversaries possessing ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In Desert Storm, the Scud missiles launched served primarily as terror weapons, as they were not militarily very significant, due to their poor accuracies, conventional warheads, and low launch rates. But, with accelerating technological advances and strong pressures for proliferation of theater ballistic missiles (TBMs) and WMD, regional aggressors will likely resort to using TBMs as a relatively cheap, effective warfighting means. We must anticipate facing more sophisticated, challenging scenarios. Moreover, in the next regional contingency/conflict, it is not likely the enemy win allow us five months for a secure, orderly buildup instead, he may try to quickly interfere with our political and military preparations. Although Patriot appeared successful in the Gulf War, it is inadequate; and regional CINCs must advocate, acquire, integrate, and exercise new systems for theater ballistic missile defense (TBMD). Preparation is key. Also, all CINCs must cooperate to deter aggressors from acquiring and employing WMD, realizing that TBMs in one theater could be launched against targets in another, and that TBMs carrying WMD could have strategic implications. Our forces must not only attempt to deter and deny the enemy; they must also be able to defend against any TBMs launched."
Naval War College (U.S.). Joint Military Operations Department
McHugh, Kevin E.
1994-05-16
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Forward Presence and the Search for Peacetime Influence
From the thesis abstract: "Within the search for peacetime influence, forward presence has gained a new preeminence among the elements of U.S. National Defense Strategy. The proactive nature of forward presence makes it conceptually well suited to seize current opportunities and therefore influence the shape of the future international security environment. The shift in US. National Security Strategy, from containment to enlargement, will force a conceptual shift in what forward presence is asked to do and therefore, how forward presence is done. Promoting peace, democracy, and prosperity are new challenges that will force a departure from the 'gunboat' diplomacy aspects of the Cold War. New methods of conducting forward presence feature engagement, prevention, and partnerships through programs such as nation assistance. The nontradtional aspects of these new methods will, in turn, raise issues which have implications for peacetime employment, force structure, and military training. The strategic importance of forward presence is its relationship to current and future U.S. interests. Currently the United States is in a unique position of trusted world leadership. The longevity of that role is dependent, in part, on how the issue of forward presence is handled. Ultimately, peacetime influence is gained through the totality of all elements of national power: economic, diplomatic, and military. Within the military element, forward presence offers much promise to gain long-term peacetime influence in the accomplishment of national objectives."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Fullenkamp, Bernard H.
1994-05-16
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Simple Timing Channels
Presented at the IEEE [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers] Computer Society Symposium on Research Security and Privacy in May 1994, this paper discusses cyber security as it relates to communication channels. From the paper: We discuss the different ways of defining channel capacity for certain types of illicit communication channels. We also correct some errors from the literature, offer new proofs of some historical results, and give bounds for channel capacity. Special function techniques are employed to express the results in closed form. We conclude with examples.
Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.)
Moskowitz, Ira S., 1956-; Miller, Allen R.
1994-05-16
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U.S. Logistics Vulnerability: Major Regional Conflict with Iran
From the thesis abstract: "The United States has chosen to emphasize a power projection role for its military. This capability proved itself during Operation Desert Storm. However, Desert Storm also pointed out a significant weakness. To stop the U.S. military, an enemy need only interrupt the logistics chain. How well does the U.S. guard its logistic ability? This paper addresses the possibility that a dedicated, marginally capable opponent could do significant damage to the U.S. logistics system. This in turn could cause the U.S. to abandon or change national priorities."
Naval War College (U.S.). Joint Military Operations Department
Scala, Peter A.
1994-05-16
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Army National Guard Air Defense Artillery Modernization: A Vision for the Future
"Proposed force reductions and the evolution of a new National Military Strategy (NMS) mandate an even more vital role for the Reserve Components in this nation's defense. Studies have proven that one branch where the Reserve Components can make a valuable contribution is Air Defense Artillery. All Reserve Component Air Defense Artillery forces are currently organic to the Army National Guard. To remain a viable part of the total force, these organizations must be assigned realistic missions and manned, trained, equipped, and resourced commensurate with mission requirements. In view of the evolving threat and proposed force structure reductions, this study provides a concept for modernizing Army National Guard Air Defense Artillery organizations to enable them to effectively perform their critical wartime force protection role. Although designed primarily to focus on resourcing warfighting requirements, Air Defense Artillery modernization provides the added benefit of enhancing National Guard capabilities in the counter-drug and operations other than war arenas. Approval of this proposal would enable Army National Guard Air Defense to remain an integral, cost-effective, and viable part of the total force into the 21st century."
Army War College (U.S.)
Gonzales, Michael R.
1994-05-14
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Department of State Action Memorandum: Use of Weapons Against Civil Aircraft
This document presents three policy options for the Secretary's consideration supported by different bureaus within the department. The Office of the Legal Adviser (L) and the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (EB) support the Defense Department's decision to suspend "real-time" intelligence sharing, while the Bureau of International Narcotics Matters (INM) and Inter-American Affairs (ARA) oppose the decision. ARA and INM argue that Peru's "more aggressive policy" is working and that "the very threat [that they might be shot down] has had a positive effect in compelling traffickers to land as directed." L and EB counter that the U.S. has been strong in its support for the international prohibition on the use of force against civil aircraft and specifically that, "The prohibition applies whether or not the aircraft in question is suspected of engaging in criminal activity." They warn against making exceptions to this rule arguing that "mistakes are likely to occur under any policy that contemplates the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight, even as a last resort." The L and EB argument also assets that, "A shoot-down leading to the death of innocent persons would likely be a serious diplomatic embarrassment for the United States, subject the USG to intense criticism before the International Civil Aviation Organization, and undermine our efforts in the Iran Air proceeding at the World Court."
United States. Department of State
1994-05-10
