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Report of the National Advisory Commission on Law Enforcement
From the Document: "This report presents the findings and recommendations of the National Advisory Commission on Law Enforcement (NACLE). The Commission was established by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. It was charged with studying pay, benefits, and other issues related to the recruitment, retention, and morale of federal law enforcement officers. The Commission's data and analysis show that there are many critical issues that need to be addressed to assure that federal law enforcement agencies are able to attract and retain high-quality staff. What follows in this report is a series of recommendations to cover the range of critical issues that the Commission believes must be addressed over time to provide that assurance. These include the need to increase starting salaries for most federal law enforcement occupations and the need to establish some type of locality pay differentials for federal law enforcement personnel working in certain high-cost cities. Other important issues involve the need to provide a housing relocation allowance for law enforcement personnel transferred to high-cost areas, and the need to have more consistency and equity among federal agencies in their pay of overtime."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1990-04-25
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Unification of Germany: Background and Analysis of the Two-Plus-Four Talks [April 16, 1990]
From the Summary: "The decision of the Soviet Union to curtail sharply its presence and influence in Eastern Europe has led to a critical point in the process of resolving post-war Europe's central issue: the unification of Germany and the new Germany's role on the continent. The legal framework established in 1945 after Germany's unconditional surrender by the four allied powers -- the United States, the Soviet Union, France, and Great Britain -- has been altered by a series of agreements and by the Federal Republic of Germany's (FRG) steadily growing importance in political, economic, and security matters. The Two-plus-Four talks that include the two Germanys and the allied powers are intended to address the process of unification and the emergence of a fully sovereign German state. […] Great Britain has cautiously embraced unification and recognizes the Soviet need for reassurances as Moscow takes decisions to withdraw from Central Europe. London intends to pursue a settlement at the talks on Germany's future that will secure Bonn's continued commitment to NATO and to a politically visible nuclear umbrella for the Atlantic Alliance which includes a substantial U.S. political and military presence in Europe."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gallis, Paul E.
1990-04-16
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Project SLAMMER Interim Report (U) [Redacted]
From the Document: "Project SLAMMER is an innovative Community research program using state-of-thee-art behavioral science techniques. The intent is to better understand and deter espionage through the direct assessment of convicted American spies. The interim report attached reflects much of the more recent work of the group engaged in the project. This program is conducted under the sponsorship of the Personnel Security Committee (PSC) of the Advisory Group/Security Countermeasures (AG/SCM), with personnel from the various Community organizations participating. The report is provided to Forum members for information, with the permission of the Chairman, PSC."
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1990-04-12
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Chemical Weapons Proliferation in the Middle East: What is the Proper Response
"The use of chemical weapons in the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Africa in recent regional and ethnic conflicts illustrates the proliferation of chemical weapons and use in the Third World. The use of these weapons has been indiscriminate and intentionally directed at noncombatants and combatants. This paper will focus on chemical weapons proliferation in the Middle East. This paper assesses the motivations behind the proliferation and provides a perspective on the nature of the threat, as well as the role Western industry plays in facilitating the development and proliferation. The study points out that Middle East countries have greatly expanded their chemical capability and that they have every intention of using it. Moreover, foreign suppliers are providing assistance to these countries as negotiations are underway to decrease worldwide chemical armaments through a Chemical Weapons Treaty. Finally, the study suggests that the proper response ought to be a strategy with a multi- dimensional approach aimed at the political and economic sources of passion that drive nations in the Middle East to acquire chemical weapons. Keywords: Chemical weapons proliferation, Middle East, Nature of Threat, Western Connection, Third World countries, Deterrence, Denial, Preemption, Defense, Arms control, Peace."
Army War College (U.S.)
DeShazer, MacArthur, Sr.
1990-04-09
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DoD Directive 5210.63: Security of Nuclear Reactors and Special Nuclear Materials
"It is DoD policy to ensure that nuclear reactors and Special Nuclear Materials (SNM) receive special protection because of their operational importance and the serious consequences of unauthorized possession or use of nuclear materials. The conservation of SNM; the safety of the public, operating personnel, and property; and the protection of SNM from sabotage, theft, loss, or diversion are of paramount importance during all phases of operations. This directive re-affirms DoD policy regarding responsibilities, procedures, and minimum standards for safeguarding DoD nuclear reactors and special nuclear materials (SNM)."
