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Public Safety Officers' Benefits (PSOB) and Public Safety Officers' Educational Assistance (PSOEA) Programs [Updated May 27, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Public Safety Officers' Benefits (PSOB) program provides cash benefits to federal, state, and local law enforcement officers; firefighters; employees of emergency management agencies; and members of emergency medical services agencies who are killed or permanently and totally disabled as the result of personal injuries sustained in the line of duty. The Public Safety Officers' Educational Assistance (PSOEA) program, a component of the PSOB program, provides higher-education assistance to the children and spouses of public safety officers killed or permanently disabled in the line of duty. The PSOB and PSOEA programs are administered by the Department of Justice (DOJ), Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA). However, claimants dissatisfied with denials of benefits may pursue administrative appeals within DOJ and may seek judicial review before the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Szymendera, Scott
2020-05-27
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Presidential Removal of IGs Under the Inspector General Act [May 22, 2020]
From the Document: "President Trump has recently removed or replaced a number of acting and permanent Inspectors General (IGs), including the Intelligence Community IG, the State Department IG, and acting IGs at the Department of Transportation and Department of Defense. These actions have stirred both immediate concern by some within Congress and a larger conversation on IG independence. While governing statutes provide that IGs are intended to be 'independent and objective units' tasked with auditing and investigating agency programs, they are not entirely insulated from presidential influence. In most cases it is the President that both selects and removes IGs, subject to checks on that authority discussed below."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Garvey, Todd
2020-05-22
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Possible Withdrawal of U.S. Peacekeepers from the Sinai Peninsula [May 25, 2020]
From the Document: "U.S. Secretary of Defense Mark Esper reportedly is considering withdrawing the roughly 450 person U.S. military contingent from the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), an international peacekeeping mission formed in 1981 to monitor the demilitarization of the Sinai Peninsula and supervise the implementation of the historic 1979 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. Explanations for the withdrawal proposal have centered on repositioning U.S. forces globally to better prepare for contingencies related to China and Russia, improved Israeli-Egyptian ties, and concern for the safety of U.S. peacekeepers. In recent years, U.S. forces in the Sinai have faced a heightened risk of terrorist attacks by groups such as the Islamic State's Sinai Province (SP). Israeli officials and the leaders of American Jewish organizations have voiced concern over a possible U.S. withdrawal, asserting that the mission remains important and that U.S. participation and leadership in the MFO is vital for its ongoing success. On May 13, a bipartisan group of congressional committee leaders wrote a letter to the Secretaries of Defense and State arguing against a U.S. withdrawal, stating that a U.S. force contribution to the MFO is critical to encouraging other countries to participate."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell
2020-05-25
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Recent Presidential Trade Actions Affecting the U.S. Power Grid [May 21, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Over the past several weeks, the Trump Administration has taken actions to limit the use of foreign manufactured products in the U.S. power grid. On May 1, 2020, the President declared a national emergency (E.O. 13920) invoking the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) to prohibit certain international transactions for bulk-power system electric equipment used to operate the national grid. On May 4, Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross, announced a new investigation under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 into whether imports of certain large electrical transformers and their parts threaten national security. These actions may suggest a pattern, begun last year, of making use of executive national security authorities to restrict imports of goods that may be used for critical infrastructure (e.g., telecommunications and electrical equipment)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Casey, Christopher A.; Humphreys, Brian E.; Fefer, Rachel F.
