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Steganographic Computer Warfare
Computer technology permeates every aspect of our daily operations. As this dependence increases, users become more susceptible to attacks. This threat comes largely from computer viruses, which fall under the Information Warfare domain. Steganography's goal is to conceal information, in plain sight. Although steganography tools have been around for several years, their true potential continues to be explored. This resurgence in steganography combined with the aforementioned computer virus threat raises potential risks. This research attempts to determine strategies that can be used automatically to decode a steganography file. Emphasis is placed on automated techniques and is not specific to any steganography application. The primary objective of this thesis is to explore and assess computer systems' vulnerability to steganographic virus attacks. The results indicate that steganography tools are not conducive to be sole attack weapons. However, the tools combined with other applications could be used to automatically extract the hidden information with minimal user intervention. The research examined the current state of steganography tool capabilities with regard to computer virus implementations. Coupling these two technologies can result in a very deceptive and powerful IW attack and pose a significant risk to the United States government and our national information infrastructure.
Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)
Cochran, Jordon T.
2000-03
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Nuclear Weapons: Opportunities Exist to Improve the Budgeting, Cost, Accounting, and Management Associated with Stockpile Life Extension Program
As a separately organized agency within the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) administers the Stockpile Life Extension Program, whose purpose is to extend, through refurbishment, the operational lives of the weapons in the nuclear stockpile. NNSA encountered significant management problems with its first refurbishment. NNSA has begun three additional life extensions. This study was undertaken to determine the extent to which budgetary, cost accounting, and other management issues that contributed to problems with the first refurbishment have been adequately addressed.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-07
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Contract Management: INS Contracting Weaknesses Need Attention from the Department of Homeland Security
With annual obligations for goods and services totaling $1.7 billion, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) is one of the largest of 23 entities in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). INS's procurement organization will continue to acquire goods and services under DHS. GAO was asked to review INS's contracting processes to assess whether INS has an adequate infrastructure to manage its acquisitions and to determine whether INS is following sound contracting policies and procedures in awarding and managing individual contracts. Because INS has become a significant part of DHS and brings with it a procurement function that needs attention, it is imperative for DHS leadership to address these problems early in the development of the new department.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-07
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Strategic Plan: 2000-2005
This plan outlines objectives and strategies in the agency's four programmatic areas: providing investigative case support, identifying trends and patterns, administering the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), and fostering international cooperation; as well as maintaining efficient and effective management processes. The strategic planning process enables the agency to examine its programs and refine and adjust its objectives and strategies as changing realities require. This effort provides a basis for developing FinCEN's operational plan and helps direct the more efficient allocation of limited resources.
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (U.S.)
2000
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EPA's Response to the World Trade Center Collapse: Challenges, Successes and Areas for Improvement
"This report contains findings that describe problems encountered in responding to the WTC collapse and corrective actions the Office of Inspector General (OIG) recommends. The September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and the environmental aftermath were unprecedented. Airborne dust from the collapse of the towers blanketed Lower Manhattan and was blown or dispersed into many of the surrounding office buildings, schools, and residences. This complex mixture of building debris and combustion by-products contained such ingredients as asbestos, lead, glass fibers, and concrete dust. Responding to this crisis required organizations from all levels of government to coordinate their response efforts and to make critical public health and safety decisions quickly, and without all of the data that decision-makers would normally desire. Unfortunately, this country may experience more terrorist attacks, and a response to such a tragedy could be needed again. Accordingly, we initiated this evaluation, in consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Deputy Administrator, to evaluate EPA's response to September 11. During our evaluation, we sought to answer six specific questions that address how EPA responded and how it could better respond in the future."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of the Inspector General
Beusse, Rick; Gilmore, Dana; Hatfield, James
2003-08-21
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Fiscal Year 2004 Performance Plan: U.S. Department of State
In the years ahead, America's greatest opportunity is to utilize our position of strength to create a world that favors human freedom. This world of growing freedom serves American long-term interests, reflects enduring American ideals, and unites American allies and partners. We strive to help preserve this peace by building good relations among nations around the world and we extend this peace by encouraging free and open societies on every continent. Continuing to meet our foreign policy priorities requires a Department that can look around the corner, anticipating the challenges ahead. We must be able to plan for the next crisis rather than react to its impact. This foresight requires a culture that values planning and an organization committed to its execution. We must state our priorities and targets, being praised when we exceed our goals, and held accountable when we fall short. In the Fiscal Year 2004 Performance Plan, the Department of State describes its accomplishments to date and looks ahead to what we intend to achieve in the coming years.
