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Fire at Praxair St. Louis: Dangers of Propylene Cylinders in High Temperatures
"The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) issues this Safety Bulletin to focus attention on the propylene gas cylinder hazards that contributed to the fire and explosions at the Praxair facility and specific actions that propylene gas vendors can take to prevent similar incidents, which include: Installing deluge systems or fixed fire nozzles to cool cylinders in case of a fire; Providing barriers to limit fire spread; and Using flammable gas detectors in storage areas to provide early detection of venting cylinders."
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2006-06
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Investigation Report: LPG Fire at Valero - McKee Refinery, February 16, 2007
This CSB report identifies root and contributing causes of the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fire at Valero-McKee Refinery, and makes recommendations to Valero Energy Corporation, Valero-McKee Refinery, the American Petroleum Institute (API), the United Steelworkers Union, and Steelworkers Local 13-487. "On February 16, 2007, a liquid propane release from cracked control station piping resulted in a massive fire in the propane deasphalting (PDA) unit at Valero's McKee Refinery near Sunray, Texas, injuring three employees and a contractor. The fire caused extensive equipment damage and resulted in the evacuation and total shutdown of the McKee Refinery. The refinery remained shut down for two months; the PDA unit was rebuilt and resumed operation nearly one year after the incident. Direct losses attributed to the fire were reported to exceed $50 million." Key issues addressed include: freeze protection of dead-legs; emergency isolation of equipment; fireproofing of support steel; fire protection for high pressure LPG service; and chlorine release.
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2008-07
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Defense Acquisitions: Fundamental Changes Are Needed to Improve Weapon Program Outcomes, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Federal Management, Government Information, Federal Services, and International Security, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate
" Since 1990, GAO has designated the Department of Defense's (DOD) management of major weapon system acquisitions a high risk area. DOD has taken some action to improve acquisition outcomes, but its weapon programs continue to take longer, cost more, and deliver fewer capabilities than originally planned. These persistent problems--coupled with current operational demands--have impelled DOD to work outside of its traditional acquisition process to acquire equipment that meet urgent warfighter needs. Poor outcomes in DOD's weapon system programs reverberate across the entire federal government. Over the next 5 years, DOD expects to invest more than $357 billion on the development and procurement of major defense acquisition programs. Every dollar wasted on acquiring weapon systems is less money available for other priorities. This testimony describes DOD's current weapon system investment portfolio, the problems that contribute to cost and schedule increases, potential solutions based on past GAO recommendations, and recent legislative initiatives and DOD actions aimed at improving outcomes. It also provides some observations about what is needed for DOD to achieve lasting reform. The testimony is drawn from GAO's body of work on DOD's acquisition, requirements, and funding processes, as well as its most recent annual assessment of selected DOD weapon programs."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2008-09-25
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National Security Strategy for the Next Administration
Amitai Etzioni discusses and expands upon a July 2008 report entitled, "Framework for a 21st Century National Security Strategy," which recommended broad principles to guide American military and diplomatic policy. Three principles emerged in that report that serve as the basis for Etzioni's article: the U.S. global supremacy is coming to an end; states have neither unlimited resources nor leverage and must set clear priorities; and that security can be promoted in failing and rogue states without democratizing the regimes involved. Etzioni analyzes each point made in the report, concluding that the report has lifted dialogue about security policies for the next administration to a much-needed higher level while leaving room to sharpen and modify the priorities in the agenda.
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
Etzioni, Amitai
2008-09
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Memorandum for the DCI Regarding the EXCOM/NRO: A Discussion of the Management Issues
"This memorandum covers a number of issues concerning the management of the NRO and authority over the NRP, including whether the organization's existence and the title of its director should be declassified. It discusses the pros and cons of an overt NRO as well as whether its director should be an Air Force or Defense Department official. It also raises the matter of issuing a National Security Council Intelligence Directive as a charter for the NRP and NRO. The attached draft directive, never issued, included an annex with the language to be added if it was decided to declassify the organization's existence." The document is undated, but from circa summer 1973.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1973
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Case Study: Static Spark Ignited Flammable Liquid during Portable Tank Filling Operation
Key lessons for safe handling and storage of flammables include: Ensure that equipment such as fill nozzles and hoses are bonded and grounded and designed for flammable service; Use bonded and grounded metal dip pipes when top-filling portable tanks; Install fire suppression systems in flammable packaging areas; and Separate flammable packaging from bulk storage areas. "On October 29, 2007, at about 1 p.m., a fire and series of explosions occurred at the Barton Solvents Des Moines, Iowa, chemical distribution facility. The initial fire started in the packaging area while a 300-gallon portable steel tank, known as a tote, was being filled with ethyl acetate, a flammable solvent."