2020-05-21
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Presidential Candidate and Nominating Convention Security [May 20, 2020]
From the Introduction: "In 1968, Congress authorized U.S. Secret Service (USSS) protection of presidential candidates following the assassination of Democratic Party presidential candidate Senator Robert F. Kennedy. At that time, a congressional advisory committee (82 Stat. 170) was established to make recommendations to the Secretary of the Treasury on which candidates should be protected. Threats against Presidents and presidential candidates have a long history in the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Reese, Shawn
2020-05-20
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Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 5, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Columbia (SSBN-826) class program is a program to design and build a class of 12 new ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) to replace the Navy's current force of 14 aging Ohio-class SSBNs. The Navy has identified the Columbia-class program as the Navy's top priority program. The Navy wants to procure the first Columbia-class boat in FY2021. Research and development work on the program has been underway for several years, and advance procurement (AP) funding for the first boat began in FY2017. The Navy's proposed FY2021 budget requests $2,891.5 million (i.e., about $2.9 billion) in procurement funding, $1,123.2 million (i.e., about $1.1 billion) in advance procurement (AP) funding, and $397.3 million in research and development funding for the program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-06-05
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Purple Heart: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 4, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Purple Heart is one of the oldest and most recognized American military medals, awarded to servicemembers who were killed or wounded by enemy action. The conflicts 2001 to the present have greatly increased the number of Purple Hearts awarded to servicemembers. Events over the past few years have spurred debate on the eligibility criteria for the Purple Heart. Shootings on U.S. soil and medical conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have prompted changes to the eligibility requirements for the Purple Heart. Some critics believe that these changes may lessen the value of the medal and the sacrifices of past recipients on the battlefield. In the past, efforts to modify the Purple Heart's eligibility requirements were contentious, and veterans groups were vocal concerning eligibility changes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2020-06-04
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U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts [Updated June 5, 2020]
From the Summary: "Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the 'Code of Federal Regulations,' dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. The dates for the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq are included along with the official end date for Operation New Dawn in Iraq on December 15, 2011, and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan on December 28, 2014. Operation Inherent Resolve continues along the Syrian-Iraqi border effective October 15, 2014."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2020-06-05
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Section 230 and the Executive Order on Preventing Online Censorship [June 3, 2020]
From the Document: "On May 28, 2020, President Trump issued the Executive Order on Preventing Online Censorship (EO), expressing the executive branch's views on Section 230 of the federal Communications Decency Act. As discussed in this Legal Sidebar, Section 230, under certain circumstances, immunizes online content providers from liability for merely hosting others' content. The EO stakes out a position in existing interpretive disputes about the law's meaning and instructs federal agencies, including the Department of Commerce, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and the Department of Justice, to take certain actions to implement this understanding. This Legal Sidebar explores the legal implications of the EO. It first briefly describes how courts have interpreted Section 230 before explaining what the EO says. Next, the Sidebar discusses the FCC and FTC's authority to enforce Section 230, focusing on the EO's instructions to these agencies, before concluding with a discussion of how international trade obligations affect the United States' ability to modify Section 230."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
2020-06-03
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Revoking Hong Kong's Preferential Trade Status: Legal Framework and Implications [June 5, 2020]
From the Document: "On May 30, 2020, President Trump announced that his Administration would begin the process of eliminating U.S. policies that provide Hong Kong with special and different treatment from the People's Republic of China (China), including revocation of 'Hong Kong's preferential treatment as a separate customs and travel territory from the rest of China.' The President also indicated the potential to sanction officials from Hong Kong and China directly or indirectly involved in eroding Hong Kong's autonomy. This Sidebar presents the legal framework that currently applies to Hong Kong's status as a separate customs territory from China and several potential implications of such a revocation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hart, Nina M.
2020-06-05
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Venezuela: Overview of U.S. Sanctions [Updated June 2, 2020]
From the Document: "For more than a decade, the United States has imposed sanctions in response to activities of the Venezuelan government and Venezuelan individuals. In response to the authoritarian leadership of Nicolás Maduro, the Trump Administration has significantly expanded sanctions. As of June 1, 2020, the Treasury Department has imposed sanctions on at least 144 Venezuelan or Venezuelan-connected individuals, and the State Department has revoked the visas of hundreds of individuals and their families. The Trump Administration also has imposed sanctions on Venezuela's state oil company (Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., or PdVSA), government, and central bank."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2020-06-02
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Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 [Updated June 3, 2020]
From the Document: "The Trump Administration has conducted multiple investigations under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. §1862, as amended) to determine if certain imports threaten to impair national security. President Trump acted after five separate investigations found potential threats; two additional investigations are ongoing. Prior to the Trump Administration, 1986 was the last time a president imposed tariffs or other trade restrictions under Section 232, based on a 1983 investigation into imports of machine tools. Recent action under Section 232 has generated considerable debate in Congress and at the multilateral level. Some in Congress favor legislative initiatives to amend the congressional delegation of authority."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fefer, Rachel F.; Jones, Vivian Catherine
2020-06-03
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U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America: An Overview [Updated June 5, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Instability in Central America is a pressing challenge for U.S. policy in the Western Hemisphere. Several nations--particularly El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras in the 'Northern Triangle' of Central America--are struggling with widespread insecurity, fragile political and judicial systems, and high levels of poverty and unemployment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Meyer, Peter J.
