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• Assessing Defense Industrial Capabilities: A DoD Handbook

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  "This Handbook provides the framework and guidelines for evaluating, on a case-by-case basis, the need for Government action to preserve industrial capabilities vital to national security. A defense industrial capability is a skill, facility, process, or technology needed to design, develop, produce, repair, or maintain products used by the Department of Defense. You should use this Handbook when there is an indication that an important and unique industrial capability could be lost."

  United States. Department of Defense

  1996-04
• U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Aerial Ladder Collapse Incidents

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  "This report addresses five separate incidents in which fire department aerial ladders collapsed. The most serious of these incidents occurred in New York City, where one man died and his wife, two young children and two firefighters were injured when an aerial ladder collapsed during a rescue attempt. Two of the other incidents also resulted in serious injuries to firefighters. Each of these incidents involved the collapse of an aerial ladder due to structural failure. [...] These incidents indicate a significant potential problem with existing aerial ladders that were not designed to provide the structural capabilities of ladders that are currently in production. Hundreds of similar aerial ladders are currently in service in United States fire departments. This emphasizes the need for aerial ladder operators to be properly trained and thoroughly familiar with the capabilities and limitations of their particular units, so that they will be able to recognize situations that are beyond the safe operating limits of their equipment"

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration

  1996-04
• Local Police Departments 1993

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  "During 1993, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) as a part of its Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) program, surveyed a nationally representative sample of the more than 17,000 State and local law enforcement agencies operating nationwide. This report presents data describing the more than 12,000 general purpose local police departments operated by municipal or county governments in terms of their personnel, expenditures and pay, operations, equipment, computers and information systems, and policies. This report excludes sheriffs' departments (covered in a companion report), State police, and special police agencies (those with limited jurisdictions such as parks, transit systems, airports, or schools)."

  United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)

  1996-04
• National Data Collection on Police Use of Force

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  "This report highlights findings from existing research on police use of force. It describes how the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Institute of Justice will collect data on police contacts with members of the public that result in the use of force by law enforcement officers. The report responds to Section 210402 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which requires the Attorney General to 'acquire data about the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers' and to 'publish an annual summary of the data acquired. . . .'"

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  McEwen, J. Thomas

  1996-04
• Criteria for Preparation and Evaluation of Radiological Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness in Support of Nuclear Power Plants: Criteria for Emergency Planning in an Early Site Permit

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  "The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) have added Supplement 2 to NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-1, Revision 1, to provide guidance for the development, review, and approval of radiological emergency information and plans submitted with an early site permit application under Subpart A of 10 CFR Part 52."

  U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  Kantor, F.; Fox, E. F., Jr.; Wingert, V. . . .

  1996-04
• Health Hazard Evaluation Report 91-0346-2572; FBI Academy Quantico, Virginia

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  "In July 1991, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) from a management representative of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The request concerned lead exposures during firearms training and associated activities among range technicians, gunsmiths, and firing range instructors. Additionally, the requestor was concerned about the potential for 'take-home' lead contamination of workers' vehicles and homes, and exposure of their families. Workers also expressed concerns about work-related noise-induced hearing loss."

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

  Barsan, Michael E.; Miller, Aubrey

  1996-04
• Regional Deterrence Strategies for New Proliferation Threats

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  The deterrence of armed aggression against the United States, its vital national interests, or its allies has moved beyond the requirements of conventional force deterrence. The proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons requires a new strategy to ensure effective deterrence against their use by regional states that could not win in a conventional conflict with the United States. Because proliferation has expanded to a number of regional actors, a single strategy is unlikely to be sufficient in deterring states with varied motivations, and social, economic, religious, cultural, and political backgrounds. The Unified Commands--principally the Pacific, Central and European Commands--provide a ready-made framework in which general U.S. deterrence strategies can be tailored to each proliferant state. While the Unified Com-mands would shape the individual deterrence strategies, the national command authority (NCA) would retain control of key decisions. Guidelines for NBC regional deterrence should include developing credible counterproliferation postures, profiling potential adversaries, tailoring our military capabilities to specific threats, integrating NBC preparedness into exercises and warplans, and actively pursuing coalitions designed to deter regional proliferators from threatening to use or using NBC weapons.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Kahan, Jerome H.

  1996-04
• Defense in Decline: A Strategy - Capabilities Mismatch

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  "The Department of Defense budget has been on a steady downward trend since the beginning of the drawdown in l987. The impact of the drawdown is now beginning to show on both readiness and modernization. In the late 1980s, with the breakup of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, it was obvious the U.S. Armed Forces needed to downsize. What was not so clear was how far downsizing should go. Now, with current resourcing levels, we are undermining our ability to deploy robust and flexible military forces as specified in the National Security Strategy and, it can be argued, are mortgaging our future to buy today's readiness."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Hill, Jerry C.

