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Bolivia: Elections in September? [Updated June 16, 2020]
From the Document: "On June 10, 2020, Bolivia's legislative assembly approved a law establishing September 6 as the new date for general elections. The elections were scheduled for May 3, 2020, but suspended in March following Interim President Jeanette Añez's declaration of a national quarantine in response to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Añez has refused to sign the legislation due to the pandemic, but a supermajority of legislators can promulgate the law without her support. Bolivia has been polarized since the annulled October 2019 elections alleged to be marred by fraud and the November resignation of President Evo Morales of the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party. The United States remains concerned about the political volatility in Bolivia. The Trump Administration and Congress have supported efforts to ensure the upcoming elections are free and fair."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2020-06-16
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The Bahamas: An Overview [Updated June 17, 2020]
From the Document: "The Bahamas, a Caribbean nation of some 700 islands off the southeast coast of the United States, has been a stable parliamentary democracy since its independence from the United Kingdom (UK) in 1973. The country's bicameral legislature has a 39-seat House of Assembly directly elected for five-year terms and a 16-member appointed Senate."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2020-06-17
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CO2 Underground Injection Regulations: Selected Differences for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Geologic Sequestration [June 16, 2020]
From the Document: "Underground injection and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been proposed as a solution for mitigating CO2 emissions into the atmosphere from stationary sources burning fossil fuels. In this process, CO2 is compressed into a fluid (supercritical) state and injected underground for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or for geologic sequestration (GS). Both operations use wells to place CO2 into deep subsurface geologic formations, but they are regulated differently both by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and states. Recent discussions in Congress regarding underground carbon storage, including debate about tax credits for geologic sequestration and EOR CO2 injection, have raised interest in the similarities and differences between these operations and associated regulations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jones, Angela C.
2020-06-16
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Federal Reserve: Emergency Lending in Response to COVID-19 [Updated June 15, 2020]
From the Document: "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created significant economic and financial disruptions. In response, the Federal Reserve (Fed) has taken a number of actions to promote economic and financial stability. This Insight covers actions taken by the Fed in its 'lender of last resort' role--actions intended to provide liquidity directly to firms to ensure they have continued access to needed funding. The Fed finances this assistance by expanding its balance sheet."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Labonte, Marc
2020-06-15
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Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 16, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Columbia-class program, a program to design and build a class of 12 new ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) to replace the Navy's current force of 14 aging Ohio-class SSBNs. The Navy has identified the Columbia-class program as the Navy's top priority program. The Navy wants to procure the first Columbia-class boat in FY2021. The Navy's proposed FY2021 budget requests $2,891.5 million in procurement funding, $1,123.2 million in advance procurement (AP) funding, and $397.3 million in research and development funding for the program. The program poses a number of funding and oversight issues for Congress. Decisions that Congress makes on the Columbia-class program could substantially affect U.S. military capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-07-16
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Iraq: Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated July 17, 2020]
From the Overview: "After more than 17 years of conflict and zero-sum political competition, Iraqis are struggling to redefine their country's future and are reconsidering their relationships with the United States, Iran, and other third parties. Since seeking international military assistance in 2014 to regain territory seized by the Islamic State organization (IS, aka ISIS/ISIL), Iraqi leaders have implored international actors to avoid using Iraq as a battleground for their own rivalries and have attempted to build positive, nonexclusive ties to their neighbors and to global powers. Nevertheless, Iraq has become a venue for competition and conflict between the United States and Iran, with resulting violence now raising basic questions about the future of the U.S.-Iraqi partnership and regional security. When a new government took office in Baghdad in June 2020 after a months-long delay, U.S. and Iraqi officials opened talks on a new foundation for bilateral ties through a high-level strategic dialogue. In the meantime, Iraqi leaders are grappling with challenges posed by lower oil revenues, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and the latent demands of protestors whose demonstrations toppled last Iraqi government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Christopher M.
