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• Statistical Report United States Attorneys Offices: Fiscal Year 1995

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  "The Executive Office for United States Attorneys provides oversight, general executive assistance and direction to the offices of the United States Attorneys and serves as liaison between the United States Attorneys and other Department components and federal agencies. One of its responsibilities on behalf of the United States Attorneys is the publication of this annual report. The charts and tables below reflect statistical summary of the matters and cases handled by the United States Attorneys offices. These charts and tables, however, cannot and do not reflect the quality and complexity of the criminal prosecutions and civil litigation conducted by the offices. Additionally, the statistics are woefully inadequate in presenting realistic picture of the time, effort and skill required to prosecute and litigate the cases. Some examples of cases handled during the year are included in the text to illustrate caseload composition, and more importantly, the successful efforts of the many men and women who work in the United States Attorneys offices. Finally, the significant liaison work performed by the United States Attorneys Assistant United States Attorneys and other members of the staff, with federal state and local law enforcement entities, the victims of crime the local community schools and other organizations cannot be quantified."

  Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys

  1996-02
• South China Sea: Future Source of Prosperity or Conflict in South East Asia?

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  The South China Sea, an area of 648,000 square nautical miles between the coast of Asia and the islands of Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, is dotted with hundreds of islets, reefs, rocks and shoals, which are the subject of conflicting territorial claims. The presumed existence of large oil and gas deposits in these waters and the strategic importance of shipping lanes between East Asia and South Asia, the Middle East and Europe have increased the risk of confrontations over disputed areas of the South China Sea and the urgency of averting these possible confrontations through a peaceful settlement

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Hull, Richard E.

  1996-02
• Counterfeit U.S. Currency Abroad: Issues and U.S. Deterrence Efforts

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  U.S. currency is counterfeited by a diverse group of perpetrators using a variety of methods. Although counterfeiters may engage in this activity for direct economic gain, counterfeiting is sometimes linked with other more nefarious criminal endeavors, such as drug trafficking, aims dealing, and alleged terrorist activities. According to law enforcement officials, counterfeiters run the gamut from office workers to organized crime and terrorist groups, and the equipment used for counterfeiting U.S. currency ranges from photocopiers to sophisticated offset presses. Moreover, the quality of counterfeit notes varies significantly, and even those made using the same method vary according to the sophistication of the perpetrator and the type of equipment used. Of increasing concern is the fact that certain foreign counterfeiters are becoming extremely sophisticated and are producing very high- quality counterfeit notes that are more difficult to detect than any previous counterfeits. Due to the criminal nature of this activity, the true extent of counterfeiting of U.S. currency abroad cannot be determined. The total level of counterfeit-currency detections-$208.7 million in fiscal year 1994-represented less than one one-thousandth of U.S. currency in circulation. Both Treasury and Secret Service officials agreed that counterfeiting of U.S. currency is a threat to be taken seriously, but that it is not now at a level that poses an economic threat to the U.S. monetary system. Treasury Department and Secret Service officials use counterfeit-detection data from the Secret Service to help assess the extent of counterfeiting. The Secret Service has also used these data to demonstrate significant increases in counterfeiting activity abroad, citing a 300-percent rise in detections in fiscal year 1993.

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1996-02
• Implementation Challenges in Community Policing: Innovative Neighborhood-Oriented Policing in Eight Cities

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  This brief discusses "an NIJ-sponsored evaluation of Innovative Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (INOP) programs, which were established with Bureau of Justice Assistance support in eight urban and suburban sites in 1990. Distinguished by their focus on neighborhood drug problems, the programs used community policing techniques, particularly police-community partnerships, to attempt to lower the demand for illegal drugs. Implementation issues received special emphasis in the study: the extent to which police officers understood and supported the projects and the degree to which other public agencies and the community were involved. The study also examined police and residents perceptions of INOP's impact. Because the evaluation was conducted relatively soon after the programs were adopted, it could not assess long-term effects."