United States. Department of Defense
1990-04-06
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Strategic Risk Assessment: Where We are and How We Got There
From thesis abstract: "The concept of risk is one which is prevalent throughout our society. We are constantly faced with the necessity to evaluate risks in areas such as economics, health, and government policy making, only to name a few. The decisions we make today, based on our assessment of these risks, will continue to have an impact, sometimes positive - sometime negative, far into the future. The military association with risk is no different than that of the civilian sector. The military evaluates the risk(s) associated with the structure and capabilities of the Armed Forces measured against the stated Strategic Objectives of the Nation. This study examines the Strategic Risk Assessment process as it has evolved in the last twenty years. It further examines the current methodology which is utilized in this Strategic Risk Assessment process. It concludes with some thoughts about the importance of Strategic Risk Assessment to the future of the Military and the Nation."
Army War College (U.S.)
McDougle, John B.
1990-04-06
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Department of Defense Directive: Security of Nuclear Reactors and Special Nuclear Materials
"This Directive reissues reference (a) to update policy, responsibilities, procedures, and minimum standards for safeguarding DoD [U.S. Department of Defense] nuclear reactors and special nuclear materials (SNM)."
United States. Department of Defense
1990-04-06
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National Policy, Goals and Objectives After Chemical Disarmament
From the thesis abstract: "Since World War I, the United States has been in the forefront of peacekeeping nations in trying to ban the use of lethal weapons. Today, negotiations for a bilateral and multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention banning the development, production and use of chemical weapons and eliminating all stocks globally are closer to success than anytime in the past. In light of the ongoing negotiations on chemical disarmament, this paper reexamines current U.S. policy statements, elaborates on the full spectrum of possible threats, and enumerates U.S. vulnerabilities in light of the foregoing threat analysis. From this analysis, suggested changes to the U.S. national security objectives are proposed and recommendations relating to chemical weapons training, intelligence gathering and required advancements in research and development are provided."
Army War College (U.S.)
Fahl, Robert G.
1990-04-02
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Nine Elderly Fire Victims in Residential Hotel
"Early in the morning of April 6, 1990, a fire in a Miami Beach hotel killed nine occupants and injured 24, including 4 firefighters The building, known as the Fontana Hotel, was originally constructed in 1951. Although the building was officially designated as a hotel, most of its occupants were elderly and used the building as a permanent residence. Of the nine fatalities, the youngest was over 75 years old."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1990-04
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National Guard Drug Interdiction Mission: Circumvention of Posse Comitatus?
"The concept of Posse Comitatus is well understood by all three branches of the government. As a statute, the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 prohibits the use of U.S. military forces to enforce civil law without a Presidential Proclamation of National Emergency. Drug interdiction requirements in the U.S. have exceeded the capability of civil authorities at all levels, federal, state, and local. The Congress mandated that the Department of Defense take the lead in this area. This places the military in the difficult position of executing a mission that encroaches on the intent of Posse Comitatus. The National Guard, by virtue of its unique dual role as a federal force, and as a state militia, is exempt from some of the restrictions imposed upon the active military. As such, the Guard is being committed to training missions under Title 32 of the U.S. Code in direct support to civil authorities. The extended use of the Guard in a drug interdiction role appears to violate the intent of Posse Comitatus. Such an interpretation by the courts could obviate any success achieved by DOD [Department of Defense] in attempting to accomplish its mission."
Army War College (U.S.)
Flynn, Robert B.
1990-04
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Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1989
This document produced by the State Department in April 1990 provides graphs and analysis of international terrorist acts for the year of 1989. Topics discussed include assessments of acts of terrorism in the regions of the Middle East, Latin America, Europe and North America, Asia an Sub-Saharan Africa; chronology of major terrorist-related events in 1989 as well as background information the terrorist groups discussed the report.
United States. Department of State
1990-04
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Presidential Authority to Displace Customary International Law: A Department of Justice Fantasy
"This thesis analyzes the legal bases of a 1989 Department of Justice (DOJ) opinion that claims the President has the authority to order the Federal Bureau of Investigation to arrest individuals for violations of United States law in a foreign country without that country's consent. The DOJ opinion could have a tremendous impact on United States law enforcement efforts and foreign policies. The author concludes that there is no legal basis for the DOJ opinion and argues that the President is bound by customary international law."
Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School (United States. Army)
1990-04
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Strategic Mobility: Can We Get There in Time
"The dramatic changes in the world starting in the fall of 1989 will enable the United States to reduce its large military forces in Europe for the first time in 40 years. The collapse of communism and the decline of the Warsaw Pact military threat resulted from the inability of the communist system to provide for their people economically. Everyone agrees that there is no longer an imminent threat of a war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. But before the United States dismantles its military forces, there is a need to look at the rest of the world. […] This paper looks at the capabilities and requirements for strategic mobility and discusses ways to innovatively use the dwindling resources to achieve the greatest capability. With a dramatically smaller Army and fewer forces forward deployed around the world, the need for strategic airlift and sealift is increasing not decreasing We need the planned production of the C-17 and to fund sufficient Fast Sealift Ships to move and sustain our contingency forces. The U.S. Merchant Marine industry is in steep decline and the country, not the military, mu t take action. To counter the inability of the military to count on civilian shipping to move 95%-99% of its requirements in a crisis, this paper, looks at potential prepositioning alternatives and the need for an activ4e, manned sealift capability."
Army War College (U.S.)
Price, William J. (William James), 1918-
1990-03-30
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Patient Regulating to and Within the Continental United States
"This directive prescribes uniform procedures and establishes responsibilities during peacetime and contingencies for regulating the transfer of patients from overseas to the continental United States (CONUS); the transfer of patients between uniformed services, Veterans Affairs (VA), or civilian medical treatment facilities (MTF) within the CONUS; and the assignment of beds in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMC) for members of the uniformed services who will require further hospitalization or nursing home care after separation or retirement from all military services."
United States. Coast Guard
1990-03-30
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Will the Current CONUS Transportation System Provide Adequate Highway Movement Control During Mobilization?
"The ability to mobilize military units will become more critical to our nations ability to project military forces in support of national security policies as the country starts to reduce the size of the active army and the reserve components. The ability of government organizations and agencies responsible for controlling units and their material as they move from home stations to mobilization station will be severely tested if the need to mobilize ever arises. This study analyzes the current system (or system of systems), and reviews the roles and responsibilities of organizations with movement control functions. The current readiness of these organizations to perform their missions is evaluated. The automation of systems which support movement control during mobilization is an important part of this assessment. Progress has been made in various organizations towards automating complex, repetitive, time consuming, and controllable tasks. This study evaluates these systems and determines their compatibility with each other. This plans for future automation are considered regarding systems compatibility and timeliness. Finally, conclusions are drawn, problems areas highlighted and potential solutions or approaches are offered to meet the extremely critical need for an adequate highway movement control system for mobilization."
Army War College (U.S.)
Fields, Jerry W.
1990-03-29
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To Predict or Not Predict: Crossroads for Tactical Intelligence?
From the thesis abstract: "This monograph discusses the nature of tactical intelligence prediction in military operations. Such prediction is extremely complex and involves a broad range of factors from traditional military ones such as terrain and doctrine to more non-traditional ones of human behavior and perceptual mechanisms. While the traditional factors are important, the non-traditional ones are no less so and often hinder accurate prediction. The monograph first examines the U.S. Army's doctrinal requirement for tactical intelligence prediction, both past and present. Next, it discusses and clarifies the relationships of the concepts of 'capabilities,' 'enemy intent,' and 'prediction.' Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) is then examined as a vehicle for intelligence prediction. The monograph then moves on to describe the behavioral aspects of prediction in terms of individual and organizational factors which inhibit objective analysis. Historical examples are provided. Finally, an expanded version of IPB is offered as an analytical model offering a more comprehensive and objective approach to tactical intelligence prediction. The monograph conclusion is that U.S. Army doctrine does require tactical intelligence to be predictive in nature, that IPB is inadequate as the current predictive method, and that the suggested analytical model will improve our ability to predict enemy courses of action."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Linden, Linda L.
1990-03-26
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Dissemination of Terrorist Threat Information: Who Should Be Warned
"The U.S. Government has been criticized for not publicizing a telephoned threat that some believe was a warning of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. These critics believe that the U.S. Government did warn government employees to avoid the flight. Although the telephoned threat was a hoax, even if it had been valid, the Government would not have disseminated the information to the public. If the Government receives information on a threat to the public facility or conveyance, it disseminates the information only to the security organizations responsible for protecting the alleged target. The information is not routinely disseminated to the public or to other groups (such as government employees) for their personal use. After a review of the Pan Am 103 controversy and arguments for and against the Government's policy, this paper examines the policy from two ethical viewpoints: utilitarianism and autonomy. The paper also discusses an ethical dilemma that arises for U.S. Government employees who have access to the threat information. A government official must make a choice between obeying the current policy or personally disseminating the information to persons he or she knows. The resolution of this dilemma in favor of not obeying U.S. policy is a serious issue within the Government--one that should be receiving more attention."
