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Public Law 117-128: Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022

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"An Act Making emergency supplemental appropriations for assistance for the situation in Ukraine for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2022, and for other purposes. [...] For an additional amount for 'Salaries and Expenses', $67,000,000, to remain available until expended, for expenses authorized by section 524(c) of title 28, United States Code, to respond to the situation in Ukraine and for related expenses: 'Provided', That amounts provided under this heading in this Act may not be used to increase the number of permanent positions: 'Provided further', That amounts provided under this heading in this Act may be transferred to, and merged with, other appropriation accounts of the Department of Justice, to respond to the situation in Ukraine and for related expenses: 'Provided further', That amounts provided under this heading in this Act may be used to investigate, seize, detain, forfeit, inventory, safeguard, maintain, advertise, sell, or dispose of any property, real or personal, tangible or intangible, related to Russian aggression, including Russian aggression toward Ukraine, or for any other necessary expense incident to the seizure, detention, forfeiture, or disposal of such property: 'Provided further', That the authorities included in the preceding proviso are in addition to any other authority provided by law."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-21
Defense Primer: Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) Process [Updated May 20, 2022]

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From the Introduction: "Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) is the Department of Defense (DOD) process for allocating resources among the armed services, defense agencies, and other components. The annual process serves as the framework for DOD civilian and military leaders to decide which programs and force management requirements to fund based on strategic objectives. This product describes a notional PPBE process from the perspective of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). In practice, aspects of the process may differ based on current events or leadership preferences. [...] The process is designed to produce DOD's portion of the President's annual budget request to Congress, as well as updates to the department's five-year spending plan, known as the Future Years Defense Program (FYDP). PPBE is one of DOD's three main acquisition-related decision support systems, along with the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) for developing requirements to address capability gaps and the Defense Acquisition System (DAS) for managing acquisition programs."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

McGarry, Brendan W.; Williams, Lynn M.

2022-05-20
Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations [Updated May 20, 2022]

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From the Introduction: "Iran ratified the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1970. Article III of the treaty requires nonnuclear-weapon states-parties to accept comprehensive International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards; Tehran concluded a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the IAEA in 1974. In 2002, the agency began investigating allegations that Iran had conducted clandestine nuclear activities; the IAEA ultimately reported that some of these activities had violated Tehran's safeguards agreement. Following more than three years of investigation, the IAEA Board of Governors reported the matter to the U.N. Security Council in February 2006. Since then, the council adopted six resolutions requiring Iran to take steps to alleviate international concerns about its nuclear program. This report provides a brief overview of Iran's nuclear program and describes the legal basis for the actions taken by the IAEA board and the Security Council."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kerr, Paul K.

2022-05-20
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2685, Understanding Cybersecurity of Mobile Networks Act

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From the Document: "H.R. 2685 would authorize the appropriation of $500,000 for the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) to report on the cybersecurity of mobile service networks to the Congress within one year of enactment. Under the act, the NTIA would be required to consult related agencies and include assessments of mobile service provider cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the report, among other requirements. Based on spending patterns for similar activities, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 2685 would cost less than $500,000 over the 2022-2027 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized amount."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2022-05-20
Response by the White House Council on Environmental Quality to the White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council's Final Recommendations: Justice40, Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool, and Executive Order 12898 Revisions That Were Submitted on May 21, 2021