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  1996-02
• National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement [1996]

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  Excerpts from Introduction: "Our national security strategy is therefore based on enlarging the community of market democracies while deterring and limiting a range of threats to our nation, our allies and our interests. The more that democracy and political and economic liberalization take hold in the world, particularly in countries of strategic importance to us, the safer our nation i s likely to be and the more our people are likely to prosper." "To that broad end, the three central components of our strategy of engagement and enlargement are: (1) our efforts to enhance our security by maintaining a strong defense capability and employing effective diplomacy to promote cooperative security measures; (2) our work to open foreign markets and spur global economic growth; and (3) our promotion of democracy abroad. It also explains how we are pursuing these elements of our strategy in specific regions by adapting and constructing institutions that will help to provide security and increase economic growth throughout the world."

  United States. White House Office

  1996-02
• Five Minutes Past Midnight: The Clear and Present Danger of Nuclear Weapons Grade Fissile Materials (February 1996)

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  "Growing stockpiles of nuclear weapons grade fissile materials (plutonium and highly enriched uranium) are a 'clear and present danger' to international security. Much of this material is uncontrolled and unsecured in the former Soviet Union (FSU). Access to these materials is the primary technical barrier to a nuclear weapons capability since the technology know-how for a bomb making is available in the world scientific community. Strategies to convince proliferators to give up their nuclear ambitions are problematic since those ambitions are a party of largest regional security. There is no national material control and accounting in Russia. No one knows exactly how much fissile materials they have, and if any is missing. A bankrupt atomic energy industry, unpaid employees and little or no security has created a climate in which more and more fissile materials will likely be sold in black markets or diverted to clandestine nuclear weapons programs or transnational terrorist groups. Control over these materials will ultimately rely on the continuous and simultaneous exercise of several measures. While there is little one can do now to stop a determined proliferator, over time international consensus and a strengthened non-proliferation regime will convince proliferators that the costs outweigh the gains."

  USAF Institute for National Security Studies

  Roberts, Guy B.

  1996-02
• Operational Assessment for Screener Proficiency Evaluation and Reporting System (SPEARS) Threat Image Projection

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  "This document is the Operational Assessment (OA) of the threat image projection training and testing component of the Screener Proficiency Evaluation and Reporting System (SPEARS) conducted at Los Angeles International Airport in 1995. This OA covers the test and evaluation of the EG&G Astrophysics Training and Testing (TnT) system which focused on determining its effectiveness in meeting the requirements set forth in the Critical Operational Issues and Criteria, Critical Technical Issues and Criteria and Test and Evaluation Plan provided by the Federal Aviation Administration. The TnT system did not meet 2 of the 3 Critical Operational Criteria and 4 of 7 Critical Technical Criteria during this test and should be considered ineffective and unsuitable in its current configuration."

  United States. Federal Aviation Administration

  Fobes, J. L.; Cormier, Stephen; McAnulty, D. Michael . . .

  1996-02
• DOE Handbook: Process Safety Management for Highly Hazardous Chemicals

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  "This handbook provides information necessary to determine if a chemical process is covered by the PSM Rule and provides an interpretation of the 14 elements of the PSM Rule. An overview of these elements is given in Table 1.1. This handbook also describes DOE programs that may, with or without modification, satisfy the requirements of this Rule. Questions and answers, based on OSHA's responses to questions from industry and labor, are provided at the end of most sections. Applicable question numbers are referenced in the text in brackets. Sample programs are included that may be used to satisfy provisions of the PSM Rule. These sample programs are adapted from industry and are not mandatory, even though some contain directive language (e.g., will, shall, should). Appendix D lists additional sources of detailed PSM information. For specific guidance on the Process Hazards Analysis element , the reader is referred to the handbook, "Chemical Process Hazards Analysis" (DOE-HDBK-1100-96)."