Army War College (U.S.)
Thomas, Cathy H.
1990-03-22
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Is Political Extremism Within the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Germany a Threat That Can Be Managed?
From the thesis abstract: "In the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany both identified and unidentified members of extremist political parties perform their service. Most of them are draftees who join the armed forces in the same percentage as political extremists are found in the overall German population. However, some political groupings send their members into the armed forces in order to corrupt their morale or to acquire specialized military knowledge. For that reason extremists also serve as temporary-career volunteers or regulars in the armed forces. Using authentic source material such as investigations conducted by the German military counterintelligence service, this study seeks to answer the following questions: 1) Has the number of political extremists serving in the federal armed forces increased over the last years? 2) Which movement is considered to be more dangerous--the leftwing extremists or the rightwing? What are the objectives of the different groupings? 3) What kind of legal rulings are available against the extremist
soldiers? 4) Does the problem require any immediate countermeasures? Focused on the situation in the Federal Republic of Germany the paper could serve as a study subject for other armed forces."
Army War College (U.S.)
Bergenthal, Alex
1990-03-13
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Executive Order 12705: Extending the President's Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism
"It is hereby ordered that the first sentence of section 2(b) of Executive Order No. 12686 is amended to read as follows: 'No later than May 15, 1990, the Commission shall submit a report to the President. which shall be classified if necessary, containing findings and recommendations.'"
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1990-03-03
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Comparison of Password Techniques
From the thesis abstract: "A widely used access control mechanism is the password. Passwords are normally composed of a meaningful detail, such as a name of a person or a sequence of numbers such as a birthdate. Any person attempting to gain unauthorized access to a system might need only to look at a personnel record or associate with the person holding the desired password in order to discover the password. Therefore, there is a compromise between user memorability and security of a system. Exploration into other methods of user authentication and access control is desired to discover a better alternative to the traditional password system. The alternatives are system-generated passwords, pronounceable passwords, passphrases, cognitive passwords and authentication by word association. These methods are discussed and examined. The results from this study show that cognitive passwords and authentication by word association are superior to other methods in access control."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Beedenbender, Mark G.
1990-03
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Pakistan's Security Problems and Opportunities in the Indian Ocean Region
"The Indian Navy, which is already the fifth largest in the world and the largest in the Indian Ocean region, is not predicated solely on the rationale of defensive security doctrine. There are clear indications from the force levels, expansion program, and statements of Indian political/military leaders and defense experts, of an offensive maritime security doctrine for the Indian Navy, with regional and global objectives. India apparently aims to dominate the Indian Ocean by raising the cost of superpower intervention, so as to exercise hegemony over the Indian Ocean littoral from Australia to South Africa. Such a politico-military aim is a matter of great concern not only for the smaller states of South, Southwest, and Southeast Asia, but also the world powers having vital political, economic, and strategic interests in the region. The Indian aims and objectives seem to threaten not only the security of the smaller littoral states but also eventually the world order by creating regional imbalance and destabilization of the smaller and already fragile societies of the region. There is need, therefore, for Pakistan to analyze its Indian Ocean security posture vis-a-vis India, with a view toward identifying Islamabad's policy alternatives."
Army War College (U.S.)