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From the Introduction: "The primary purpose of this report is to provide CEQ's [Council on Environmental Quality] response to the WHEJAC's [White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council] May 21, 2021 report, Final Recommendations: Justice40, Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool, and Executive Order 12898 Revisions [hyperlink]. Under the delegated authority of President Biden, CEQ is fulfilling a Federal Advisory Committee Act requirement [hyperlink] that states: 'Within one year after a Presidential advisory committee has submitted a public report to the President, the President or his delegate shall make a report to the Congress stating either his proposals for action or his reasons for inaction, with respect to the recommendations contained in the public report.' This report has three sections that correspond to the three main sections of the WHEJAC's May 21, 2021 report. Section I addresses the WHEJAC's recommendations on the Justice40 Initiative [hyperlink], which aims to provide 40 percent of the overall benefits of certain Federal investments--such as those relating to climate change and clean energy--to disadvantaged communities that are marginalized, underserved, and overburdened by pollution. [...] The Biden-Harris Administration has committed to improving transparency in government, and this report is in keeping with that important promise. Ongoing and clear communication between CEQ, the IAC [Interagency Council], and the WHEJAC is critical to the success of our shared efforts and goals. Moreover, this report also provides an opportunity to celebrate many achievements made towards President Biden's ambitious environmental justice agenda. Although much more work remains, the Administration has already begun delivering on the President's historic environmental justice commitments, and the WHEJAC's recommendations have played a critical role in advancing policies that will ensure a cleaner, healthier future for all."

United States. White House Office; Council on Environmental Quality (U.S.)

2022-05-20
U.S. Border Patrol Encounters at the Southwest Border: Titles 8 & 42 [Updated May 20, 2022] [infographic]

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From the Document: "The U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) is part of the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) Customs and Border Protection (CBP). When the U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) encounters a migrant entering illegally between ports of entry, they are processed for removal under Title 8 (immigration law) and asked whether they fear persecution or intend to seek asylum. However, at the start of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in March 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued an order requiring USBP to use an additional procedure at the border under Title 42 (public health code). The policy prohibits the entry of certain migrants to prevent the introduction of COVID-19 into border facilities and the United States. Individuals subject to the order are not held in congregate areas for processing and not given a credible fear interview to pursue the asylum process. Instead they are swiftly expelled to Mexico or their counties of origin. The focus of this infographic is on the Southwest border; migrants arriving at the Northern border between ports of entry are subject to the same processes but make up a small share of total USBP encounters."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Singer, Audrey

2022-05-20
MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, May 20, 2022

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The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Factors Associated with Use of HIV Prevention and Health Care Among Transgender Women -- Seven Urban Areas, 2019-2020"; "Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias Among Adults Aged ≥45 Years -- United States, 2019"; "Rabies in a Dog Imported from Azerbaijan -- Pennsylvania, 2021"; "'Notes from the Field': 'Escherichia coli' O157:H7 Outbreak in Children with 'Clostridioides difficile' Colonization Associated with an Improperly Treated Swimming Pool -- Pennsylvania, June 2021"; and "'QuickStats': Percentage of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Who Felt That Crime Makes It Unsafe to Walk, by Sex and Age Group -- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

2022-05-20
FY2022 National Defense Authorization Act: Context and Selected Issues for Congress [May 20, 2022]

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From the Summary: "The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) is policy legislation typically introduced and reported each year by the House Armed Services Committee (HASC) and the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC). The act primarily sets policy and authorizes appropriations for activities of the Department of Defense (DOD) and national security programs of the Department of Energy (DOE). FY2022 marked the 61st consecutive year for which Congress enacted an annual defense authorization. [...] This report compares authorizations for major defense appropriations titles, programs, and policy matters in the Administration's FY2022 budget request, House-passed and SASC-reported versions of the FY2022 NDAA, and enacted legislation. This report also provides references to other CRS reports that provide in-depth analysis and contextual information on certain defense and foreign policy issues."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

McGarry, Brendan W.