  United States. Department of Energy

  1996-02
• DOE Handbook: Chemical Process Hazards Analysis

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  "The purpose of this handbook is to facilitate, within the DOE, the performance of chemical process hazards analyses (PrHAs) as required under the PSM Rule. It provides basic information for the performance of PrHAs, and should not be considered a complete resource on PrHA methods. Likewise, to determine if a facility is covered by the PSM rule, the reader should refer to the handbook, "Process Safety Management for Highly Hazardous Chemicals" (DOE-HDBK-1101-96). This handbook explains the minimum requirements for PrHAs outlined in the PSM Rule. Nowhere have requirements been added beyond what is specifically required by the rule."

  United States. Department of Energy

  1996-02
• Commercial Trucking: Safety and Infrastructure Issues Under the North American Free Trade Agreement

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  Because there are major differences between U.S. and Mexican trucking regulations and operating practices that could adversely affect highway safety and infrastructure in the United States, this GAO report evaluates the major implementation efforts associated with opening the U.S.-Mexican border to commercial trucking. Specifically, this report (1) reviews efforts to make compatible the differing trucking regulations of the United States and Mexico; (2) identifies major differences in U.S. and Mexican trucking regulations and operating and enforcement practices that could adversely affect highway safety and infrastructure; and (3) reviews federal and state governments' readiness to ensure that trucks from Mexico comply with U.S. trucking regulations.

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1996-02
• Immigration Emergency Fund: Memorandum for Stephen R. Colgate, Assistant Attorney General for Administration [January 26, 1996]

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  "The $20 million in the Immigration Emergency Fund for the reimbursement of states and localities for certain immigration-related assistance is available on an annual basis. You have asked us whether the $20 million in the Immigration Emergency Fund for reimbursement of states and localities for certain immigration-related assistance is available annually or whether a total of $20 million is available from the account for such expenses. We conclude that the $20 million is available annually."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel

  1996-01-26
• Whether the District of Columbia's Clean Air Compliance Fee May Be Collected from the Federal Government: Memorandum for Emily C. Hewitt, General Counsel, General Services Administration [January 23, 1996]

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  "The District of Columbia's Clean Air Compliance Fee is a tax and may not be imposed on the federal government, because the D.C. Council lacks authority to impose taxes on the property of the United States. This memorandum responds to your request for our opinion on whether the District of Columbia ('District') may collect from the General Services Administration the Clean Air Compliance Fee ('Clean Air Fee' or 'Fee') established by a District of Columbia statute, the Clean Air Compliance Fee Act of 1994 ('Act'), D.C. Act 10-387, reprinted in 42 D.C. Reg. 86 (Jan. 6, 1995). As discussed below, we conclude that the District may not collect the Fee with respect to property owned by the United States."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel

  1996-01-23
• Department of Defense Instruction 5400.14: Procedures for Joint Public Affairs Operations

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  This document assigns responsibilities and procedures for the conduct of public affairs programs in support of joint, combined, and unilateral military operations. The manual contains a detailed list of updated responsibilities, procedures and definitions.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1996-01-22?
• Alternatives to Incarceration

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  "With the advent of prison and jail overcrowding in the early 1990's, alternatives to incarceration became a topic of great interest to facility administrators and tax payers. The costs of incarcerating individuals is ever increasing and fewer empty jail beds are available. 'The U. S. correction system has felt the effect of many developments over the past 20 years. But perhaps no event has challenged the system more than the social, economic, and political consequences of prison crowding' (Baer, 1989). To meet the needs of society in rehabilitating/ punishing those convicted of major or violent crimes, and insure that the offender spends an adequate amount of time behind bars, a means of providing rehabilitation and or punishment for those that commit lesser crimes must be found and implemented."

  Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas

  Humphrey, Richard G.

  1996-01-14
• Executive Order 12985: Establishing the Armed Forces Service Medal

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  "By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including my authority as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows: There is hereby established the Armed Forces Service Medal with accompanying ribbons and appurtenances, for award to members of the Armed Forces of the United States who, on or after June 1, 1992, in the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: (a) Participate, or have participated, as members of United States military units in a United States military operation in which personnel of any Armed Force participate that is deemed to be significant activity; and (b) Encounter no foreign armed opposition or imminent hostile action."