Khan, Pervez
1990-03-01
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From Forward Deployment to Forward Presence: A New National Strategy for the Pacific
From the thesis abstract: "This thesis analyzes the changing strategic environment in East Asia and the Pacific. Despite sweeping foreign policy initiatives, the Soviets maintain a significant military capability. Even as the likelihood of the Soviet threat diminishes, low-intensity type conflict threaten U.S. regional interests. Additionally, changing regional perceptions are undermining traditional U.S. security arrangements. Rising Asian nationalism questions the need for forward deployment of U.S. forces within regional states. A policy of forward presence via maritime assets is the solution. U.S. naval assets would allow for a reasonable power projection capability in time of crisis, yet would meet fiscal constraints during peacetime through a scaling down of deployed assets. Other U. S. forces will maintain their ability to meet regional responsibilities through training exercises with regional forces and a build-up of the U.S. sealift capability. Now is the time to encourage regional states to assume greater responsibilities for their own defense. A regional maritime organization must be developed to maintain open trade routes. With a focused mandate, such an organization would not threaten individual national sovereignties and would promote regional cooperation and stability. An expansion of the U.S. Navy's peacetime mission will certainly serve the national interest. Increased port visits to economically less developed regions should be coordinated to support on-going or planned U.S. assistance programs"
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Smith, Michael Edward
1990-03
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U.S. Weapons: The Low-Intensity Threat Is Not Necessarily a Low- Technology Threat, Report to the Chairman, Government Operations, House of Representatives
"This report responds to the Chairman's request for information on three questions concerning low-intensity warfare (LIW): (1) What are the LIW threats and contingencies US. armed forces face? (2) What are the LIW lessons to be learned from the recent past? (3) How is DOD [Department of Defense] addressing technology requirements for fighting LIW? This report is an unclassified summary of our work; a more detailed description of our findings can be found in the classified version of this report, which we are delivering concurrently to your office. Appendix I contains a summary of our objectives, scope, and methodology. A brief explanation will suffice to distinguish the term 'low-intensity warfare,' which is a significant aspect of our focus here, from the more broadly used term 'low-intensity conflict' (IX). Current U.S. LIC policy places primary emphasis on indirect measures-such as economic and military aid, training and advice, and information policy-to address a range of political-military operations focused on instabilities in the Third World. These operations include counterinsurgency, antiterrorism, peacekeeping, peacetime contingency operations, and counter-narcotics activities. In the event that indirect measures fail, the U.S. armed forces can be called upon to become directly engaged in combat in pursuit of the same political-military objectives, as was recently the case in Operation Just Cause in Panama. We were requested to confine our inquiry to low-intensity warfare, which is that subset of low-intensity conflict where US. armed forces are directly and substantially engaged in combat in a low-intensity environment. According to the Department of Defense (DOD), LIC and the LIW subset together are a form of conflict highly likely to occur in the future."
United States. General Accounting Office
1990-03
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View of Management in Fire Investigation Units: Issues and Trends for the 90s (Volume I)
"Ten years ago the U.S. Fire Administration and other federal agencies identified and promoted a special concept in investigating fires and controlling arson: the Arson Strike Force (or Fire Investigation Unit). Some communities called it an arson squad; others added citizen representatives, expanded the mission to include prevention, and called the group an arson task force. The core unit, however, was a team of fire and police investigators who brought their respective expertise to the job of identifying incendiary fires and bringing arsonists to justice. Since the passage of time had seena drop in the federal monies available to encourage local joint police/fire investigation units, USFA [U.S. Fire Administration] wanted to find out how mainstream units were faring, to what extent the bi-agency approach was in use, and how well investigation units were being managed."
United States Fire Administration
1990-03
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Radioactive Waste Management in the USSR: A Review of Unclassified Sources, 1963-1990
"The Soviet Union operates a vast and growing radioactive waste management system. Detailed information on this system is rare and a general overall picture only emerges after a review of a great deal of literature. Poor waste management practices and slow implementation of environmental restoration activities have caused a great deal of national concern. The release of information on the cause and extent of an accident involving high-level waste at the Kyshtym production reactor site in 1957, as well as other contamination at the site, serve to highlight past Soviet waste management practices. As a result, the area of waste management is now receiving greater emphasis, and more public disclosures. […] Millions of curies of liquid low- and intermediate-level wastes have been disposed of by well injection into underground areas where they were supposedly contained by watertight rock strata. Sane gaseous wastes were also disposed of by well injection. This practice is not referred to in recent literature and thus may not be widely used today. Rather, it appears that these waste streams are now first treated to reduce volume, and then solidified using bitumen or concrete. These solidified liquid wastes from Soviet nuclear power reactor operations, along with solid wastes, are disposed of in shallow-land burial sites located at most large power reactor stations."
United States. Department of Energy
Schneider, K. J.; Bradley, Don J.
1990-03
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Health Evaluation Report 87-376-2018; U.S. Department of Justice United States Marshals Service Washington, D.C.
"On July 29, 1987, the National Institute for Occupation Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a Health Hazard Evaluation from the United States Marshals Service (hereinafter referred to as the Marshals Service) in Washington D.C. The Marshals Service requested NIOSH's assistance in testing the efficacy of recent renovations to the ventilation system of their indoor firing range."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Reh, Christopher M.; Klein, Matthew K.
