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Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs): Frequently Asked Questions [Updated February 10, 2021]
From the Summary: "Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs) offer a range of services for veterans, servicemembers, dependents, and survivors. Some VSOs may provide programming for veterans in their communities, such as job fairs; others may organize events to raise money for a subset of veterans, such as housing for homeless veterans. Some VSOs train individuals to meet federal regulatory requirements to become accredited representatives who can represent claimants before the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA's) regional offices and its Board of Veterans' Appeals. This report answers frequently asked questions to clarify how VSOs are funded, administered, and connected to the federal government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Breslauer, Tamar B.; Davis, Carol D.
2021-02-10
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Wildfire Smoke: Air Quality Concerns and Management [Updated February 10, 2021]
From the Document: "Wildfire smoke can temporarily degrade air quality and harm human health. Some Members of Congress have expressed concern about wildfire health risks, including potential interactions with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. This Insight provides background, discusses federal air quality requirements related to wildfires, and identifies wildfire smoke response programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Shouse, Kate C.
2021-02-10
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Defense Primer: Naval Forces [Updated February 10, 2021]
"U.S. naval forces give the United States the ability to convert the world's oceans--a global commons that covers more than two-thirds of the planet's surface--into a medium of maneuver and operations for projecting U.S. power ashore and otherwise defending U.S. interests around the world. The ability to use the world's oceans in this manner--and to deny other countries the use of the world's oceans for taking actions against U.S. interests--constitutes an immense asymmetric advantage for the United States. As discussed elsewhere (see 'Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design), the size and composition of U.S. naval forces reflect the position of the United States as a Western Hemisphere power with a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemonsin Eurasia. As a result, the U.S. Navy includes significant numbers of aircraft carriers, nuclear-powered attack submarines, large surface combatants, large amphibious ships, and underway replenishment ships."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-02-10
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Foreign Affairs Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) Funding: Background and Current Status [Updated February 10, 2021]
From the Document: "Congressional interest in Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) funding levels has continued as Members debate annual foreign affairs and defense budgets. First used by the foreign affairs agencies in FY2012, a key feature of OCO funds was their effective exemption, like emergency funds, from the discretionary spending limits established by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA, P.L. 112-25). Some Members suggested that OCO's exemption provided agencies with additional budget cushioning and flexibility, allowing defense and nondefense foreign affairs funding to exceed the spending caps. Others criticized the OCO designation, labeling it as a 'slush fund' that provided funds for programs unrelated to contingency operations. The BCA's spending caps ended in FY2021, and it is unclear whether Congress will continue to use the OCO designation as it considers FY2022 appropriations. The foreign affairs agencies last requested OCO funds in FY2018. However, Congress has appropriated $8.0 billion designated as OCO every year since FY2019. It remains to be seen whether or not the Biden Administration will include OCO in its budget requests. While ongoing debate in Congress over OCO may focus on defense spending (which receives the largest share of OCO funds), foreign affairs OCO funding may continue to play a role in consideration of the international affairs budget."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgenstern, Emily M.
2021-02-10
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Recent White House Actions on Immigration [February 10, 2021]
From the Document: "In the past few weeks, the Biden Administration has engaged in a series of executive actions on a range of issues. Some concern the administration and enforcement of federal immigration laws. These immigration-related initiatives purport to revise substantially Trump Administration policies that generally prioritized immigration enforcement activities and restricted the ability of some non-U.S. nationals (aliens) to enter the United States or pursue immigration benefits. [...] This Legal Sidebar provides a brief overview of the Biden Administration's immigration-related initiatives through February 10, 2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.; Santamaria, Kelsey Y.
2021-02-10
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Terrorism in Europe [Updated February 10, 2021]
From the Document: "European governments and the European Union (EU) have grappled with domestic and foreign terrorist groups for decades, but numerous attacks since 2014 have renewed concerns about terrorism and violent extremism in Europe. Despite variances in how terrorist events are defined and tracked, studies indicate that terrorism poses a security threat in many European countries. [...] European countries and the EU are key U.S. partners in the fight against terrorism, and Members of Congress may be interested in European counterterrorism efforts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Martin, Rachel L.