2020-07-17
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Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress [Updated July 16, 2020]
From the Summary: "Names for Navy ships traditionally have been chosen and announced by the Secretary of the Navy, under the direction of the President and in accordance with rules prescribed by Congress. Rules for giving certain types of names to certain types of Navy ships have evolved over time. There have been exceptions to the Navy's ship-naming rules, particularly for the purpose of naming a ship for a person when the rule for that type of ship would have called for it to be named for something else. Some observers have perceived a breakdown in, or corruption of, the rules for naming Navy ships."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-07-16
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Israel's Possible Annexation of West Bank Areas: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated July 14, 2020]
From the General Assessment: "Israeli annexation of West Bank areas, if it occurs, could have a number of implications for U.S. policy and U.S relations with Israel, the Palestinians, Arab states, and other international actors. These implications depend largely on any annexation's timing, territorial extent, legal nature, and physical enforcement. Additional consequences would likely follow from Palestinian and other international responses, as well as the potentially significant impact on Jordan. Considerable debate within Israel focuses on whether the risks of annexation are justified by benefits beyond those that Israel already has from its de facto control over the West Bank areas in question. There are also broader implications for Palestinian national aspirations and the future of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and Gaza, and for Israel's efforts to reconcile its actions with its self-proclaimed identity as both a Jewish and a democratic state."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2020-07-14
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Navy Virginia (SSN-774) Class Attack Submarine Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress [July 16, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Navy has been procuring Virginia (SSN-774) class nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) since FY1998. The one Virginia-class boat that the Navy is requesting for procurement in FY2021 would be the 33rd boat in the class. The Navy's FY2020 budget submission had projected that the Navy would request two Virginia-class boats in FY2021. Virginia-class boats scheduled for procurement in FY2019-FY2023 are being procured under a multiyear procurement (MYP) contract. Most Virginia-class boats procured in FY2019 and subsequent years are to be built with the Virginia Payload Module (VPM), an additional, 84-foot-long, mid-body section equipped with four large-diameter, vertical launch tubes for storing and launching additional Tomahawk missiles or other payloads."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-07-16
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Motor Vehicle Safety: Issues for Congress [Updated July 10, 2020]
From the Summary: "Vehicle safety is a significant issue as Congress considers a replacement for the current authorization of surface transportation programs, the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act; P.L. 114-94), which expires at the end of FY2020. On July 1, 2020, the House of Representatives passed an infrastructure and surface transportation bill, the Moving Forward Act (H.R. 2), including provisions that seek to improve motor vehicle safety. A corresponding bill has not advanced in the Senate. Responsibility for motor vehicle safety lies with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) within the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). The agency's performance has been controversial, in part because of its handling of the largest-ever recall, involving more than 63 million Takata airbags; since the recall was ordered in 2015, nearly 16 million potentially defective airbags have not been replaced. NHTSA has been without a Senate-confirmed administrator since 2017."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Canis, Bill
2020-07-10
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Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies: History, Membership, and Inaugural Activities [Updated July 15, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Every four years, on January 20 at noon, the President-elect is sworn in as President of the United States. Pursuant to the Constitution, the next presidential inauguration is set for Wednesday, January 20, 2021. Each year prior to an inauguration, Congress authorizes the creation of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies (Joint Inaugural Committee). The Joint Inaugural Committee is responsible for the planning and execution of the swearing-in ceremony and for hosting an inaugural luncheon for the President and Vice President at the U.S. Capitol. The 2021 Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies was authorized by the 116th Congress (2019-2020) when S.Con.Res. 38 was agreed to on June 26, 2020. Pursuant to the concurrent resolution, the Joint Inaugural Committee consists of three Senators, appointed by the President of the Senate, and three Representatives, appointed by the Speaker of the House. The resolution further authorizes the committee 'to make the necessary arrangements for the inauguration of the President-elect and the Vice President-elect of the United States.' This report provides a history of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, including committee membership, staffing, and inaugural activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straus, Jacob R.
2020-07-15
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Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV): Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 13, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) is being developed by the Army and the Marine Corps as a successor to the High Mobility, Multi-Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), which has been in service since 1985. On October 28, 2008, awards were made for the JLTV Technology Development (TD) Phase to three industry teams: (1) BAE [British Aerospace] Systems, (2) the team of Lockheed Martin and General Tactical Vehicle, and (3) AM General and General Dynamics Land Systems. On January 26, 2012, the Army issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) for the JLTV's Engineering Manufacturing Development (EMD) phase. The period of performance for EMD contracts was 27 months, and the overall EMD phase was scheduled to last 33 months. Vendors were required to provide 22 JLTV prototypes for testing 12 months after contract award. The target cost for the base vehicle was $250,000, excluding add-on armor and other kits."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2020-07-13
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Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process [Updated July 17, 2020]
From the Summary: "This report reviews the process and procedures that currently apply to congressional consideration of foreign arms sales proposed by the President. This includes consideration of proposals to sell major defense equipment, defense articles and services, or the retransfer to third-party states of such military items. Under Section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), Congress must be formally notified '30' calendar days before the Administration can take the final steps to conclude a government-to-government foreign military sale of major defense equipment valued at $14 million or more, defense articles or services valued at $50 million or more, or design and construction services valued at $200 million or more."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kerr, Paul K.