2022-05-20
Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccines to Prevent Severe COVID-19 in Costa Rica: Nationwide, Ecological Study of Hospitalization Prevalence

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From the Abstract: "The Costa Rican COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccination program has used Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Real-world estimates of the effectiveness of these vaccines to prevent hospitalizations range from 90%-98% for two doses and from 70%-91% for a single dose. Almost all of these estimates predate the Delta variant. [...] The aim of this study is to estimate the dose-dependent effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent severe illness in real-world conditions in Costa Rica, after the Delta variant became dominant. [...] This observational study is a secondary analysis of hospitalization prevalence. The sample is all 3.67 million adult residents living in Costa Rica by mid-2021. The study is based on public aggregated data of 5978 COVID-19-related hospital records from September 14, 2021, to October 20, 2021, and 6.1 million vaccination doses administered to determine hospitalization prevalence by dose-specific vaccination status. The intervention retrospectively evaluated is vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech (78%) and Oxford-AstraZeneca (22%). The main outcome studied is being hospitalized." This article was originally published on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [https://publichealth.jmir.org/2022/5/e35054/].

JMIR Publications

Rosero Bixby, Luis

2022-05-20
Confucius Institutes in the United States: Selected Issues [Updated May 20, 2022]

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From the Document: "The People's Republic of China (PRC or China)'s Confucius Institutes offer instruction in Chinese language in universities around the world. The Institutes have been the subject of controversy since appearing on U.S. university campuses in 2005, particularly for their perceived effects on academic freedom and for their lack of transparency. They have attracted further attention during the past several years as the broader U.S.-China relationship has deteriorated. Some Members of Congress and others have alleged that they may play a role in China's efforts to influence public opinion abroad, recruit 'influence agents' on U.S. campuses, and engage in cyber espionage and intellectual property theft. PRC officials have denied such charges, and suggested that the Institutes have become victims of a U.S. 'Cold War mentality.' Supporters of the Institutes have emphasized that they provide Chinese language and cultural programs that benefit students, universities, and surrounding communities, and that such offerings may not otherwise be available. Many U.S. universities have terminated their contracts with Confucius Institutes in the past four years."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Fischer, Hannah

2022-05-20
EMR-ISAC: Infogram, Volume 22 Issue 20, May 19, 2022

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The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "May is Mental Health Awareness Month: New resources for first responders"; "NIST [National Institute of Standards and Technology] competition aims to improve unmanned aircraft in indoor search and rescue scenarios"; "Summary and interactive map of 911 legislation enacted by states in 2021 now available"; "CISA [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]'s 2022 Hurricane Season Preparedness webinar will be held June 1"; "CISA issues Emergency Directive and releases advisory related to VMware vulnerabilities"; "Threat actors exploiting F5 BIG IP CVE-2022-1388"; "Weak security controls and practices routinely exploited for initial access"; "CISA releases analysis of FY21 Risk and Vulnerability Assessments"; "Cyber actors scrape credit card data from US business' online checkout page and maintain persistence by injecting malicious PHP [PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor] code"; and "Guidance on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea information technology workers."

Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)

2022-05-19
Foreign Leaders Addressing Congress [Updated May 19, 2022]

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From the Document: "Foreign leaders are periodically invited to address Congress. The first address by a foreign dignitary occurred on December 10, 1824, when Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette addressed the House. The most recent address took place on May 17, 2022, when His Excellency Kyriakos Mitsotakis, the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic, addressed a joint meeting of Congress. [...] When a foreign leader formally visits the United States he or she is sometimes invited to address Congress. The decision to invite a foreign leader to address Congress has historically been made by the congressional leadership, often in consultation and conjunction with the executive branch. No formal procedure on when or how to issue invitations is codified in law or in House or Senate rules. Not all foreign leaders who visit the United States are invited to address Congress. When a foreign leader is invited to address Congress, the invitation is formally extended by the Speaker of the House on behalf of the House and Senate leadership."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Straus, Jacob R.