2021-02-10
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 9, 2021: COVID-19 Vaccination Intent, Perceptions, and Reasons for Not Vaccinating Among Groups Prioritized for Early Vaccination -- United States, September and December 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Vaccination Intent, Perceptions, and Reasons for Not Vaccinating Among Groups Prioritized for Early Vaccination - United States, September and December 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-02-09
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Reply Memorandum of the United States House of Representatives in the Impeachment Trial of President Donald J. Trump
From the Introduction: "President Trump's pre-trial brief confirms that he has no good defense of his incitement of an insurrection against the Nation he swore an oath to protect. Instead, he tries to shift the blame onto his supporters, and he invokes a set of flawed legal theories that would allow Presidents to incite violence and overturn the democratic process without fear of consequences. His brief--in which he refuses to accept responsibility for his actions--highlights the danger he continues to pose to the Nation he betrayed. To send a clear message to the Nation and to all future Presidents that efforts to undermine our democracy through violence will not be tolerated, the Senate should convict President Trump and disqualify him from ever holding office again. President Trump's constitutional offense is a matter of public record that cannot be seriously disputed. After spending months propagating the lie that the 2020 election had been stolen from him, President Trump summoned his supporters to a rally in Washington on January 6. He seized on that date--when Congress and the Vice President were to hold a Joint Session to count the Electoral College votes--as his last chance to overturn the election and install himself in the White House for a second term against the will of the majority of Americans."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary
2021-02-09
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S. Doc. 117-2: Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of Donald John Trump: Part III, February 9, 2021
This Senate document outlines Part III of the impeachment proceedings against Donald J. Trump, which includes: Reply Memorandum of the United States House of Representatives in the Impeachment Trial of President Donald J. Trump.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-02-09
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Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers Lumiradx UK Ltd., LumiraDx SARS-CoV-2 RNA STAR Complete
From the Document: "This Fact Sheet informs you of the significant known and potential risks and benefits of the emergency use of the LumiraDx SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] RNA [Ribonucleic acid] STAR [Spliced Transcripts Alignment to a Reference] Complete. The LumiraDx SARS-CoV-2 RNA STAR Complete is authorized for use with upper respiratory specimens collected from individuals suspected of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] by their healthcare provider."
United States. Food and Drug Administration
2021-02-09
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Master Question List for COVID-19 (Caused by SARS-CoV-2) Weekly Report [February 9, 2021]
From the Foreword: "The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is paying close attention to the evolving Coronavirus Infectious Disease (COVID-19) situation in order to protect our nation. [...] [T]he DHS Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T) developed the following 'master question list' that quickly summarizes what is known, what additional information is needed, and who may be working to address such fundamental questions as, 'What is the infectious dose?' and 'How long does the virus persist in the environment?' The Master Question List (MQL) is intended to quickly present the current state of available information to government decision makers in the operational response to COVID-19 and allow structured and scientifically guided discussions across the federal government without burdening them with the need to review scientific reports, and to prevent duplication of efforts by highlighting and coordinating research." This version is from the February 9, 2021 update.
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
2021-02-09
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Transportation Security: Background and Issues for the 117th Congress [February 9, 2021]
From the Summary: "The nation's air, land, and marine transportation systems are designed for accessibility and efficiency, two characteristics that make them vulnerable to terrorist attack. While hardening the transportation sector is difficult, measures can be taken to deter terrorists. The enduring challenge facing Congress is how best to implement and finance a system of deterrence, protection, and response that effectively reduces the possibility and consequences of terrorist attacks without unduly interfering with travel, commerce, and civil liberties. Transportation security has been a major policy focus since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In the aftermath of those attacks, Congress moved quickly to pass the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA; P.L. 107-71), creating the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and mandating that security screeners employed by the federal government inspect airline passengers, their baggage, and air cargo. Despite attention to aviation and transportation security over the past two decades, a number of challenges remain[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elias, Bartholomew; Frittelli, John; Peterman, David Randall
2021-02-09
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World Trade Organization [Updated February 9, 2021]
From the Overview: "The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1, 1995, following the ratification of the Uruguay Round Agreements, and today includes 164 members. It succeeded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), created as part of the post-WWII [World War II] effort to build a stable, open international trading system. The WTO has three basic functions: (1) administering existing agreements; (2) serving as a negotiating forum for new trade liberalization and rules; and (3) providing a mechanism to settle disputes. The multiple WTO agreements cover trade in goods, services, and agriculture; remove tariff and nontariff barriers; and establish rules on government practices that directly relate to trade--for example, trade remedies, technical barriers to trade (TBT), intellectual property rights (IPR), and government procurement. The agreements are based on the principles of nondiscrimination among countries--most-favored nation (MFN) treatment, national treatment, fair competition, and transparency of trade rules and regulations. Some exceptions, such as preferential treatment for developing countries and regional and bilateral trade agreements outside the WTO, are allowed. The GATT/WTO system over time has led to a significant reduction of trade barriers, supported trade expansion and economic growth, and helped manage trade frictions. At the same time, the WTO faces serious challenges."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Fefer, Rachel F.; Fergusson, Ian F.