  1996-04
• Panama and the Canal: U.S. Engaging in the 21st Century

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  "The decision to transfer control of the Canal to Panama is history and the transition is already in its final stages. Although this decision is now behind our nation, the important strategic question remains: Do we as a nation continue to have vital national security interests in Panama and the Canal, and are there policies we can formulate to advance these interests? I believe the answer is a resounding 'yes.' The Canal continues to have a vital role in our strategic interests not only in the stability and security of Latin America, but because of expanding trade with the emerging economic giants and international markets of the Pacific Rim, China and the Far East. It affects our global interests as well. The policy objective for our nation in Panama must be to remain effectively engaged in Panama politically, economically and diplomatically to ensure that the Canal and the Republic of Panama remain healthy during the next century. This means that the Canal must remain free and open to world trade, it must be properly maintained and modernized; and toils must be controlled at reasonable levels. Furthermore, Panama must remain democratic and economically independent."

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  Hughes, Robert H.

  1996-04
• Department of Defense Nuclear/Biological/Chemical (NBC) Warfare Defense: Annual Report to Congress, April 1996

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  This document is the 1996 annual report to Congress by DoD's NBC Warfare Defense Program. "The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994, Public Law No. 103-160, Section 1703, mandates the consolidation of all Department of Defense nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) defense programs. As part of this consolidation, the Secretary of Defense is directed to submit an assessment and a description of plans to improve readiness to survive, fight and win in an NBC contaminated environment. This report contains modernization plan summaries which highlight the Department's approach to improve current NBC defense equipment and resolve current shortcomings in the program. Public Law 103-160 has been a critical tool for ensuring the elimination of redundant programs, focusing funds on program priorities, and enhancing readiness. While many problems remain in consolidating the NBC defense program, significant and measurable progress has been made in fulfilling the letter and the intent of Congress. Any dissipation of oversight of the NBC defense program may unravel recent accomplishments in coordinating management throughout the Department and may increase program costs and degrade readiness in the long-term. To date there has been a consolidation of the research, development and acquisition organizations for NBC defense, including the consolidation of all research, development, test and evaluation, and procurement funds for NBC defense."

  United States. Department of Defense

  1996-04
• Information Operations: Wisdom Warfare for 2025

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  The information operations architecture of 2025 consists of thousands of widely distributed nodes performing the full range of collection, data fusion, analysis, and command functions, all linked together through a robust networking system. Data will be collected, organized into usable information, analyzed and assimilated, and displayed in a form that enhances the military decision maker's understanding of the situation. The architecture will also apply modeling, simulation, and forecasting tools to help commanders make sound choices for employing military force. This architecture allows the United States (US) armed forces to conduct Wisdom Warfare. Somewhere in the workplace, in a vehicle, or on the person there will be a link to the sensors, transmitters, receivers, storage devices, and transformation systems that will provide, in push or pull fashion, all the synthesized information needed to accomplish the mission or task. To realize this capability in 2025, America's armed forces will have to alter the way they do business. Doctrinal and organizational changes will have to overcome institutional biases and orchestrate the development of an open architecture. The commercial market's lead in information technology development must be leveraged. In addition, new approaches to computing, as well as advancements in processing speeds and capacity, artificial intelligence (AI), software development, and networking must be investigated. To win in 2025, the armed forces of the United States will require an information operations architecture that uses information better and faster than its adversaries. This architecture must be effective across the spectrum of military operations and in any alternate future.

  Air University (U.S.). Press

  Murphy, Edward F., 1947-; Bender, Gary C.; Schaefer, L. J. (Larry J.), 1957-

  1996-04
• Arms Control and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: How Will They Impact U.S. Deterrence in the New World Order?

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  In the absence of a superpower balance, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) are rapidly proliferating. As U.S. defense resources shrink, options to address the new WMD threat are also shrinking. These dynamics are changing the role of Arms Control (AC) and U.S. deterrent strategy. This paper analyzes the relationship between proliferation of WMD, AC, and the status of U.S. deterrent forces in the new world order. It argues that motives to proliferate are to strong to be overcome by AC, but that AC can play a positive role in improving U. S. and International security. Further it argues that regardless of its efficacy that AC is unavoidable; and that U.S force structure decisions are driven by our perception of the threat, not AC agreements or actions.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Beckman, Randy R.