United States. Department of State
2003-03
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Aviation Safety: Advancements Being Pursued to Improve Airliner Cabin Occupant Safety and Health
"Airline travel is one of the safest modes of public transportation in the United States. GAO addressed (1) the regulatory actions that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has taken and the technological and operational improvements, called advancements that are available or are being developed to address common safety and health issues in large commercial airliner cabins and (2) the barriers, if any, that the United States faces in implementing such advancements. FAA has taken a number of regulatory actions over the past several decades to address safety and health issues faced by passengers and flight attendants in large commercial airliner cabins. GAO identified 18 completed actions, including those that require safer seats, cushions with better fire-blocking properties, better floor emergency lighting, and emergency medical kits. GAO also identified 28 advancements that show potential to further improve cabin safety and health. These advancements vary in their readiness for deployment. Factors that may hinder the implementation of advancements once they are approved for commercial use include the time it takes for (1) FAA to complete the rule-making process, (2) U.S. and foreign aviation authorities to resolve differences between their respective requirements, and (3) the airlines to adopt or install advancements after FAA has approved their use. In addition, FAA's processes for setting research priorities and selecting research projects may not ensure that the limited federal funding for cabin safety and health research is allocated to the most critical and cost-effective projects. FAA also does not typically perform detailed analyses of the costs and effectiveness of potential cabin occupant safety and health advancements."
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-10-03
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Aviation Safety: FAA and DoD Response to Similiar Safety Concerns
Safety of aircraft is a paramount concern in both civilian and military aviation because safety deficiencies can cost lives and equipment and affect mission accomplishment. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the military services often face common safety issues as they oversee the operation of similar aircraft or even dissimilar aircraft that use common parts and materials. Our preliminary work, however, showed that in some cases FAA and the military services have taken different actions to address similar aviation safety concerns. This report recognizes that there could be reasonable explanations for FAA and the military services taking different approaches in addressing such concerns. To shed more light in this area, GAO used a case study approach supplemented by a review of FAA's and Department of Defense's (DOD) aviation safety oversight processes and related interdepartmental communication efforts to (1) examine different responses by FAA and DOD/military services to similar aviation safety concerns and (2) assess the processes used by FAA and DOD1 to communicate information about similar aviation safety concerns. To select case studies for this review, GAO identified aviation safety problems shared by FAA and the military services, selected examples in which FAA and DOD/military services had taken a different approach to solving a similar aviation safety problem or had a need to be informed about such a problem, and discussed potential case studies with FAA and the military services.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-01
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Aviation Assistance: Information on Payments Made Under the Disaster Relief and Insurance Reimbursement Programs
The Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act (the Act) provided, among other things, $5 billion in emergency assistance to compensate air carriers for their direct and incremental losses stemming from the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The Act also authorized the Department of Transportation (DOT) to reimburse air carriers for increases in their insurance premiums. DOT designed and implemented a structured claim review process to help ensure that the $5 billion in disaster relief funds were used only to compensate carriers for their September 11 related losses. A team of DOT accountants, economists, and aviation analysts with support from the department's Offices of the General Counsel and the Inspector General administered the disaster relief program, reviewed carriers' loss claims, and determined carriers' allowable September 11 related losses. The major air carriers claimed losses of $5.6 billion related to the terrorist attacks. Overall, the major carriers recovered approximately 73 percent of their claimed losses. With regard to the insurance reimbursement program, the FAA implemented a systematic review process to determine the increases carriers experienced in their war risk insurance premiums following the terrorist attacks and to reimburse the carriers accordingly. For the major carriers combined, the total annual cost for war risk coverage jumped from approximately $12 million prior to the attacks to more than $700 million immediately afterwards. This jump led to the Secretary of Transportation's determination that war risk insurance was not available commercially on reasonable terms and conditions and thus FAA was authorized to begin temporarily selling war risk coverage to air carriers operating domestic flights.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-09-17