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2008-09
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Director of Security, CIA, Memorandum for: [Deleted] Regarding National Reconnaissance Office Security Information
"This memo informs the recipient of the agreements under which the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) operates, that its existence is classified Secret while the existence of the National Reconnaissance Program (NRP) is classified Top Secret. It also describes the procedures to follow to permit unclassified references to the leadership, staff, and organization without using classified terms."
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1963-06-14
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Safety News- Advisory Guidance: Emergency Response Involving Ethanol and Gasoline Fuel Mixtures
"The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) is alerting emergency responders to new and revised proper shipping names and identification numbers (ID) that may be used on shipping papers for fuel mixtures composed of ethanol (or 'ethyl alcohol') and gasoline in various concentrations. The proper shipping names and IDs are added to the ERG2008. The following chart is provided as guidance in identifying proper shipping names and identification numbers for Ethanol, Gasoline, and gasoline/ethanol fuel blends. Voluntary compliance began January 28, 2008."
United States. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
2008-09-19
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Estimated Revenue Effects of H.R. 7006, the 'Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2008'
This document provides data detailing the provisions provided by the Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2008. Statistics on relief for federal disaster areas are provide in millions of dollars for fiscal years 2009-2018.
United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation
2008-09-24
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Privacy Impact Assessment for the USCIS Benefits Processing of Applicants Other than Petitions for Naturalization, Refugee Status, and Asylum
"The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) receives and adjudicates applications for all United States immigration benefits. This PIA covers the USCIS systems associated with processing all immigration benefits except naturalization, asylum, and refugee status. These systems include the Computer Linked Adjudication Information Management System (CLAIMS 3), the Citizenship and Immigration Services Centralized Oracle Repository (CISCOR), the Interim Case Management System (ICMS), Integrated Voice Response System (IVRS), and the Integrated Card Production System (ICPS). Other USCIS systems involved in the processing of benefits are covered by other Privacy Impact Assessments. The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) receives and adjudicates petitions and applications for all United States immigration benefits. This PIA covers the USCIS computer systems associated with processing all immigration applications and petitions except naturalization, asylum, and refugee status. These systems include the Computer Linked Adjudication Information Management System (CLAIMS 3), the Citizenship and Immigration Services Centralized Oracle Repository (CISCOR), the Interim Case Management System (ICMS), Integrated Voice Response System (IVRS), and the Integrated Card Production System (ICPS). Other USCIS systems involved in the processing of benefits are covered by other Privacy Impact Assessments. The processing and adjudication of an application or petition for immigration benefits or non-immigration benefits (benefit (other than naturalization, asylum, or refugee benefits) occurs in six stages, described below."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Privacy Office
2008-09-05
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Guide to Bluetooth Security: Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
This special publication by the National Institute of Standards and Technology addresses bluetooth security in the context of overall computer network security. "Bluetooth is an open standard for short-range radio frequency (RF) communication. Bluetooth technology is used primarily to establish wireless personal area networks (WPAN), commonly referred to as ad hoc or peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. Bluetooth technology has been integrated into many types of business and consumer devices, including cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), laptops, automobiles, printers, and headsets. This allows users to form ad hoc networks between a wide variety of devices to transfer voice and data. This document provides an overview of Bluetooth technology and discusses related security concerns. […] Bluetooth technology and associated devices are susceptible to general wireless networking threats, such as denial of service attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, message modification, and resource misappropriation. They are also threatened by more specific Bluetooth-related attacks that target known vulnerabilities in Bluetooth implementations and specifications. Attacks against improperly secured Bluetooth implementations can provide attackers with unauthorized access to sensitive information and unauthorized usage of Bluetooth devices and other systems or networks to which the devices are connected."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Scarfone, Karen; Padgette, John