  1996-04
• Expanding Role of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Premises Liability

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  "Victims of crime are seeking compensation from owners and managers of the properties on which crime takes place with increasing frequency. These cases, commonly known as premises liability cases, are based on allegations made by the victim that the property owner failed to provide adequate security and thereby contributed to the occurrence of the crime. Claims of inadequate security include systemic, organizational, human, and environmental design flaws. It is further alleged in these cases that the crime that occurred was foreseeable and that the defendant had a legal duty to provide adequate security. This Research in Brief discusses the connection between premises liability and CPTED by first explaining the historical evolution of the legal basis for premises liability and then offering illustrations of how CPTED has become a factor in court cases."

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  Gordon, Corey L., 1956-; Brill, William

  1996-04
• Maritime Security Report [April 1996]

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  This quarterly report on maritime security deals with Cargo Theft, Stowaways and finally port security in Vietnam. United States' port cities and their hinterland areas are experiencing dramatic increases in the theft and in-transit hijacking of entire containers and trailers. For example: Cargo theft incidents are occurring most frequently in Florida, California, New York, and New Jersey; Industry estimates cargo theft losses in U.S. exceed $10 billion and average one-half million dollars per incident, and; FBI assesses the cargo theft problem to constitute a serious threat to the flow of commerce in the United States. The risk for ports and ocean carriers is being elevated by the forced migration of millions of people worldwide, now classified as refugees. Adding to that risk is the increased use of containers in organized criminal conspiracies to smuggle transnational asylum seekers to the West. Consequences include: Stowaways disrupt service, cause direct costs and revenue losses for container vessel operators, and jeopardize international commerce, and; Stowaways have posed a threat to crew and safe operation of the ship, and often have died during the voyage. The ports of Vietnam are vulnerable to being used by sophisticated smuggling schemes which rely on concealment of narcotics in shipments of commercial containerized maritime trade. They are utilizing front companies or exploiting legitimate shippers in the process. Also: Southeast Asia's explosive growth in containerized maritime trade is causing port congestion and inefficiencies exploited by smugglers, and; Removal of customs restrictions on cross-border trade, proposed by commercial interests, will create more opportunities for smugglers.

  United States. Department of Transportation

  1996-04
• Role of the U.S. Civilian Authorities and Military Forces in the Battle Against Terrorism

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  Terrorism is increasingly in the news. The United States, as the preeminent world power, will become increasingly a target of terrorist acts. This paper analyzes the role of the U.S. Civilian Authorities and Military Forces in the battle against terrorism. It reviews U.S. policy and lead agency responsibilities as well as the impact on international law and American Civil liberties. It reviews current and possible future threats and makes recommendations regarding proactive measures the U.S. should be taking now to prevent successful terrorist attacks.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Giancarlo, Guy A.

  1996-04
• Third Wave: What the Tofflers Never Told You

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  Although much of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) debate centers on the notion that the Information Age represents a Third Wave paradigm shift, the Information Age is only one of the components of the Third Wave. The Third Wave is marked not by a paradigm shift, but the utter lack of a paradigm. Discussions about the RMA (or, as it is increasingly being called, Revolution in Security Affairs, as some call it) should reflect the specific conditions existing in the Third Wave, in this regard, the Tofflers' analysis is incomplete.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Czerwinski, Thomas J.

  1996-04
• Communications and Intelligence: Why Can't We Get Along?

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  "Despite the historical antagonism between the communications and intelligence communities, shrinking budgets, interoperability issues and a requirement to let intelligence drive operations in the information age will force the two professions to call a truce […]. Intelligence information in national security and on the battlefield has always played a critical role. The unique nature of intelligence information however has created a longtime anathema between it and the communications community. The genesis can be traced to three causes encompassing special handling requirements; vast amounts of data with timely dissemination requirements; and available circuit prioritization. The chasm between the two communities has resulted in stovepipe communications infrastructures supporting unique intelligence requirements. The results of these stovepipes are lack of interoperability and wasted dollars in a declining resource environment. Finally, communicators have born the brunt of the intelligence community's criticism in the area of circuit prioritization when indeed the responsibility lays with the commander. The vogue answer to these problems has been to combine intelligence organizations with communications organizations (e.g. C4I) to ensure adequate support to the intelligence community […]. Organizational changes providing for the combination of intelligence and communication agencies (e.g. HQMC C4I, ASD/C3I etc.) are not the answer to coordination and support of intelligence communications requirements within the C3 community. Communications requirements, regardless of which function supported (e.g. logistics, C2 etc.), should be consolidated under the technical management of communications agencies or staffs (i.e. DISA, J6/G6/N6). Additionally, although the commander is doctrinally responsible for the prioritization of all communications in support of functional areas, reports in various lessons learned indicate we rarely hold him accountable for same."