2022-05-19
AUKUS and Indo-Pacific Security [May 19, 2022]

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From the AUKUS Overview: "Launched in September 2021, the Australia, United Kingdom (UK), United States (AUKUS) security pact is described by analysts as the most significant security arrangement among the three countries in a generation. Observers say the three allies launched AUKUS as a strategic response to China's growing military capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region (see 'Figure 1'). President Biden stated that AUKUS will 'update and enhance our shared ability to take on the threats of the 21st century' and noted that the three nations 'stood shoulder-to-shoulder' and fought together in two world wars, Korea, and the Persian Gulf. Although international attention initially focused on the proposed transfer of nuclear propulsion technology to Australia, observers say the pact's plan to develop advanced technologies and other military capabilities over the longer term may prove to be equally significant (see CRS In Focus IF11999, 'AUKUS Nuclear Cooperation'). The agreement may also prompt closer cooperation on other security threats. In April 2022, for example, AUKUS leaders committed 'to commence new trilateral cooperation on hypersonics, counter-hypersonics, and electronic warfare capabilities' in response to China's tests of its own hypersonic missiles, which Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark Milley described as 'very concerning.'"

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Mix, Derek E.; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-

2022-05-19
Libya and U.S. Policy [Updated May 19, 2022]

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From the Document: "Eleven years after a 2011 uprising that toppled long-time authoritarian leader Muammar al Qadhafi, Libya has yet to make a transition to stable governing arrangements. Elections and diplomacy have produced a series of interim governments ('Figure 1'), but militias, local leaders, and subnational coalitions backed by competing foreign patrons have remained the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. The postponement of planned elections in 2021, Libyans' continuing lack of consensus over constitutional and legal arrangements, the potential fragility of a United Nations (U.N.)-backed ceasefire, and the reemergence of institutional rivalry threaten Libya's stability and pose challenges for U.S. decisionmakers. Successive U.S. Administrations have sought to prevent Libya from serving as a permissive environment for transnational terrorist groups and have taken different approaches to conflict and competition among Libyans. The Biden Administration supports the holding of new elections in Libya and has used U.S. influence to bolster U.N.-led mediation efforts to that end. Congress has appropriated funds to enable U.S. diplomacy and aid programs, and some Members have called for more assertive U.S. engagement."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Blanchard, Christopher M.

2022-05-19
S. Rept. 117-113: Air America Act of 2021, Report to Accompany S. 407, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, May 19, 2022

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From the Purpose and Summary: "S. 407, the Air America Act of 2022, would qualify the service of employees of Air America, Inc., between 1950 and 1976 as creditable for retirement benefits under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). Employees of Air America served the U.S. government in a covert capacity to help achieve foreign policy objectives during this time period, throughout the Cold War, Korean War, and Vietnam War. The employees lost access to retirement in 1985 when the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) made a change to the Federal Personnel Manual impacting federal contractors, which is how Air America operated publicly. The bill provides a two-year window for Air America employees or their survivors to apply for retirement benefits, including retroactive benefits."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-19
Individual-Level Evaluation of the Exposure Notification Cascade in the SwissCovid Digital Proximity Tracing App: Observational Study

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From the Abstract: "Digital proximity tracing (DPT) aims to complement manual contact tracing (MCT) in identifying exposed contacts and preventing further transmission of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] in the population. Although several DPT apps, including SwissCovid, have shown to have promising effects on mitigating the pandemic, several challenges have impeded them from fully achieving the desired results. A key question now relates to how the effectiveness of DPT can be improved, which requires a better understanding of factors influencing its processes. [...] In this study, we aim to provide a detailed examination of the exposure notification (EN) cascade and to evaluate potential contextual influences for successful receipt of an EN and subsequent actions taken by cases and contacts in different exposure settings.[...] We used data from 285 pairs of SARS-CoV-2-infected cases and their contacts within an observational cohort study of cases and contacts identified by MCT and enrolled between August 6, 2020, and January 17, 2021, in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. We surveyed participants with electronic questionnaires. Data were summarized descriptively and stratified by exposure setting. [...] Our descriptive evaluation of the DPT notification cascade provides further evidence that DPT is an important complementary tool in pandemic mitigation, especially in nonhousehold exposure settings. However, the effect of DPT apps can only be exerted if code generation processes are efficient and exposed contacts are willing to undertake preventive actions. This highlights the need to focus efforts on keeping barriers to efficient code generation as low as possible and promoting not only app adoption but also compliance with the recommended measures upon an EN." This article was originally published on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [https://publichealth.jmir.org/2022/5/e35653].