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Securing America's Borders: INS Faces Information Technology Planning and Implementation Challenges
IT management process controls, such as investment management and enterprise architecture management, are recognized indicators of whether an organization, like INS, can successfully develop, acquire, implement, operate, and maintain IT systems and related infrastructure. Together, enterprise architecture management and investment management, respectively, serve to explicitly blueprint the future operational environment, in both business and technology terms, needed for an organization to effectively and efficiently achieve its strategic mission, and to assure adequate senior executive involvement in the crucial capital investment decisions required to effective and efficiently put in place this target environment. This report discusses how INS has yet to implement the set of practices (e.g., policies, activities, abilities, and measures) associated with effective IT investment and enterprise architecture management. As a result, INS is not positioned to know that its ongoing and planned IT investments are the "right things to do," meaning it does not know whether these investments will produce mission value commensurate with costs and risks or whether these investments are superior to competing investment alternatives. Further, INS does not know that these investments are "being done the right way," meaning it does not know whether investments are aligned with an agency wide blueprint (architecture) that defines how the agency plans to operationally and technologically function in the future, and it does not know whether each of its ongoing investments are meeting their cost, schedule, and performance commitments.
United States. General Accounting Office
2001-10-11
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Security: Counterfeit Indentification Raises Homeland Security Concerns, Testimony by Ronald D. Malfi, Director, Office of Special Investigations, before the Committee on Homeland Security
GAO testified about how homeland security is vulnerable to identity fraud. Today, counterfeit identification is easily produced and used to create fraudulent identities. Tests GAO has performed over the past 3 years demonstrate that counterfeit identification documents can be used to (1) enter the United States; (2) purchase firearms; (3) gain access to government buildings and other facilities; (4) obtain genuine identification for both fictitious and stolen identities; and (5) obtain social security numbers for fictitious identities. In conducting these tests, GAO created fictitious identities and counterfeit identification documents. GAO's work leads to three basic conclusions: (1) government officials and others generally did not recognize that the documents presented were counterfeit; (2) many government officials were not alert to the possibility of identity fraud and some failed to follow security procedures and (3) identity verification procedures are inadequate. The weaknesses found during this investigation clearly show that border inspectors, motor vehicle departments, and firearms dealers need to have the means to verify the identity and authenticity of the driver's licenses that are presented to them. In addition, government officials who review identification need additional training in recognizing counterfeit documents. Further, these officials also need to be more vigilant when searching for identification fraud.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-10-01
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Immigration Benefits: Tenth Report Required by the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 1988
This report responds to certain requirements of the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act (HRIFA) of 1998 that authorized certain Haitian nationals and their dependents to apply to adjust their status to legal permanent residence. Section 902(k) of the act requires the Comptroller General to report every 6 months on the number of Haitian nationals who have applied and been approved to adjust their status to legal permanent residence. The reports are to contain a breakdown of the number of Haitians who applied and the number who were approved as asylum applicants, parolees, children without parents, orphaned children, or abandoned children; or as the eligible dependents of these applicants, including spouses, children, and unmarried sons or daughters. Reports are to be provided until all applications have been finally adjudicated. This is GAO's tenth report. Through September 30, 2003, the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), formerly part of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), had received a total of 37,851 HRIFA applications and had approved 11,067 of these applications. The Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) had 1,094 applications filed and had approved 273 of them.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-10-17