  United States. Office of the Federal Register

  Clinton, Bill, 1946-

  1996-01-11
• Department of Defense Directive: Joint Public Affairs Operations

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  This document serves to update public affairs responsibilities for the Unified Combatant Commanders. This document also establishes policy and assigns responsibilities for the conduct of public affairs programs in support of joint, combined, and unilateral military operations.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1996-01-09
• Public Law 104-93: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996

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  "An Act to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1996 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1996-01-06
• 1996 Selected Explosives Incidents

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  This report contains data on incidents involving explosives that occurred during 1996. Data reported includes the number of fatalities, injuries and property damage, motives for bombings and types of bombs and/or explosives used. The data is considered highly representative and sufficient to permit valid chronological, geographical, and trend analyzes. Categories appearing in this publication are those used by ATF in its intra-agency tracking of explosives incidents.

  United States. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

  1996
• Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) - Operational Plan

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  The objective of the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) is to establish an organized and integrated capability for timely, coordinated response by Federal agencies to peacetime radiological emergencies. The FRERP: provides the Federal Government's concept of operations based on specific authorities for responding to radiological emergencies; outlines Federal policies and planning considerations on which the concept of operations of this Plan and Federal agency specific response plans are based; and specifies authorities and responsibilities of each Federal agency that may have a significant role in such emergencies. There are two Sections in this Plan. Section I contains background, considerations, and scope. Section II describes the concept of operations for response.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1996
• DOD 3150.8-M: Nuclear Weapon Accident Response Procedures (NARP)

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  "This manual has been developed by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) under the authority of Department of Defense Directive 3150.8, 'DoD Response to Radiological Accidents,' June 13, 1996, and supersedes DoD Manual 5100.52-M, 'Nuclear Weapon Accident Response Procedures (NARP) Manual,' September 4, 1990. This manual provides planners for Combatant Commanders, the Services, Response Task Force (RTF) Commanders and Initial Response Force (IRF) Commanders with the information necessary to understand the overall response concept, the role of the IRF and RTF, the relationship of the IRF, RTF, and DoD to other Federal agencies. This manual also provides guidance in conducting site remediation activities following an accident involving a nuclear weapon in DoD custody or other types of radiological accidents or incidents. This manual provides a national RTF organization, identifies applicable DoD publications and resources used in response efforts. This manual also describes the substantial resources other Federal agencies make available to assist in the response effort."

  United States. Department of Defense

  1996
• Unconditional Surrender, Demobilization, and the Atomic Bomb

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  From the Foreword: "The calculations for bringing large-scale hostilities to an end and for establishing a favorable environment in which postcombat operations, including the occupation of the enemy's homeland, can take place involve high-level military officers in the analysis of a wide range of considerations, many of which fall well beyond what would be traditionally recognized as strictly military in nature. In Unconditional Surrender, Demobilization, and the Atomic Bomb, Dr. Michael Pearlman brings home this point through his shrewd assessment of the complex issues confronting U.S. officers as they debated the best course of action to follow in ending the war against Japan. Aside from the list of traditional concerns, such as the human cost of mounting an invasion of Japan, these officers had also to consider such intangibles as continued support for the war effort on the American home front. Thanks to Pearlman's research, the reader comes away with a deeper understanding of why these officers made the recommendations they did to the president and why the president decided to drop the atomic bomb to end World War II."

  Combat Studies Institute (U.S.)