2021-02-09
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Size of Federal Reserve COVID-19 Programs [February 9, 2021]
From the Document: "In response to the financial and economic disruption caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Federal Reserve (Fed) acted as lender of last resort to broad swaths of the financial system. This Insight presents data on the size of the Fed's response, which peaked at $793 billion in April 2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Labonte, Marc
2021-02-09
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Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA): Section-By-Section Summary [Updated February 9, 2021]
From the Introduction: "The Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940 (SSCRA) provided civil protections and rights to individuals based on their service in the U.S. Armed Forces. Congress enacted the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA) in 2003 in response to the increased deployment of Reserve and National Guard military and as a modernization and restatement of the protections and rights previously available to servicemembers under the SSCRA. The SCRA has been amended since its initial passage, and Congress continues to consider amendments from time to time. Most recently, Congress has enacted amendments to extend certain benefits to the spouses of servicemembers, and to provide relief from rental agreements made superfluous due to the stop movement orders issued by the Secretary of Defense to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer K.
2021-02-09
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House Conferees: Restrictions on Their Authority [Updated February 9, 2021]
From the Document: "To resolve differences between House and Senate versions of a measure, Congress can establish a conference committee, composed of a House and a Senate delegation (often referred to as conferees). Its task is to propose a final version of the measure, referred to as a conference report, for the approval of both houses. This report discusses House rules that restrict the substance of what that chamber's conferees may agree to include in a conference report and how those rules are often waived in modern practice."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Greene, Michael
2021-02-09
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Navy John Lewis (TAO-205) Class Oiler Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated February 9, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the John Lewis (TAO205) class oiler shipbuilding program, a program to build a new class of 20 fleet oilers for the Navy. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's annual ship authorization and funding requests for the program. Congress's decisions on this issue could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-02-09
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WTO: Ministerial Delay, COVID-19, and Ongoing Issues [Updated February 9, 2021]
From the Overview: "Due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Trade Organization (WTO) postponed its 12th Ministerial Conference (MC12) planned for June 2020. The biennial meeting, which usually involves active U.S. participation, was widely anticipated as an action-forcing event for the WTO amid serious challenges facing the multilateral trading system. Some members had hoped key results for ongoing negotiations could help bolster the WTO's relevance. In addition, a dispute settlement crisis continues, with the Appellate Body ceasing to operate in December 2019, and no consensus on solutions. Broader reforms of the institution also remain under active discussion, including some U.S. proposals. While MC12 and other meetings were suspended, members are attempting to continue some WTO operations virtually. Members also face final selection of a new WTO Director-General (DG). The post has been vacant since fall 2020, after the Trump Administration objected to Nigeria's Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the candidate who had received the majority of WTO member support. In early February, the Biden Administration announced support for her candidacy, removing a major obstacle to her appointment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Fefer, Rachel F.; Fergusson, Ian F.