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Guideline on Network Security Testing: Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
"Securing and operating today's complex systems is challenging and demanding. Mission and operational requirements to deliver services and applications swiftly and securely have never been greater. Organizations, having invested precious resources and scarce skills in various necessary security efforts such as risk analysis, certification, accreditation, security architectures, policy development, and other security efforts, can be tempted to neglect or insufficiently develop a cohesive, well-though out operational security testing program. This guide stresses the need for an effective security testing program within federal agencies. Testing serves several purposes. One, no matter how well a given system may have been developed, the nature of today's complex systems with large volumes of code, complex internal interactions, interoperability with uncertain external components, unknown interdependencies coupled with vendor cost and schedule pressures, means that exploitable flaws will always be present or surface over time. Accordingly, security testing must fill the gap between the state of the art in system development and actual operation of these systems. Two, security testing is important for understanding, calibrating, and documenting the operational security posture of an organization. Aside from development of these systems, the operational and security demands must be met in a fast changing threat and vulnerability environment. Attempting to learn and repair the state of your security during a major attack is very expensive in cost and reputation, and is largely ineffective. Three, security testing is an essential component of improving the security posture of your organization."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Tracy, Miles C.; Wack, John P.; Souppaya, Murugiah
2003-10
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Guide to the Technologies of Concealed Weapon and Contraband Imaging and Detection
The purpose of the Guide is to provide information that will help members of the law enforcement and corrections community, who are present or potential users and operators of CWCIDSs, better understand the operation, limitations, and applicability of CWCIDS technology to their specific application and to provide an overview of the state of development in the CWCIDS for the mutual benefit of all interested parties. Some of the CWCIDSs are still under development and are included here for completeness. This Guide focuses on CWCIDSs that are intended for use on humans; that is, for detection of contraband and weapons concealed on human bodies. Accordingly, this Guide contains a technical review and discussion only of the various technologies that are being used or developed for concealed weapon and contraband imaging and
detection on humans. A discussion of the limitations of these systems is provided, as are potential applications and general application-specific considerations. This discussion is also limited to the CWCIDS that use electromagnetic or acoustic phenomena for detection.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Paulter, Nicholas G.
2001-02
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Project Megiddo
The following report, entitled "Project Megiddo," is intended to analyze the potential for extremist criminal activity in the United States by individuals or domestic extremist groups who profess an apocalyptic view of the millennium or attach special significance to the year 2000. The purpose behind this assessment is to provide law enforcement agencies with a clear picture of
potential extremism motivated by the next millennium. The report does not contain information on domestic terrorist groups whose actions are not influenced by the year 2000.
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2000
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Strategic Plan: 1997-2002
Protection of the financial system against crime is an essential task of the
Department of the Treasury. One of the most important of those crimes is money
laundering. Money laundering--whether by narcotics traffickers, weapons smugglers, or those engaged in fraud--fuels the engine of crime. It also corrupts the financial institutions and economies of which money launderers make use. The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) works to make the
prevention, detection, and prosecution of money laundering more effective by
adding to the knowledge and resources that law enforcement and regulatory
agencies can use to fight financial crime.
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (U.S.)