JMIR Publications

Ballouz, Tala; Menges, Dominik; Aschmann, Hélène E. . . .

2022-05-19
Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Technical Assistance Guide

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From the Document: "President Biden's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law unlocks billions of dollars in opportunity for states, territories, Tribes, and local governments to make a once-in-a-generation investment in our nation's infrastructure. Over 90% of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law's historic funding will be deployed by non-federal partners. The Biden Administration has put together this technical assistance guide to help make it easier for communities across the country to navigate, access, and deploy infrastructure funding that will build a better America. In the past, too many communities have lacked the resources to apply for and deliver transformative infrastructure opportunities. While there are many programs across the federal government dedicated to technical assistance, navigating the vast landscape of programs and resources can be challenging for communities. To ease this burden, the Biden Administration is committed to closing access gaps and making these opportunities transparent and available. The Biden Administration has identified at least $700 million in dedicated funding across more than 65 federal technical assistance programs, focused on helping communities apply for and deploy federal infrastructure funding. This guide will help communities navigate programs and resources that can help them deliver transformative infrastructure projects, using the historic funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. Specifically, this guide provides a list of over 65 technical assistance resources and programs across the federal government to help communities deliver infrastructure projects."

United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary

2022-05-18
CBO Estimate for H.R. 7790, the Infant Formula Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022, as Introduced on May 17, 2022

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This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimate provides discretionary spending estimates for H.R. 7790, Infant Formula Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022. From the Document: "H.R. 7790 would provide supplemental funding for fiscal year 2022 for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to address the current shortage of FDA-regulated infant formula and medical foods in the United States. The legislation would designate that funding as an emergency requirement in keeping with section 4001(a)(1) and section 4001(b) of S. Con. Res. 14 (117th Congress), the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2022."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2022-05-18
Alaska Native Issues: Federal Agencies Could Enhance Support for Native Village Efforts to Address Environmental Threats, Report to Congressional Requesters

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From the Government Accountability Office (GAO) Highlights: "Erosion, flooding, and thawing permafrost can pose environmental threats to lives and infrastructure in Alaska Native villages. According to the United States Global Change Research Program, climate change is expected to exacerbate these threats. GAO identified 10 federal agencies that administer programs that support Alaska Native village efforts to address and build resilience to environmental threats. GAO was asked to review federal efforts to help Alaska Native villages address environmental threats. This report examines (1) information about environmental threats to Native villages; (2) federal funding provided to address such threats, and actions supported by that funding; and (3) opportunities to better support efforts to build resilience to such threats. GAO analyzed federal risk information and obligations data from 10 federal agencies for fiscal years 2016 through 2020; reviewed agency documents and other relevant reports; and interviewed agency officials and representatives from selected Alaska Native villages and tribal organizations. [...] Congress should consider establishing a coordinating entity to assist Native villages facing environmental threats. GAO is also making eight recommendations, including that seven agencies change programs to reduce barriers that hinder Native villages' accessing federal assistance. Six of these agencies agreed with GAO's recommendations, and the seventh agency stated it agreed with the report's findings."

United States. Government Accountability Office

2022-05-18
H. Rept. 117-336, P.1: Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Law Enforcement Training Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 2992, May 18, 2022

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From the Document: "The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 2992) to direct the Attorney General to develop crisis intervention training tools for use by first responders related to interacting with persons who have a traumatic brain injury, another form of acquired brain injury, or post-traumatic stress disorder, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill as amended do pass. [...] H.R. 2992, the ''Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Law Enforcement Training Act'' or the ''TBI and PTSD Law Enforcement Training Act,'' would require the Bureau of Justice Assistance to establish crisis intervention training tools for first responders to recognize and assist individuals with traumatic brain injuries, acquired brain injuries, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The bill would also require the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to study the prevalence of TBI and concussion among first responders."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-18
S. Rept. 117-112: Protecting Indian Tribes from Scams Act, Report to Accompany S. 1880, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, May 18, 2022