2021-02-09
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Russia: Opposition Crackdown and U.S. Policy [February 9, 2021]
From the Document: "A crackdown on anti-corruption activist Alexey Navalny and protesters supporting him has drawn increased attention to human rights abuses in Russia under President Vladimir Putin. U.S. officials and Members of Congress have condemned an August 2020 nerve agent attack on Navalny, his January 2021 imprisonment, and the suppression of pro-Navalny demonstrations. The Biden Administration and international partners are expected to respond further to Russian human rights abuses and the apparent use of a chemical weapon."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Welt, Cory
2021-02-09
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Justice for United States Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Act: Eligibility and Funding [Updated February 9, 2021]
From the Document: "Since 1996, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) has authorized U.S. courts to order state sponsors of terrorism--namely, Iran, North Korea, Cuba, and Syria, and previously Libya, Iraq, and Sudan--to pay monetary damages to terrorism victims. Courts have since awarded an estimated $150 billion against these states. Although these states have largely not participated in this litigation at the merits phase, some of these states have appeared in court to attempt to prevent plaintiffs from collecting their assets."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer
2021-02-09
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U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated February 8, 2021]
From the Summary: "In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS formed an element of the Trump Administration's confrontational overall approach toward China and its efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP). China's actions in the SCS in recent years--including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China's claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam--have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. [...] The issue for Congress is whether and how the Biden Administration's strategy for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS [East China Sea] will differ from the Trump Administration's strategy, whether the Biden Administration's strategy is appropriate and correctly resourced, and whether Congress should approve, reject, or modify the strategy, the level of resources for implementing it, or both."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-02-08
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S. Doc. 117-2: Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of Donald John Trump: Part II, February 8, 2021
This Senate document outlines Part II of the impeachment proceedings against Donald J. Trump, which includes: [1] Replication of the United States House of Representatives to the Answer of President Donald J. Trump to the Article of Impeachment; and [2] Trial Memorandum of Donald J. Trump, 45th President of the United States of America.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-02-08
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Replication of the United States House of Representatives to the Answer of President Donald J. Trump to the Article of Impeachment
From the Document: "The House of Representatives, through its Managers and counsel, replies to the Answer of President Donald J. Trump as follows: The House denies each and every allegation in the Answer that denies the acts, knowledge, intent, or wrongful conduct charged against President Trump. The House states that each and every allegation in the Article of Impeachment is true, and that any affirmative defenses and legal defenses set forth in the Answer are wholly without merit. The House further states that the Article of Impeachment properly alleges an impeachable offense under the Constitution, is not subject to a motion to dismiss, is within the jurisdiction of the Senate sitting as a Court of Impeachment, and should be considered and adjudicated by the Senate sitting as a Court of Impeachment."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary
2021-02-08
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Emergency Medical Services Personnel as Vaccinators: Status by State
This document provides the rules for each state differentiating which levels of emergency medical services (EMS) personnel are allowed to administer vaccines.
National Association of State Emergency Medical Services Officials (U.S.)
2021-02-08
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Federal Student Loan Debt Relief in the Context of COVID-19 [Updated February 8, 2021]
From the Introduction: "The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as amended) authorizes the operation of three federal student loan programs: the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) program, the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) program, and the Federal Perkins Loan program. While new loans are currently authorized to be made only through the Direct Loan program, previously made FFEL and Perkins Loan program loans remain outstanding and borrowers of such loans remain responsible for repaying them. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $1.6 trillion in these loans, borrowed by or on behalf of 42.9 million individuals, remained outstanding. [...] This report provides an overview of student loan repayment flexibilities and debt relief provisions that may be available to borrowers facing financial difficulties resulting from the pandemic. It first lists some preexisting loan terms and conditions (authorized through statute and regulations) that may be available to individuals. It then discusses specific administrative and congressional actions taken to address student loan debt in the context of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. The report concludes with a brief description of additional existing authorities that could be utilized to address other aspects of student loan relief."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hegji, Alexandra
2021-02-08
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General State and Local Fiscal Assistance and COVID-19: Background and Available Data [Updated February 8, 2021]
From the Document: "The sudden decline in economic output following the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has significantly altered the fiscal outlook for state and local governments. This report briefly summarizes the background, purpose, and allocation of general fiscal assistance provided to state and local governments during the COVID-19 crisis. Information on more targeted, policy-specific assistance during the COVID-19 outbreak can be found in other CRS [Congressional Research Service] products. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136), signed into law on March 27, 2020, created the Coronavirus Relief Fund (CRF), which provided $150 billion in direct assistance for state and local governments. Table 1 provides total CRF allocations for the 50 states, and Table 2 provides allocations for the territories. A total of $149.5 billion was allocated to eligible governments as of February 4, 2021. As of September 30, 2020, $78.4 billion in CRF payments had been awarded to projects by state, territorial, tribal, and local governments. CRF award data by state and government type are provided in Table 3."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Driessen, Grant A.