1997
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Chemical and Biological Defense: U.S. Ability to Meet Protective Suit Inventory Requirements Faces Risk
Department of Defense (DOD) officials have identified an increasing likelihood that an adversary will use chemical or biological weapons against U.S. forces. Therefore, GAO sought to determine (1) if DOD has a sufficient number of protective suits to meet its stated wartime requirement and (2) if DOD's acquisition approach has affected the risk associated with having insufficient suits. DOD does not have a sufficient number of protective suits to meet its official wartime requirement. Calculating the shortage accurately is complicated by DOD's reliance on outdated assumptions to determine wartime consumption rates. Although DOD is taking action to improve the management of its suit inventory, DOD's existing systems are still unable to provide an accurate accounting, which adversely affects the ability to determine the number of new suits required. DOD's current acquisition approach increases the risk of not having sufficient suits to meet wartime needs. This is occurring because: (1) inconsistent and unpredictable annual funding for suits tends to perpetuate the current cycle of large numbers of suits expiring in some future years; (2) reliance on sole-source, foreign-based suppliers for critical suit components potentially threatens the supply of these components; (3) the ability of suit manufacturers to sustain surge production levels is unclear; (4) in the event of a major conflict, a delay will likely occur between the time current inventories are exhausted and suit manufacturers can surge production sufficiently to meet wartime needs; and (5) DOD does not maintain a stockpile of the critical suit components.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-09-01
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Information Technology: FBI Needs an Enterprise Architecture to Guide Its Modernization Efforts
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is in the process of modernizing its information technology (IT) systems. GAO was requested to conduct a series of reviews of the FBI's modernization management. The objective of this first review was to determine whether the FBI has an enterprise architecture to guide and constrain modernization investments. About 2 years into its ongoing systems modernization efforts, the FBI does not yet have an enterprise architecture. An enterprise architecture is an organizational blueprint that defines how an organization operates today, intends to operate in the future, and intends to invest in technology to transition to this future state. GAO's research has shown that attempting to modernize an IT environment without a well-defined and enforceable enterprise architecture risks, among other things, building systems that do not effectively and efficiently support mission operations and performance. While the bureau did recently designate a chief architect and select an architecture framework to use, it does not yet have an agency architecture policy, an architecture program management plan, or an architecture development methodology, all of which are necessary components of effective architecture management. Given the state of the FBI's enterprise architecture management efforts, the bureau is at Stage 1 of GAO's enterprise architecture management maturity framework. Organizations at Stage 1 are characterized by architecture efforts that are ad hoc and unstructured, lack institutional leadership and direction, and do not provide the management foundation necessary for successful architecture development and use as a tool for informed IT investment decision making.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-09-25
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Managing the Emergency Consequences of Terrorist Incidents: Interim Planning Guide for State and Local Governments
This guide is designed to aid state and local emergency planners in developing and maintaining a Terrorist Incident Appendix (TIA) to an Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) for managing the consequences of terrorist incidents that involve weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and other terrorism hazards. The development of a consistent and lasting emergency response is critical in the maintenance of proper response standards, as well as acceptable public safety.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2002-07
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Military Training: Strategic Planning and Distributive Learning Could Benefit the Special Operations Forces Foreign Language Program
More than 28 percent of the special operations forces (SOF), have a foreign language requirement to operate in places where English is not spoken. In this report, GAO (1) assesses the U.S. Special Operations Command's recent actions to improve the management of the SOF foreign language program and the delivery of training, and (2) identifies ways for the command to deal with ongoing challenges that limit SOF personnel's access to language-training opportunities. Recent actions taken by the U.S. Special Operations Command are starting to address some long-standing problems with the management of the SOF foreign language program and the delivery of language training. In September 2002, the command consolidated all training under a single contractor to provide a universal, standardized curriculum and a range of delivery mechanisms for Army, Navy, and Air Force SOF components. In other actions, the program is completing an overdue assessment of SOF language requirements, developing a database of language proficiencies and training, and finding ways to take advantage of other national language-training assets. The SOF foreign language program, however, continues to face challenges, such as more frequent and longer deployments, that limit personnel's access to language training. Army Reserve and National Guard SOF members face additional difficulties in gaining access to centrally located training because of geographical dispersion and part-time status; they also have lower monetary incentives to acquire language proficiencies and fewer training opportunities. As a result, most SOF personnel have been unable to take needed training or required tests to qualify in their respective language(s).