  Pearlman, Michael D. (Michael David), 1944-

  1996
• Beyond The Bottom-Up Review Individual Research Project

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  "On 1 September 1993, Secretary of Defense Les Aspin publicly announced the results of the DoD [Department of Defense] Bottom-Up Review (BUR), declaring it was 'a product of a comprehensive, broadly collaborative review based on the real dangers that face America in this new time.' Secretary Aspin's announcement capped the nation's second effort to determine a defense structure sized and shaped for a post-Cold War world. This essay examines the 1993 BUR, its intent, key assumptions, and the ability of the resulting force structure to support the objectives of the Administration's 'National Security Strategy of Enlargement and Engagement Joint Publication 1-02' defines 'national security strategy' as 'the art and science of developing, applying, and coordinating the instruments of national power (diplomatic, economic, military, and informational) to achieve objectives that contribute to national security'. The art and science of defense planning is an imperfect, iterative process, especially in a time of transition and uncertainty. This essay concludes the BUR was based on a number of assumptions that may need to be revisited in order to resolve the emerging shortfalls in U.S. defense capabilities. Doing so will require another defense review, one that builds on the lessons learned from the Bottom-Up Review to ensure the Armed Forces remain prepared to meet the dangers and challenges of the future, in peace and in war."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Gunzinger, Mark Alan

  1996
• U.S. and South Asia: 'A Strategy of Reconciliation'

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  "The end of the Cold War has presented the United States with new opportunities and challenges in South Asia. In order to effectively deal with this strategically important area, however, it is vital that we understand the context of the relationship. [...] This paper first addresses the major issues in the context of regional trends, perceived interests, threats, and goals of India, Pakistan, and the US. Secondly, it analyzes the means available to the US to achieve its objectives. Finally, policy recommendations are presented."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Taylor, Hank; Condra, Mark; O'Keefe, Tom

  1996
• Towards a Maritime Strategy for the 21st Century

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  "Amid the celebrations following the end of the Cold War, many cautioned it was too soon for the United States to relax its guard, that the collapse of the Soviet Union was too good to be true. As time parted the veil of uncertainty, it became evident that the Cold War had yielded to a new paradigm oriented on regional threats and issues. The forces of the former Soviet Union were in disrepair, and the reemergence of a peer competitor capable of challenging U.S. security interests on a global scale was unlikely in the near-term Less than ten years from the beginning of a new century, the Armed Forces of the United States faced the challenge of reshaping their strategic visions and force structures for a changing security environment."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Martin, J.R.; Gunzinger, Mark Alan

  1996
• Global Volcanic Earthquake Swarm Database 1979-1989

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  "Earthquake swarms are pervasive at volcanoes, but have seldom been studied systematically. Most swarms that are described in the literature are those that occurred in association with eruptions; indeed, earthquake swarms are the most reliable method of forecasting eruptions. For the purpose of this report, a swarm is defined as many earthquakes of the same size occurring in a small volume. Swarms are different in these two ways from a mainshock-aftershock sequence or a foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence (fig. 1). Swarms are especially common in volcanic areas. Because swarms are such a common and important phenomenon, we undertook a systematic and comprehensive study of swarms at volcanoes using modern commercially available database software. We term the result the Global Volcanic Earthquake Swarm Database (GVESD)."

  United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)

  Benoit, John Paul; McNutt, Stephen R.

  1996
• Proliferation: Threat and Response [1996]

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  "This document details the proliferation phenomenon,the threat it poses to the United States, and the programs and policies DoD employs through the Defense Counterproliferation Initiative to counter this growing threat." It is organized by goals, interests, and specific challenges across the following regions: Northeast Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, the former Soviet Union (specifically Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus) and South Asia. The report then examines the dangers from terrorism, insurgencies, civil wars, and organized crime. Section II looks at the response of the Department of Defense in terms of protection and prevention. The technical annex assesses accessible technologies: nuclear weapons, biological weapons, chemical weapons, delivery systems, and supporting technologies. A glossary is included at the conclusion of the report.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1996
• 1993 Volcanic Activity in Alaska: Summary of Events and Response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory

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  "During 1993, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to episodes of eruptive activity or false alarms at nine volcanic centers in the state of Alaska. Additionally, as part of a formal role in KVERT (the Kamchatkan Volcano Eruption Response Team), AVO staff also responded to eruptions on the Kamchatka Peninsula, details of which are summarized in Miller and Kirianov (1993). In 1993, AVO maintained seismic instrumentation networks on four volcanoes of the Cook Inlet region--Spurr, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine--and two stations at Dutton Volcano near King Cove on the Alaska Peninsula. Other routine elements of AVO's volcano monitoring program in Alaska include periodic airborne measurement of volcanic SO2 and CO2 at Cook Inlet volcanoes (Doukas, 1995) and maintenance of a lightning detection system in Cook Inlet (Paskievitch and others, 1995). [...]. This report presents a summary of responses to reported volcanic activity in Alaska during 1993. Only those events which resulted in a significant investment of AVO staff time and energy (here defined arbitrarily as at least several hours for reaction, tracking, and followup) are included. Typically, over the course of any given year, AVO receives many dozens of phone calls reporting steaming, unusual cloud sightings, or eruption rumors. Most of these are dealt with rapidly (less than 1 hour) and are not tabulated in this report. The phrase 'false alarm', used to characterize several responses, is an eruption report or a report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event."

  United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)

  McGimsey, Robert G.; Neal, Christina, 1959-; Doukas, Michael P.

  1996
• Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Consequences of Nuclear Warfare: Part I: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty (Volume 2)

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  "Medical Consequences of Nuclear Warfare" is the second volume of Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. It addresses the increasingly important medical challenges of the consequences and management of radiation injuries. The first chapter is an overview of nuclear events and their consequences. The following chapters examine the effects of radiation exposure on humans and the ways they will affect triage, diagnosis, and treatment protocols as well as military logistics. A discussion of the latest prospects for radio protection concludes the text.

  United States. Department of the Army. Office of the Surgeon General

  1996
• Joint Theater Missile Defense

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  Since the 1991 Gulf War, the United States has recognized the critical need for a Joint Theater Missile Defense (JTMD) capability. The Department of Defense (DOD) has subsequently taken appropriate steps to develop it. In 1994, DOD established a Joint organization to manage JTMD research and development (R&D), acquisition, and structure. Then the Joint Staff developed the joint doctrine required for the conduct of synchronized Theater Missile Defense (TMD) throughout the depth of a theater of operations. This paper briefly presents U.S. TMD initiatives to date. It identifies the threat, reviews current joint doctrine, and then presents a case that only through a true joint approach and effort will U.S. JTMD be postured to defeat any future employment of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) by Theater Missiles (TM) against U.S. forces or our allies. It also makes the point that DOD needs to further take the initiative to establish a JTMD operational proponent to best synchronize JTMD operations for theater warfighting CINCs.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Harmatz, Howard I.

  1996
• Security of FBI Background Files June 26, 1996, Hearing before the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, June 26, 1996

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  From the opening statement of William F. Clinger, Jr.: "Last week in our hearing, we learned the care and process that was followed in order to ensure the confidentiality of these sensitive files. We also learned that this work was not handed over to political operatives, or detailees from outside agencies and certainly not to 18-year-old interns with no security clearances. The White House is at the center of policies and debates that may determine matters of life or death, war or peace. For the past 30 years, the White House has engaged in a careful process of security clearances and background checks on individuals to determine their suitability and stability for positions at the White House and throughout the executive branch. The clearance and background process is designed to protect the security of the President as well as the national security of the country. One only has to recall the case of Aldrich Ames to realize what kind of problems can spring from a lack of vigilance in security matters. But as important as it is to have good procedures in place to guard against breaches of security, the people who operate such procedures must be carefully selected and above reproach." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Craig Livingstone, Anthony Marceca, Lisa Wetzl, Bernard W. Nussbaum, Dan Burton, William F. Clinger Jr., Benjamin A. Gilman, Craig Livingstone, Constance A. Morella, and William H. Zeliff, Jr.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1996