  Marine Corps Command and Staff College (U.S.)

  Tubridy, Lisa

  1996-04
• Creating Defensible Space

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  All Defensible Space programs have a common purpose: They restructure the physical layout of communities to allow residents to control the areas around their homes. This includes the streets and grounds outside their buildings and the lobbies and corridors within them. The programs help people preserve those areas in which they can realize their commonly held values and lifestyles. Defensible Space relies on self-help rather than on government intervention, and so it is not vulnerable to government's withdrawal of support. It depends on resident involvement to reduce crime and remove the presence of criminals. It has the ability to bring people of different incomes and race together in a mutually beneficial union. For low-income people, Defensible Space can provide an introduction to the benefits of main-stream life and an opportunity to see how their own actions can better the world around them and lead to upward mobility. This document aims to continue the growth and evolution of Defensible Space as both a criminological concept and a proven strategy for enhancing our Nation's quality of urban life.

  United States. Department of Housing and Urban Development

  Newman, Oscar.

  1996-04
• Operational Considerations for Highrise Firefighting

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  "This report first provides a brief overview of several major highrise fires that have occurred over the past decade. […] The lessons learned from these and other highrise fires have established that automatic sprinklers are the most effective way to prevent a major highrise fire. Fire departments must work to ensure that all highrise fire protection systems are tested regularly and function properly. They must prepare for the challenges of highrise fires by developing distinct standard operating procedures for highrise incidents and conducting realistic training. […] Firefighters must rely on the built-in fire protection systems to help them control a fire and protect occupants. It is essential for highrise building fire protection systems to work properly. Several major fires have occurred in highrise buildings where fire protection systems failed to work properly, creating situations where some of the most experienced and well- equipped fire departments could not control the fires. Several of these fires presented extremely challenging tactical and logistical problems."

  United States Fire Administration

  Bush, Reade; Routley, J. Gordon

  1996-04
• Environmental Scarcity as a Cause of Violent Conflict

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  "Gulf War images of oil soaked birds and burning oil wells continue to generate academic research on the environment as both a victim and a weapon of war. The resulting literature has sensitized policy makers and military leaders to the environmental costs of conflict and military preparedness. Regrettably, this narrow focus obscures a potentially more ominous role for the environment as a cause of conflict. Within the complex web of causality, the increasing scarcity of renewable resources such as fresh water, forests, and arable land portends to be the leading cause of conflict in the 21st century. This monograph proves that environmental scarcity is a cause of violent conflict. Using the Modified Conflict Causality Model and six case studies, the monograph shows that scarcity generates adverse social effects which, in turn, cause violent conflict. After proving causality, the monograph looks at three implications. First, recent Operations Other Than War in Somalia, Rwanda, and Haiti treated the symptoms of scarcity without solving the underlying environmental problems. Consequently, conflicts in those countries are likely to recur, rendering the long-term outcomes of the operations as failures. Second, conflicts arising from environmental scarcity will occur more frequently in the future, threatening U. S. national security interests. Third, doctrine reveals that the Army is unprepared intellectually to contend with scarcity as a cause of violent conflict."

  U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies

  David, William E.

  1996-04
• Journal of Defence Science

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  "The Journal of Defence Science publishes original papers and reviews on subjects of current relevance to the UK Ministry of Defence's research, development, and procurement programmes. Coverage ranges from experimental reports and theoretical discussion to historical accounts and forward-looking analysis. The journal often gives prominence to a particular theme and includes expert papers at a number of levels from state-of-the-art surveys to detailed descriptions of particularly exciting lines of enquiry. This special edition on Network Enabled Capability aims to stimulate debate and push forward the evolution of ideas."

  Command and Control Research Program (U.S.)

  Alberts, David S. (David Stephen), 1942-

  1996-04
• Unintended Consequences of the Information Age Technologies

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  "The purpose of this analysis is to identify a strategy for introducing and using Information Age technologies that accomplishes two things: first, the identification and avoidance of adverse unintended consequences associated with the introduction and utilization of information technologies; and second, the ability to recognize and capitalize on unexpected opportunities."

  Command and Control Research Program (U.S.)

  Alberts, David S. (David Stephen), 1942-

  1996-04
• Brazilian Armed Forces Role in Pursuing National Interests

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  "Brazil is a large country, with a democratic system and a political tradition of an Executive with broad powers. By virtue of the nation's history, the military units are spread throughout the national territory. By law, the Armed Forces (AF) have a double role: national security and participation in domestic governmental activities. This paper displays how the Brazilian AF currently balances the constitutional obligations of security and participation in social projects".