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-09-30
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Human Capital: DHS Personnel System Design Effort Provides for Collaboration and Employee Participation
The success of the transformation and implementation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is based largely on the degree to which human capital management issues are addressed. GAO was asked to describe the process DHS has in place to design its human capital system and involve employees, and analyze the extent to which this process reflects elements of successful transformations. The effort to design a human capital management system for DHS generally reflects seven important elements of effective transformations. (1) Leadership: One of the strengths of the effort to transform the culture of organizations going into DHS has been the on-going commitment of both DHS and Office of Personnel Management (OPM) leaders to stimulate and support the effort to design a human capital system. (2) Strategic Goals: DHS is currently developing a strategic plan. (3) Key Principles: The DHS Secretary and OPM Director outlined four principles to serve as a critical framework for the human capital system. (4) Timeline: Agency officials established an ambitious 9- to 10-month timeline for completing the design process, aiming to issue final regulations in early 2004. 5) Design Team: The design team includes staff from multiple organizational units within DHS, OPM, and the three major unions. (6) Communication: DHS recently finalized a communication plan that provides a structured and planned approach to communicate with DHS stakeholders regarding the human capital system. (7) Employee Involvement: Employees are provided multiple opportunities to be included in the design process.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-09-30
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Human Capital: Insights for U.S. Agencies from Other Countries' Succession Planning and Management Initiatives
Leading public organizations in the U.S. and abroad recognize that a more strategic approach to human capital management is essential for change initiatives that are intended to transform their cultures. To that end, organizations are looking for ways to identify and develop the leaders, managers, and workforce necessary to face the array of challenges that will confront government in the 21st century. GAO conducted this study to identify how agencies in four countries--Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom--are adopting a more strategic approach to managing the succession of senior executives and other public sector employees with critical skills. These agencies' experiences may provide insights to executive branch agencies as they undertake their own succession planning and management initiatives. GAO identified the examples described in this report through discussions with officials from central human capital agencies, national audit offices, and agencies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and a screening survey sent to senior human capital officials at selected agencies. Leading organizations engage in broad, integrated succession planning and management efforts that focus on strengthening both current and future organizational capacity. As part of this approach, these organizations identify, develop, and select their human capital to ensure that successors are the right people, with the right skills, at the right time for leadership and other key positions. To this end, agencies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom are implementing succession planning and management initiatives that are designed to protect and enhance organizational capacity.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-09-15
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Foreign Assistance: USAID's Operating Expenses Account Does Not Fully Reflect the Cost of Delivering Foreign Assistance
Humanitarian and economic development assistance has long been an important component of U.S. global security strategy. Since 1962, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has managed more than $273 billion in such assistance. In recent years, demands on USAID's budget and workforce have increased as the agency strives to meet emerging requirements. In fiscal year 2003, USAID estimates that it will obligate $668 million for its operating expenses. GAO examined (1) trends in USAID's operating expenses since 1995 and (2) whether the charges to USAID's operating expenses account reflect the agency's actual cost of doing business. According to data USAID reported, over fiscal years 1995 to 2003, USAID's total obligated operating expenses have ranged from a low $595.7 million in 1998 to a high of $654.8 million in 1995, and USAID estimates total obligations in 2003 will be about $668 million. The largest administrative category in USAID's operating expense account is salaries and related support for U.S. direct-hire staff. Between fiscal years 1995 to 2002, operating expense obligations as a percentage of program obligations remained fairly level--averaging about 8.5 percent. However, in fiscal year 2003, the operating expenses to program ration dropped to 5 percent due to large amounts of supplemental funding. USAID's operating expense account does not fully reflect the agency's cost of doing business primarily because the agency pays for some administrative activities done by contractors and other nondirect-hire staff with program funds.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-09-30
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Acrylonitrile (CH2 =CHCN) Chemical Protocol