2020-07-17
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Comparing Police Reform Bills: The Justice in Policing Act and the JUSTICE Act [Updated July 6, 2020]
From the Summary: "On May 25, 2020, George Floyd died in the custody of the Minneapolis police after an officer pressed his knee into Floyd's neck while restraining him. That incident, others like it, and subsequent nationwide protests have sparked heightened interest in the federal government's ability to prevent and remedy police misconduct, especially the use of excessive force against people of color. The events of May and June 2020 have prompted action by the Executive Branch and legislative proposals in both houses of Congress. On June 16, 2020, President Donald Trump issued an Executive Order on Safe Policing for Safe Communities. On June 8, 2020, Members of the House of Representatives, led by the Congressional Black Caucus, introduced the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020 (Justice in Policing Act), and on June 17, 2020, Senate Republicans unveiled the Just and Unifying Solutions To Invigorate Communities Everywhere Act of 2020 (JUSTICE Act). [...] This Legal Sidebar provides a comparison of the Justice in Policing Act and the JUSTICE Act. While this Sidebar does not purport to detail every provision of the two bills exhaustively, it analyzes key similarities and differences that are most relevant when evaluating the two proposals."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lampe, Joanna R.
2020-07-06
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Malawi: Elections, Key Issues, and U.S. Relations [July 14, 2020]
From the Document: "On June 23, 2020, 59% of voters in Malawi, a small, poor southeast African country, ousted incumbent President Peter Mutharika in favor of opposition presidential candidate Lazarus Chakwera during a rerun of a presidential election held in May 2019. The country's High Court ordered the rerun after annulling the 2019 vote in early 2020, citing a raft of serious irregularities. Mutharika, who won the 2019 election, called the decision a 'travesty of justice' and sought its reversal, but the Supreme Court rejected his appeal and upheld the High Court's ruling."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cook, Nicolas
2020-07-14
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Brexit and Outlook for a U.S.-UK Free Trade Agreement [Updated July 8, 2020]
From the Introduction: "On October 16, 2018, the Trump Administration notified Congress, under Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), of its intent to enter into trade agreement negotiations with the United Kingdom (UK). Brexit--the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union (EU)--occurred on January 31, 2020. During the transition period, set to last until the end of 2020, the UK remains a member of the EU single market and customs union, and subject to EU rules. The UK and EU have launched negotiations on their future trade and economic relationship. Any final UK-EU agreement would directly inform prospects for the potential bilateral U.S.-UK free trade agreement (FTA)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwarzenberg, Andres B.; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Fefer, Rachel F.
2020-07-08
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Federal Support for Providing Housing to Individuals Experiencing Domestic Violence [July 6, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Domestic violence (DV) affects millions of people in the United States each year. In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that that an estimated 12 million adult women and men experienced contact sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in the year preceding the survey. Reports from some victim organizations and law enforcement agencies indicated an uptick in DV during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Individuals who experience DV are especially vulnerable to housing instability and financial challenges. Housing instability can include having difficulty paying rent or a mortgage, being denied housing because of past credit or rental history problems, facing threats of eviction, living in over-crowded conditions, or experiencing homelessness. A one-day census count in September 2019 of about 1,700 DV programs (out of nearly 1,900 nationally) indicated that the programs provided 43,000 adult and child victims of DV with short-term emergency shelters, transitional housing (a temporary accommodation between emergency shelter and longer-term housing), or other housing. On that same day, these programs lacked the capacity to provide housing to nearly 8,000 adult and child victims. Separately, a 2008 Department of Justice-funded study of 3,400 residents in domestic violence shelter programs identified safety (85% of residents) and affordable housing (83% of residents) as their two primary needs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fernandes-Alcantara, Adrienne L.; Perl, Libby; Sacco, Lisa N.