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Cruz, Carlos A.S.

  1996-04
• Terrorism and Drug Trafficking: Threats and Roles of Explosives and Narcotics Detection Technology, Briefing Report to Congressional Requesters

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  "The intelligence community believes that the threat of terrorism within the United States has increased. Unclassified reporting indicates changes in the pattern of terrorism. Although no specific aviation threat is known, experts believe that aviation is likely to remain an attractive target for terrorists. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), terrorist attacks could come from groups that are difficult to infiltrate and control. Information was uncovered in January 1995 about plans by such a group for multiple attacks on specific U. S. flights in Asia. Narcotics trafficking is a continuing concern. While cocaine has been the primary threat since 1985, heroin is becoming more of a threat. The intelligence community believes traffickers are presently most active on the Southwest border of the United States and use vehicles such as cars, trucks, and tractor-trailers carrying containers to smuggle narcotics. In 1994, the State Department reported that attacks by state-sponsored, secular terrorist groups declined, but attacks increased from radical fundamentalist groups, who operate more autonomously."

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1996-03-27
• Future of Airborne Reconnaissance

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  "Airborne reconnaissance has progressed rapidly, hand in hand with technology; however, current investments and plans fall short of fulfilling the future role of aerial reconnaissance in supporting the United States' national security and the intelligence requirements of the warfighter. Historical deficiencies and current shortfalls, including an inadequate force structure (lack of commonality between service platforms, sensors, and ground stations), poor dissemination architectures, and a disjointed tasking process require changes in the four pillars that embody airborne reconnaissance: equipment, doctrine, organization, and training." -- Thesis

  Marine Corps Command and Staff College (U.S.)

  Gentile, Keith E.

  1996-03-27
• OSCE: New Tasks and Options in the XXI Century

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  "Significant changes in political, security and economic affairs are taking place in Europe. They will have tremendous influence on the future order in this part of the world. Europe is especially discussing a new cooperative security structure. This study is designed to provide a overview of possible developments of the OSCE, its functions, and consider its future as Europe moves into the XXI Century. It does not deal with the historical and political background of CSCS and OSCE."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Commenda, Othmar

  1996-03-22
• Strategy Turned Upside Down: The Bottom-Up Review and the Making of U.S. Defense Policy

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  The Bottom-Up Review's mandate was to conduct a 'comprehensive review of the nation's defense strategy, force structure, modernization, infrastructure, and foundations.' Sadly, these high goals were not achieved. The steering committee correctly described the post-Cold War environment that the U. S. faces, but proceeded to propose a military force ill-designed to confront the four dangers identified: proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; democratic reform in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union; dangers to the U.S. economy; and, the threat of regional aggressors. Only the threat posed by regional aggression is confronted by the BUR force. This paper reviews the rationale behind the review, the politics behind the process, the implications of review recommendations and proposes other considerations for achieving U.S. national security objectives not addressed adequately by the Bottom-Up Review.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Ringgold, Timothy D.

  1996-03-21
• Presidential Decision Directive: Nuclear Scientific and Technical Cooperation with Russia Related to Stockpile Safety and security and comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Monitoring and Verification

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  "This Presidential Decision Directive establishes and directs the implementation of U.S. policy on nuclear scientific and technical cooperation with Russia related to stockpile safety and security and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) monitoring and verification."

  United States. White House Office; National Security Council (U.S.)

  1996-03-21
• Secretary of the Army's Task Force on Extremist Activities: Defending American Values

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  "The Task Force concludes that there is minimal evidence of extremist activity in the Army. However, other areas of concern were identified. While leaders and soldiers perceive that extremist activity is minimal in the Active Army, all soldiers agree that the Army is no place for extremists. Extremist groups are visible and active in communities outside some Army installations; however, local law enforcement authorities state that extremist groups do not seem to be specifically targeting soldiers for recruitment. The Army regulation on participation in extremist organizations is misunderstood and to soldiers and junior leaders. Existing Army training programs and assessment tools do not adequately address extremism. Gang-related activities appear to be more pervasive than extremist activities on and near Army installations and are becoming a significant security concern for many soldiers. Existing open installations combined with less regulated barracks policies have degraded the commander's knowledge about potential illegal activities after duty hours."

  United States. Department of the Army

  1996-03-21
• Executive Order 12992: President's Council on Counter-Narcotics

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  This executive order establishes the President's Council on Counter-Narcotics. It provides a list of membership, as well as an outline of its functions.

  United States. Office of the Federal Register

  Clinton, Bill, 1946-

  1996-03-15