Very comprehensive description of the chemical agent, with coverage on many important aspects, including information on routes of exposure, sources and uses, exposure limits, physical characteristics, patient management, decontamination and treatment, incident reporting. Synonyms include AN, cyanoethylene, propenenitrile, VCN, vinyl cyanide, carbacryl, fumigain, and
ventox.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2000
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Aniline (C6 H5 NH2 ) Chemical Protocol
Very comprehensive description of the chemical agent, with coverage on many important aspects, including information on routes of exposure, sources and uses, exposure limits, physical characteristics, patient management, decontamination and treatment, incident reporting. Synonyms include aminobenzene, aminophen, arylamine, benzenamine, aniline oil, and phenylamine.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2000
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Benzene (C6 H6) Chemical Protocol
Very comprehensive description of the chemical agent, with coverage on many important aspects, including information on routes of exposure, sources and uses, exposure limits, physical characteristics, patient management, decontamination and treatment, incident reporting. Synonyms include benzol, coal tar naphtha, phenyl hydride, and cyclohexatriene.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2000
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1,3-Butadiene (C4 H6) Chemical Protocol
Very comprehensive description of the chemical agent, with coverage on many important aspects, including information on routes of exposure, sources and uses, exposure limits, physical characteristics, patient management, decontamination and treatment, incident reporting. Synonyms include butadiene, buta-1,3-diene, biethylene, bivinyl, vinylethylene, erythrene,
alpha,gamma-butadiene, divinyl, and pyrrolylene.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2000
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Arsine (AsH3) Chemical Protocol
Very comprehensive description of the chemical agent, with coverage on many important aspects, including information on routes of exposure, sources and uses, exposure limits, physical characteristics, patient management, decontamination and treatment, incident reporting. Synonyms include arsenic hydride, arsenic trihydride, arseniuretted hydrogen, arsenious hydride, and
hydrogen arsenide.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2000
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2949: Aviation Security Improvement Act
"S. 2949 would require the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to offer to insure air carriers for damage to aircraft hulls and injuries to passengers and crew that are the result of terrorist attacks. The bill would authorize the FAA to charge premiums for such insurance, but the rates charged would probably not adequately compensate the federal government for its added risk. Based on the difference between what the FAA would likely charge and the amount that CBO estimates would be necessary to compensate for the added risk the government would incur under the bill, we estimate that enacting S. 2949 would increase direct spending by $300 million in 2003. The bill also would impose new duties on the FAA, the Department of Justice (DOJ), and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). S. 2949 would require the TSA to establish an industry-wide database of cargo shippers, a system for the regular inspection of air shipping facilities, and a security training program for air cargo handlers. In addition, the bill would authorize the TSA to use identification verification technologies to prevent intentional circumvention of airport security systems or procedures. S. 2949 would require the TSA and the FAA to evaluate the use of blast-resistant cargo containers. The bill also would subject all aliens seeking flight school training on small aircraft to background checks under procedures issued by DOJ. Finally, the bill would make several amendments to current TSA programs and would make noncitizens eligible to become federal screeners of air passengers and baggage."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2002-11-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3983: Maritime Transportation Antiterrorism Act of 2002
"H.R. 3983 would establish a federal program to protect U.S. ports from terrorism. In addition, the bill would authorize the appropriation of $75 million for each of fiscal years 2003 through 2005 for grants to help port facilities implement antiterrorism efforts. Assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 3983 would cost $240 million over the 2003-2007 period and $3 million a year thereafter. Most of the funds that would be spent through 2007 would be used to implement the grant provisions of the legislation. Other than a new grant program, most of the activities mandated by the legislation are currently being carried out under the Coast Guard's existing authority. H.R. 3983 could increase federal receipts by establishing new civil penalties; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures would apply to the legislation. CBO estimates, however, that any such increase would be less than $500,000 annually. H.R. 3983 contains both intergovernmental and private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA). Because of uncertainties about which ports, facilities, and vessels would be affected and how certain regulations and performance standards would be implemented, CBO cannot determine whether the costs of all of the mandates contained in H.R. 3983 would exceed the thresholds established by UMRA ($58 million for intergovernmental mandates and $115 million for private-sector mandates in 2002, adjusted annually for inflation). The bill also would authorize appropriations for grants to help port facilities to implement antiterrorism efforts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2002-04-11