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From the Document: "The Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, to which was referred the bill (S. 1880) to direct the Federal Trade Commission to submit to Congress a report on unfair or deceptive acts or practices targeted at Indian Tribes or members of Indian Tribes, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment (in the nature of a substitute) and recommends that the bill (as amended) do pass. [...] The purpose of S. 1880 is to direct the Federal Trade Commission (FTC or Commission) to submit to Congress a report on unfair or deceptive acts or practices targeted at Indian Tribes or members of Indian Tribes and to include information about identifying and avoiding such acts or practices on its website."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-18
H. Rept. 117-335: Public Safety Officer Support Act of 2022, Report to Accompany H.R. 6943, May 18, 2022

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From the Document: "The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 6943) to amend the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to authorize public safety officer death benefits to officers suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder or acute stress disorder, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill as amended do pass. [...] H.R. 6943, the ''Public Safety Officer Support Act of 2022,'' expands the eligibility of certain officers or their surviving family for death and disability benefits as provided for by the Public Safety Officers' Benefits (PSOB) program to include coverage for public safety officers who die by suicide or are disabled as a result of traumatic experiences."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-18
Army's Robotic Combat Vehicle (RCV) Program [Updated May 18, 2022]

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From the Background: "The RCV [Robotic Combat Vehicle] is a vehicle being developed as part of the Army's Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV) family of vehicles. The Army plans to develop three RCV variants: Light, Medium, and Heavy. The Army reportedly envisions employing RCVs as 'scouts' and 'escorts' for manned fighting vehicles to deter ambushes and to guard the flanks of mechanized formations. As originally planned, RCVs are to be controlled by operators riding in NGCVs [Next Generation Combat Vehicles], but the Army hopes that improved ground navigation technology and artificial intelligence (AI) might eventually permit a single operator to control multiple RCVs or for RCVs to operate in a more autonomous mode."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Feickert, Andrew

2022-05-18
Army's Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) System [Updated May 18, 2022]

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From the Document: "The Army's MPF [Mobile Protected Firepower] system is intended to address an operational shortfall: Currently the Army's Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCT) do not have a combat vehicle assigned that is capable of providing mobile, protected, direct, offensive fire capability.... The MPF solution is an integration of existing mature technologies and components that avoids development which would lengthen the program schedule. Operationally, the Army wants the MPF to be able to Neutralize enemy prepared positions and bunkers and defeat heavy machine guns and armored vehicle threats during offensive operations or when conducting defensive operations against attacking enemies. In terms of the Army's overall procurement plans for MPF, The Army Acquisition Objective (AAO) for MPF is 504 vehicles, with 14 MPFs per IBCT. The targeted fielding for the First Unit Equipped (FUE) is Fiscal Year (FY) 2025."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Feickert, Andrew

2022-05-18
Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated May 18, 2022]

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From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, a program carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the Navy that gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program. Congress's decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

O'Rourke, Ronald

2022-05-18
Iraq and U.S. Policy [Updated May 18, 2022]

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From the Document: "Iraq held a national election on October 10, 2021, with voters selecting 329 members for the unicameral legislature, the Council of Representatives (COR). [...] An impasse between competing blocs has delayed the COR's selection of the president since January 2022. [...] It remains to be seen whether the election result and formation talks will reduce the formal influence of Iran-aligned groups who seek to revise or rescind Iraq's invitation to U.S. military advisors to remain in Iraq. A compromise coalition government could emerge that includes or reflects the interests of Iran-backed groups alongside their rivals. Such a government could lower the risk of political violence, but also may make systemic reforms less likely. In assessing the government that emerges in Iraq, Congress and the Biden Administration may weigh the benefits of continued security cooperation and other bilateral ties against risks to Iraq's stability posed by the persistence of patronage politics, corruption, oil dependence, and armed non-state actors."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Blanchard, Christopher M.