2021-02-08
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Mask Mandate: Does the Federal Aviation Administration Have Authority to Require Masks on Flights? [February 8, 2021]
From the Document: "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cautions that although air circulation and filtration systems in passenger aircraft help reduce the spread of most viruses, sitting within six feet of others on flights may still increase the risk of contracting Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thus, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, all major U.S. airlines voluntarily implemented policies requiring passengers and crew to wear face masks during flights. However, some commentators raised concerns that the lack of a federal mask mandate has hindered the airline industry's voluntary enforcement of these requirements. [...] This Legal Sidebar provides a brief overview of the FAA's [Federal Aviation Administration] statutory authority to regulate safety in civil aviation. It then examines whether that FAA authority covers health issues on commercial flights and whether that authority provides a basis for the FAA to mandate the use of masks. This Legal Sidebar focuses specifically on FAA authority over commercial aircraft safety, and does not address FAA authority to mandate masks on non-commercial aircraft or within airports, which may implicate different authorities and considerations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Adkins, Bryan L.
2021-02-08
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Federal Reserve's Response to COVID-19: Policy Issues [Updated February 8, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused widespread disruptions to the economy. The Federal Reserve (Fed) took multiple policy actions in response to the crisis, and Congress took the unprecedented step of providing up to $500 billion to the Treasury to support Fed programs through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136). The Fed acted to promote economic and financial stability in both its monetary policy and its lender of last resort roles. Some of these actions were intended to stimulate economic activity by reducing interest rates, and others were intended to provide liquidity so firms have access to needed funding. The Fed acted as a lender of last resort for banks by making short-term loans through the discount window, which it encouraged banks to access and made the borrowing terms more attractive when the pandemic began. Because foreign banks are reliant on U.S. dollar funding but cannot borrow from the discount window, the Fed has also allowed foreign central banks to swap their currencies for U.S. dollars so that the central banks can lend those dollars to banks in their jurisdictions.Swaps outstanding peaked at nearly $450 billion in May 2020 but have been below $100 billion since August 2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Labonte, Marc
2021-02-08
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Saudi Arabia [Updated February 8, 2021]
From the Document: "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields considerable global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Saudi leaders' domestic and foreign policy decisions have been fueling calls from some U.S. leaders for a reassessment of long-standing bilateral ties. The Al Saud have sought protection, advice, technology, and armaments from the United States, along with support in developing their country's natural and human resources and in facing national security threats. U.S. leaders have praised Saudi cooperation in security and counterterrorism matters and have sought to preserve the secure, apolitical flow of the kingdom's energy resources and capital to global markets. The Trump Administration and some in Congress differed over how to approach U.S.-Saudi ties in light of differences over human rights and the war in Yemen. These issues and Iran policy remain at the top of the bilateral agenda for President Joseph Biden and the 117th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Christopher M.
2021-02-08
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Women in National Governments Around the Globe: Fact Sheet [Updated February 8, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Women and girls make up half of the world's population; however, in most countries, women are underrepresented in the political process at the national level. As this report shows, women currently hold 25.4% of legislative seats around the world, an increase from 12.7% of legislative seats in 1998. As of December 1, 2020, women held 50% or more of the legislative seats in three countries: Rwanda, Cuba, and the United Arab Emirates. At the executive level, at least 29 countries currently have an elected female head of state or government. Since 1960, about 110 women have been elected or appointed as head of the national government in approximately 70 countries. [...] This report provides a global snapshot of women's political participation worldwide by compiling statistics and other information from a variety of sources, including the annual 'Global Gender Gap Report' issued by the World Economic Forum, the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, the 'CIA World Factbook', news reports, and other sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Chesser, Susan G.
2021-02-08