2020-06-05
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New U.S. Marine Corps Force Design Initiatives [Updated June 5, 2020]
From the Background: "On March 23, 2020, the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) announced a major force design initiative planned to occur over the next 10 years. The Marine Corps aims to redesign the force for naval expeditionary warfare and to better align itself with the National Defense Strategy, in particular, its focus on strategically competing with China and Russia. The Marines intend to eliminate or reduce certain types of units and eliminate some military occupational specialties (MOS). The Marines also plan to reorganize higher echelon Marine formations and get smaller--reducing forces by 12,000 personnel by 2030. Congress in its regulatory, oversight, and authorization and appropriations roles could take interest in this major proposed force design initiative."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2020-06-05
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Voter Registration: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress [June 10, 2020]
From the Document: "Voter registration policies are typically determined by state and local governments, subject to certain federal requirements. Historically, much of the federal policy discussion surrounding voter registration has focused on providing access to registration opportunities.Some federal statutes that primarily address preserving voting access for certain constituencies also include provisions that address voter registration, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA), the Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 (VAEHA), and the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1986 (UOCAVA)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Eckman, Sarah J.
2020-06-10
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Three Strikes, You're Out: Supreme Court to Consider Limit on Prisoner Litigation [Updated June 8, 2020]
From the Document: "'UPDATE: The Supreme Court issued its opinion in Lomax v. Ortiz-Marquez on June 8, 2020. The full Court agreed that '[t]he text of Section 1915(g)'s three-strikes provision refers to any dismissal for failure to state a claim, whether with prejudice or without.''"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lampe, Joanna R.
2020-06-08
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Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy [Updated June 10, 2020]
From the Document: "Venezuela remains in a deep crisis under the authoritarian rule of Nicolás Maduro of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). On January 10, 2019, Maduro began a second term that most Venezuelans and much of the international community consider illegitimate. Congress has enacted legislation affecting U.S. policy on Venezuela, appropriated foreign assistance to support the people of Venezuela and to address the regional migration crisis, and held oversight hearings on U.S. policy toward Venezuela. Since January 2019, Juan Guaidó, president of Venezuela's democratically elected, opposition-controlled National Assembly, has sought to form a transition government to serve until internationally observed elections can be held. The United States and 57 other countries recognize Guaidó as interim president. In early 2020, Guaidó completed an international tour during which he met with President Trump. Thus far, he has proved unable to harness that international support to dislodge Maduro from power."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2020-06-10
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U.S.-Vietnam Relations [Updated June 9, 2020]
From the Document: "Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and Vietnam in 1995, overlapping strategic and economic interests have led the two countries to expand ties across a wide spectrum of issues. The United States is Vietnam's 2 nd largest bilateral trading partner (after China), and Vietnam is the United States' 13 th largest trading partner. Since 2010, the two countries have formed partnerships on many regional strategic and security issues, due in part to shared concerns about China's increased assertiveness in the region. Vietnam is serving as 2020 chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and as a 2020-2021 non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The Trump Administration has identified Vietnam as an important partner in its promotion of a 'free and open Indo-Pacific.' President Trump has held three summits with Vietnamese leaders, most recently in Hanoi in February 2019. The pace and extent of the improvement in bilateral relations is limited by several factors."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Manyin, Mark E.; Martin, Michael F.
2020-06-09
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Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs): Frequently Asked Questions [June 12, 2020]
From the Summary: "Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs) offer a range of services for veterans, servicemembers, dependents, and survivors. Some VSOs may provide programming for veterans in their communities, such as job fairs; others may organize events to raise money for a subset of veterans, such as housing for homeless veterans. Some VSOs train individuals to meet federal regulatory requirements to become accredited representatives who can represent claimants before the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA's) regional offices and its Board of Veterans' Appeals. This report answers frequently asked questions to clarify how VSOs are funded, administered, and connected to the federal government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Breslauer, Tamar B.; Davis, Carol D.