2020-07-06
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Defense Primer: Defense Working Capital Funds [Updated July 17, 2020]
From the Document: "Since 1870, the U.S. military has operated various forms of working capital funds to procure and provide materiel and commercial products and services to its forces. Authorized under Title 10, Section 2208, of the 'United States Code' (U.S.C.), a defense working capital fund (DWCF) is a type of 'revolving fund' that is intended to operate as a self-supporting entity to fund business-like activities (e.g., acquiring parts and supplies, equipment maintenance, transporting personnel, research and development) for the Department of Defense (DOD). DWCF transactions move hundreds of billions of dollars within DOD annually."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Herrera, G. James
2020-07-17
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Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Hazard Mitigation Assistance [Updated July 16, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The majority of funding in the United States for both pre- and post-disaster mitigation comes from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which defines mitigation as 'any sustained action to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from natural hazards and their effects.' Mitigation actions have a long-term impact, as opposed to actions that are associated with immediate preparedness, response, and recovery activities. Mitigation has been shown to save money. A recent study by the Multihazard Mitigation Council found that society saves $6 for every dollar spent on mitigation funded through major federal mitigation grants."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.
2020-07-16
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2020 Hurricane Season FAQ: Federal Disaster Assistance for Hurricanes During the COVID-19 Pandemic [Updated July 24, 2020]
From the Document: "This report provides answers to frequently asked questions (FAQs) regarding [1] emergency and major disaster declarations under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act; 42 U.S.C. §§5121 et seq.), including legal authorities and information related to the declaration request process; [2] types of assistance that may be available to state, territorial, and tribal governments, private nonprofit organizations, private entities, and individuals and households pursuant to a Stafford Act emergency or major disaster declaration; [3] considerations related to concurrently responding to a hurricane during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic; [4] the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF), the source of funding for the Stafford Act emergency and major disaster declarations; [5] other federal assistance that may be available through the Small Business Administration (SBA); and [6] additional references. The scope of this report is limited to assistance authorized under the Stafford Act. This report does not address other forms of federal assistance that may support response to and recovery from a hurricane."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webster, Elizabeth M.; Lindsay, Bruce R.; Horn, Diane P. . . .
2020-07-24
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North Korea's Nuclear Weapons and Missile Programs [Updated July 14, 2020]
From the Overview: "North Korea continues to advance its nuclear weapons and missile programs despite high-level diplomatic efforts and UN Security Council sanctions. In April 2018, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un said that nuclear and long-range missile testing was no longer necessary because the country had achieved its objectives. However, in the past two years, North Korea has increased the testing pace for its ballistic missile and submarine-launched systems. In late December 2019, Kim announced that, due to the United States' policies, 'there is no ground' for North Korea to continue to maintain its testing moratoria."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham; Ryder, Samuel D.
2020-07-14
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Monuments and Memorials: Federal Criminal Law Protections [July 8, 2020]
From the Document: "On June 26, 2020, President Trump issued an 'Executive Order on Protecting American Monuments, Memorials, and Statues and Combating Recent Criminal Violence' (June 26 Order). Among other things, the June 26 Order directed the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) to prioritize prosecutions under existing federal statutes protecting monuments, memorials, and statues. On July 3, 2020, President Trump issued an 'Executive Order on Building and Rebuilding Monuments to American Heroes' (July 3 Order). The July 3 Order decried vandalizing or destroying national monuments and created an Interagency Task Force for Building and Rebuilding Monuments to American Heroes (Task Force). The July 3 Order also assigned the Task Force to 'establish a statuary park named the National Garden of American Heroes (National Garden).' This In Focus analyzes two federal criminal statutes that may protect monuments and memorials from removal or intentional damage, potentially including future monuments in the National Garden."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwartz, Mainon A.
2020-07-08
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Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms: An Overview [Updated July 8, 2020]
From the Document: "Scientific research indicates that in recent years, the frequency and geographic distribution of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasing nationally and globally. They have been recorded in all 50 states. HABs can be detrimental to human health, pets, livestock, aquatic ecosystems, and the economy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gatz, Laura
2020-07-08
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FEMA's Community Disaster Loan (CDL) Program: A Primer [July 13, 2020]
From the Document: "Following a major disaster, local governments may face fiscal and economic distress as well as physical damage. As a result, revenue shortfalls could impact both service delivery and the long-term fiscal health in the affected locality. To address these issues, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) offers the Community Disaster Loan (CDL) program, which provides forgivable loans capped at $5 million to units of local government based on real revenue shortfalls. This In Focus examines the basic structure of the CDL program and also briefly considers two CDL variants developed in response to distinct disaster situations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.