2022-05-18
Marine Corps' Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) [Updated May 18, 2022]

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From the Background: "According to the Marine Corps: The Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) is the Corps' next-generation vehicle designed to move Marines from ship to shore ('Figure 1'). Designed to replace the Corps' aging Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV - in service since 1972), the ACV will be the primary means of tactical mobility for the Marine infantry battalion at sea and ashore (Figure 2). The ACV will possess ground mobility and speed similar to the M1A1 tank during sustained operations ashore and have the capability to provide organic, direct fire support to dismounted infantry in the attack. The ACV will support expeditionary mobility capability and capacity with balanced levels of performance, protection and payload. There are currently four ACV variants planned: (1) a Personnel Variant (ACV-P), which can carry three crew members with 13 Marines and two days of combat equipment and supplies; (2) a Command and Control Variant (ACV-C); (3) a Recovery Variant; and (4) a 30-mm [millimeter] Gun Variant. The Marines intend for the ACV to provide effective land and tactical water mobility (ship-to-shore and shore-to-shore), precise supporting fires, and high levels of force protection intended to protect against blasts, fragmentation, and kinetic energy threats. The ACV program delivered initial ACV-P variants in November 2020 and delivered initial ACV-C variants in FY2022. Plans call for delivery of Improved Lethality 30- mm Gun Variants in FY2025 and Recovery Variants in FY2026."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Feickert, Andrew

2022-05-18
S. Rept. 117-111: COVID-19 Home Safety Act of 2021, Report to Accompany S. 116, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, May 18, 2022

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From the Document: "The Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, to which was referred the bill (S. 116) to require the Consumer Product Safety Commission to study the effect of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic on injuries and deaths associated with consumer products, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill (as amended) do pass.[...] The purpose of the bill is to require the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to submit to Congress and make publicly available, within 3 months of the bill's enactment and every 3 months thereafter while the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) public health emergency continues, a report on the effect of the COVID-19 public health emergency on injuries and deaths from consumer products. The CPSC must also collaborate with public media outlets to distribute resource information for increasing home safety during the COVID-19 public health emergency, based on the contents of the report."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2022-05-18
Bridging the Digital Divide: Broadband Workforce Considerations for the 117th Congress [May 18, 2022]

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From the Document: "As classrooms, workplaces, and social activities migrated online during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the digital divide--the gap between those who have access to broadband (i.e., high-speed internet) and those who do not--highlighted the importance of broadband availability. The Federal Communications Commission's (FCC's) Fourteenth Broadband Deployment Report released in January 2021 estimates that 14.5 million Americans lack access to broadband--which the FCC defines as a connection that provides speeds of at least 25/3 megabits per second (Mbps). Since March 2020, Congress has provided $78 billion to address the digital divide and broadband availability."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Rachfal, Colby Leigh

2022-05-18
Statutory Interpretation: Theories, Tools, and Trends [Updated May 18, 2022]

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From the Introduction: "Understanding the theories that govern how judges read statutes can help Congress legislate more effectively. As a practical matter, judicial opinions interpreting statutes necessarily shape the way in which those statutes are implemented. If Congress knows how courts ascribe meaning to statutory text, it might be able to eliminate some ambiguity regarding its meaning by drafting according to the predominant legal theories. [...] To help provide Congress with a general understanding of how courts interpret statutory language, this report begins by discussing the general goals of statutory interpretation, reviewing a variety of contemporary and historical approaches. The report then describes the two primary theories of interpretation employed today, before examining the main types of tools that courts use to determine statutory meaning. The report concludes by exploring developing issues in statutory interpretation. A separate CRS [Congressional Research Service] report explores in more detail the rules and presumptions that govern the construction of common components of federal legislation, such as legislative findings or severability clauses."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Brannon, Valerie C.

2022-05-18

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