2020-06-12
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USDA's SECURE Rule to Regulate Agricultural Biotechnology [June 12, 2020]
From the Document: "On May 18, 2020, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) published the final rule to revise its regulation of certain genetically engineered (GE) plants and other organisms (85 'Federal Register' 29790). USDA's Sustainable, Ecological, Consistent, Uniform, Responsible, Efficient (SECURE) rule revises the regulations at Title 7, Section 340, of the 'Code of Federal Regulations'. Phased implementation begins in June 2020, with full implementation by October 1, 2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Croft, Genevieve K.; Cowan, Tadlock
2020-06-12
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Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Recent Developments [Updated June 9, 2020]
From the Document: "Established through enacted legislation in 1975 (P.L. 94-163), the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR, 42 U.S.C. §6231 et seq.) was created to reduce the impact of petroleum supply disruptions and to carry out obligations under the International Energy Program (IEP, a multilateral treaty--25 UST 1685--that requires signatories to maintain emergency petroleum reserves). The SPR is authorized to hold up to 1 billion barrels of petroleum products. Physical storage capacity is currently 714 million barrels of crude oil and SPR inventories were 635 million barrels as of April 17, 2020. As U.S. net petroleum imports started declining in the mid-2000s, IEP reserve volume requirements declined as well. As a result, Congress began selling SPR crude oil to pay for other legislative priorities. Since 2015, Congress has enacted seven laws that mandate the sale of 271 million barrels of SPR crude during the period of fiscal year (FY) 2017 through FY2028. Additionally, Congress has authorized SPR oil sales up to $2 billion to pay for SPR facility modernization. Steep and rapid oil price declines in early March motivated suspension of an FY2020 modernization sale. As oil market oversupply increased and prices continued declining, using the SPR to provide some degree of relief to the U.S. oil sector is one policy option that has been explored."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Phillip (Specialist in Energy Policy)
2020-06-09
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Wildfire Statistics [Updated June 9, 2020]
From the Document: "Wildfires are unplanned and unwanted fires, including lightning-caused fires, unauthorized human-caused fires, and escaped prescribed fire projects. States are responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on nonfederal (state, local, and private) lands, except for lands protected by federal agencies under cooperative agreements. The federal government is responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on federal lands. The Forest Service (FS)--within the U.S. Department of Agriculture--carries out wildfire management and response across the 193 million acres of the National Forest System. The Department of the Interior (DOI) manages wildfire response for more than 400 million acres of national parks, wildlife refuges and preserves, other public lands, and Indian reservations. Wildfire statistics help to illustrate past U.S. wildfire activity. Nationwide data compiled by the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) indicate that the number of annual wildfires is variable but has decreased slightly over the last 30 years and that the number of acres burned annually, while also variable, generally has increased. [...] Every year since 2000, an average of 71,300 wildfires burned an average of 6.9 million acres. This figure is more than double the average annual acreage burned in the 1990s (3.3 million acres), although a greater number of fires occurred annually in the 1990s (78,600 on average)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoover, Katie; Hanson, Laura A.
2020-06-09
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State and Local Fiscal Conditions and Economic Shocks [Updated June 10, 2020]
From the Document: "Policymakers' attention to the current economic recession has included its potential effect on state and local governments. This Insight summarizes the underlying forces affecting state and local finances following a negative economic shock, examines tools available to them in response to such forces, and briefly discusses federal assistance offered in recent recessions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Driessen, Grant A.
2020-06-10
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Environmental Effects of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles [June 16, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Increased deployment of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and other alternative-fueled vehicles in the United States could have a variety of effects on energy security, the economy, and the environment. In an effort to address certain environmental concerns, including climate change, some Members of Congress and some stakeholder interest groups have expressed interest in the promotion of these technologies--specifically BEV technologies. Much of this interest has focused on the electrification of passenger vehicles. This focus reflects the fact that, historically, passenger vehicles have dominated emissions (of both greenhouse gases and other air pollutants) in the transportation sector and that passenger vehicles have shorter development and in-use times than other modes of transportation (e.g., aircraft, trains, and ships), and thus can be more readily and systematically addressed. [...] This report discusses and synthesizes analyses of the environmental effects of BEVs as compared to the internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and is part of a suite of CRS [Congressional Research Service] products on electric vehicles and related technology."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lattanzio, Richard K.; Clark, Corrie E.