2020-07-13
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Guyana: An Overview [Updated July 13, 2020]
From the Document: "Located on the north coast of South America, English-speaking Guyana has characteristics of a Caribbean nation because of its British colonial heritage (the country became independent in 1966). Guyana participates in Caribbean regional organizations, and its capital Georgetown serves as headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), a regional integration organization."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2020-07-13
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Immigration: 'Recalcitrant' Countries and the Use of Visa Sanctions to Encourage Cooperation with Alien Removals [Updated July 10, 2020]
From the Document: "The ability to repatriate foreign nationals (aliens) who violate U.S. immigration law is central to the immigration enforcement system. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) provides broad authority to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) to remove certain foreign nationals from the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Wilson, Jill, 1974-
2020-07-10
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Inland and Intracoastal Waterways: Primer and Issues for Congress [July 7, 2020]
From the Document: "The federal government improves and maintains a system of 12,000 miles of inland and intracoastal waterways with over 200 lock and dam chambers. This system facilitates the interstate movement of commercial cargo by barge. Commercial navigation on these waterways annually moves over 500 million tons of commodities, including petroleum products, farm inputs (e.g., fertilizer), coal, and grains-- accounting for 4% to 5% of total commercial tonnage shipped in the United States. High-value cargo in containers rarely moves on the inland or intracoastal waterways. Most of the waterways are rivers (e.g., Mississippi River and its tributaries) or along coasts located in the central and eastern half of the conterminous United States. Although these waterways are a relatively small part of the nation's freight transportation network, they are an important transportation route in some regions. Other waterway stakeholders include recreational boaters (the dominant traffic on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway), entities that have special equipment transport needs (e.g., nuclear power facilities), and municipal water suppliers with water withdrawals near locks and dams. Policy issues for Congress include options for paying for inland and intracoastal waterways work and the effectiveness of investments for sustaining system reliability."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Frittelli, John; Carter, Nicole T.
2020-07-07
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Global Economic Effects of COVID-19 [Updated July 24, 2020]
From the Summary: "Since the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak was first diagnosed, it has spread to over 200 countries and all U.S. states. The pandemic is negatively affecting global economic growth beyond anything experienced in nearly a century. Estimates so far indicate the virus could trim global economic growth by 3.0% to 6.0% in 2020, with a partial recovery in 2021, assuming there is not a second wave of infections. [...] The full impact will not be known until the effects of the pandemic peak. This report provides an overview of the global economic costs to date and the response by governments and international institutions to address these effects."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-; Schwarzenberg, Andres B.; Weiss, Martin A. . . .
2020-07-24
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Fiscal Policy and Recovery from the COVID-19 Recession [Updated July 23, 2020]
From the Summary: "The economic contraction that began in February 2020 differs from previous contractions, including the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Great Recession of 2007-2009. It was caused in large part by concerns about the spread of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and government policies aimed at limiting person-to-person contact. The health concerns of the public and the stay-at-home and shutdown orders designed to limit contact reduced cash flow to businesses and increased the number of unemployed workers. Fiscal policy during the current contraction, recovery, and beyond may take two forms: (1)fiscal policy designed to prevent business failures and sustain the unemployed during the initial pronounced contraction; and (2)fiscal policy used during a traditional recession and recovery aimed at stimulating aggregate demand in general and restoring full employment. Some data, such as rises in reported case numbers in certain areas, suggest that parts of the economy are still in the grip of the pandemic."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gravelle, Jane; Marples, Donald
2020-07-23
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CARES Act Payments Use and Recipient Characteristics: In Brief [July 24, 2020]
From the Document: "In response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136) provided direct payments to individuals and families. The maximum amount of these payments--sometimes referred to as 'stimulus checks' or 'stimulus payments'--is $1,200 per eligible individual ($2,400 for married taxpayers filing a joint tax return) and $500 per eligible child. The payment amounts are reduced $5 for each $100 that a taxpayer's income exceeds the phaseout threshold. These thresholds are (1) $150,000, if filing as married filing jointly; (2) $112,500, if filing as head of household; and (3) $75,000, for single filers. [...] This report provides summary statistics on how recipients used their stimulus payments, followed by characteristics of recipients. The estimates in this report were obtained from the Census Bureau's new Household Pulse Survey."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Keightley, Mark P.
2020-07-24