1990-03
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Nuclear and NBC Contamination Survivability of Medical Materiel
"The purpose of this paper is to provide military personnel and contractors involved in the development and acquisition of military equipment with background information pertaining to Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) contamination survivability. Two categories of threat environments identified as Nuclear Weapons Effects (NWE) and NBC contamination are thoroughly described as well as the NBC terminology, protective measures, engineering practices, and organizational responsibilities that must be considered during materiel acquisition. The content in this paper was consolidated from the vast number of military standards (MIL-STDs), data item descriptions (DIDs), Army Regulations (ARs), Quadripartite Standardization Agreements (OSTAGs) and other military documents that concern nuclear and NBC contamination and survivability as well as the input of the U.S. Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency, U.S. Army Laboratory Command and the U.S. Army Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center."
U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity
Comer, K. Allen; Zajac, Andrew J.; Wright, William P.
1990-03
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CERTS: A Comparative Evaluation Method for Risk Management Methodologies and Tools
"This thesis develops a comparative evaluation method for computer security risk management methodologies and tools. The subjective biases inherent to current comparison practices are reduced by measuring unique characteristics of computer security risk management methodologies. Standardized criteria are established and described by attributes which in turn are defined by metrics that measure the characteristics. The suitability of a method or tool to a particular organizational situation can then be analyzed objectively. Additionally, our evaluation method facilitates the comparison of methodologies and tools to each other. As a demonstration of its effectiveness, our method is applied to four distinct risk management methodologies and four risk management tools. Alternative models for utilizing the evaluation method are presented as well as possible directions for their application. Without an adequate means of comparing and evaluating risk management decision-making methodologies, the metadecision (the selection of a risk management method or tool) becomes arbitrary and capricious, thereby making an inappropriate selection more likely. Selection of an inappropriate method or tool could lead to excessive costs, misdirected efforts, and the loss of assets. The systematic and standard comparison method developed in this thesis resolves that problem."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Garrabrants, William M.; Ellis, Alfred W., III
1990-03
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Characteristics of User-Generated Passwords
"Access control based on the verification of a person's identity is commonly used in information system/computer installations. The most widely used mechanism for access control to information systems is passwords. Passwords can be machine-generated using a list of words stored in a memory bank, machine-generated using a sophisticated algorithm to create a pseudo-random combination of characters or they can be user-generated. User-generated passwords typically take on the characteristics of some type of meaningful detail that is simple in structure and easy to remember Memorability and security pose a difficult trade-off in password generation. On one hand a system security administrator wants passwords that are unpredictable, frequently changed and provide the greatest degree of system security achievable. Users, on the other hand, want passwords that are simple and easy to remember. If passwords are chosen to make them difficult to guess, they may become difficult to remember. When they become difficult to remember they are likely to be written down. Once written down a compromise to security occurs because users tend to store them in insecure places. This thesis looks at user-generated password characteristics. Of particular interest is how password selection, memorability and predictability are affected by the number of characters in a password, the importance and sensitivity of a users data. a users work location, how a password was chosen, the frequency of changing a password and the frequency of logging on to a system with a password."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Sawyer, Darren Antwon
1990-03
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TSG Guidelines for Computerized Telephone Systems
"This standard was prepared by the Telephone Security Group (TSG). The charter members of the TSG are: Department of the Air Force, Department of the Army. Central Intelligence Agency. Defense Intelligence Agency Department of Energy, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of the Navy. National Security Agency, US Secret Service, and Department of State. The TSG is the primary technical and policy resource in the US Intelligence Community for all aspects of the TSCM (technical surveillance countermeasures) program involving telephone systems. The TSG standards contain guidance for providing on-hook security to telephone systems in areas where sensitive government information is discussed. Implementation of TSG standards neither prevents the application of more stringent requirements nor satisfies the requirements of other security programs such as TEMPEST. COMSEC, or OPSEC. This standard establishes requirements for planning, installing, maintaining, and managing a computerized telephone system (CTS). The requirements established in this standard are necessary in order to achieve on-hook audio security for computerized telephones located in sensitive discussion areas. For a CTS conforming to this standard, all protected on-hook telephones will be completely isolated from all transmission media and wires that are physically unprotected. This standard requires that the isolation for most telephones be achieved in the CTS itself."
United States. National Security Agency
1990-03