2020-06-16
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Forecasting Tropical Cyclones: Overview and Issues for Congress [June 16, 2020]
From the Summary: "Timely tropical cyclone forecasts can provide early and accurate warnings to parts of the U.S. coastline vulnerable to tropical cyclone impacts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is the federal agency responsible for tropical cyclone forecasts, including track, intensity, storm surge, and rainfall forecasts. NOAA defines 'tropical cyclones' as tropical depressions, tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes, and the agency makes tropical cyclone forecasts using data from multiple observational tools-- satellites, reconnaissance aircraft, ships, radar, and buoys, among others. Each year, NOAA releases outlooks for three ocean regions--Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and central Pacific. Although the outlooks typically cover all types of tropical cyclones, the agency uses the term 'hurricane' in the outlook title. The north Atlantic and eastern Pacific outlooks include the predicted number of named storms (typically tropical storm strength or stronger), hurricanes, and major hurricanes. The central Pacific outlook forecasts the total number of tropical cyclones expected. NOAA released its 2020 hurricane season outlooks for the Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and central Pacific regions in May 2020. NOAA predicts an above-normal season in the Atlantic, with 13 to 19 named storms, 6 to 10 hurricanes, and 3 to 6 major hurricanes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lipiec, Eva
2020-06-16
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Elder Justice Act: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 15, 2020]
From the Summary: "Elder abuse is a complex issue. As such, it often leads to calls for a multifaceted policy response that combines public health interventions, social services programs, and law enforcement. To address this complexity, the Elder Justice Act was enacted on March 23, 2010, as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA, P.L. 111-148, as amended). The Elder Justice Act is intended to provide a coordinated federal response to elder abuse by emphasizing various public health and social service approaches to prevent, detect, and treat abuse. The Elder Justice Act is Congress's first attempt at comprehensive legislation to address abuse, neglect, and exploitation of the elderly at the federal level."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Colello, Kirsten J.
2020-06-15
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Federal Police Oversight: Criminal Civil Rights Violations Under 18 U.S.C. § 242 [June 15, 2020]
From the Document: "The May 2020 death of George Floyd in police custody and subsequent nationwide protests against the use of force by law enforcement have sparked heightened interest in Congress's ability to prevent and remedy civil rights abuses by public safety officers. Among other existing legal remedies, a provision of the federal criminal code, 18 U.S.C. § 242 (Section 242) makes it a crime for government officials, including law enforcement officers, to subject any person to a deprivation of federally protected rights or impose different punishments based on a person's race. This Sidebar provides an overview of Section 242 before discussing proposals to amend the law, as well as certain legal considerations related to those proposals."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lampe, Joanna R.
2020-06-15
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European Deterrence Initiative: A Budgetary Overview [Updated June 16, 2020]
From the Background: "The European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) is a Department of Defense (DOD) effort to 'enhance the U.S. deterrence posture, increase the readiness and responsiveness of U.S. forces in Europe, support the collective defense and security of NATO allies, and bolster the security and capacity of U.S. allies and partners,' according to the DOD 'European Deterrence Initiative Fact Sheet'. EDI began as the European Reassurance Initiative (ERI) in June 2014. The Obama Administration launched it primarily as an effort to reassure U.S. allies in Europe of a continued U.S. commitment to their security in the wake of Russia's 2014 invasion and occupation of Ukraine's Crimea region and instigation of conflict in eastern Ukraine. As tensions with Russia mounted, the focus of the program broadened from reassuring allies to deterring Russian aggression. DOD began referring to the program as EDI in 2018. Today, EDI is a key funding source for U.S. European Command's (EUCOM) posture adjustments in response to the evolving European security environment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Belkin, Paul; Kaileh, Hibbah
2020-06-16
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Fossil Energy Petroleum Accounts: FY2021 Appropriations [June 16, 2020]
From the Introduction: "In February 2020, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) submitted to Congress its FY2021 Budget Request, including appropriations for the Fossil Energy Petroleum Accounts. These accounts [...] consist of three energy security programs: the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR), and the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserve (NPOSR). The Office of Petroleum Reserves, within the Office of Fossil Energy, manages these accounts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Greenley, Heather L.
2020-06-16
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Federal Housing Policy Responses to COVID-19 [June 16, 2020]
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] global pandemic and resulting economic recession presents many housing challenges, ranging from public health concerns about large populations of unsheltered homeless individuals to the impact of rising unemployment on housing stability. Housing in the United States is primarily a private market function regulated at the state and local level, and states and local governments have implemented a variety of housing policy responses to the pandemic. However, there has been demand for federal action to supplement and support those efforts. In response, the federal government increased its funding for housing programs and made policy changes to protect renters and homeowners and support other housing market participants. In addition to housing-specific interventions, policies such as one-time relief payments to individuals, federal increases to Unemployment Insurance (UI), and some fiscal relief to states and localities may be used directly or indirectly for housing needs. Despite these actions, significant housing challenges remain."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarty, Maggie; Perl, Libby; Jones, Katie
2020-06-16