2008-09
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Privacy Impact Assessment for the Computer Linked Application Information Management System (CLAIMS 4)
"This Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) analyzes the Computer Linked Application Information Management System (CLAIMS) 4. CLAIMS 4 is the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) United States Citizenship and Immigration Service's (USCIS) system for processing Applications for Naturalization. USCIS is conducting this PIA to document, analyze, and assess its current practices with respect to the personally identifiable information it collects, uses, and shares; and to improve its ability to provide appropriate citizenship and immigration status information to users. […] CLAIMS 4 is an electronic case management application tracking and processing system. USCIS uses the system as automated support for the variety of tasks associated with processing and adjudicating N-400 Applications for Naturalization. Naturalization is the process by which a foreign citizen or national acquires U.S. citizenship after he or she fulfills the requirements established by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). […] CLAIMS 4 functions include the receipting, data entry, and other initial operations necessary to process naturalization applications (e.g. background checks). In addition to these functions, CLAIMS 4 information is also used in support of adjudications and naturalization oath ceremony management activities conducted at local USCIS offices. USCIS personnel responsible for adjudicating and supervising naturalization cases and USCIS clerks supporting these functions use CLAIMS 4 at USCIS headquarters, service centers, local offices, and Application Support Centers (ASC) to track the naturalization adjudication process from application to granting or denying of the benefit."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Privacy Office
2008-09-05
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Privacy Impact Assessment for the Microfilm Digitization Application System (MiDAS)
"The Department of Homeland Security U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Records Division maintains the Microfilm Digitization Application System (MiDAS), which houses 85 million electronic immigration-related records previously stored on microfilm. USCIS is conducting this Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) to analyze the privacy impacts associated with the new release of MiDAS that will enable USCIS to electronically search and retrieve historical immigration-related records, process web-based requests for these records submitted by Federal, state, and local Government and Public Genealogy Customers, provide case tracking capabilities for USCIS Records Division staff, and provide these records to the law enforcement and intelligence communities. USCIS developed the MiDAS system to preserve and digitally index approximately 85 million historic immigration related records that were previously stored on microfilm. Historic immigration related records include index cards and immigration records. Index cards were created to reference over 20 different record series in use between 1893 and 1975. The records are microfilmed images or original copies of the actual immigration records, such as Alien Registration forms and Naturalization Certificates. MiDAS converts index cards and records from deteriorating microfilm into digital images to improve retrieval of these historical records. The objective of MiDAS is to enable USCIS personnel to search, retrieve, and deliver information about individuals ('Subjects') contained in USCIS records to respond to requests received from 'Customers,' such as Federal, state, and local Government agencies and the public. Government agencies will use information obtained from MiDAS to assist in the determination to grant or deny a Government benefit or to conduct a law enforcement investigation."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Privacy Office
2008-09-15
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Implementation Activities for Declassifying the Existence of the NRO
"This report provides a summary of actions to be taken in implementing the decision to declassify the existence of the NRO. The report summarizes actions with regard to key events, congressional liaison, public affairs announcements, domestic notification, foreign notification, and internal preparations."
United States. National Reconnaissance Office
1992-09-29
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Department of Defense, Memorandum for Correspondents Regarding Declassification of the NRO
"This is the memo that announced the declassification of the existence of the NRO and provided the sum total of declassified information as of that date. Comparison of the release to some of the preparatory memos, indicates a number of items of information that had been considered for declassification - including information on organization and the identities of directorate chiefs - but that were not declassified at first."
United States. Department of Defense
1992-09-18
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Case Study: Runaway Chemical Reaction and Vapor Cloud Explosion, Morganton, NC, January 31, 2006
"This Case Study describes a runaway chemical reaction and subsequent vapor cloud explosion and fires that killed one worker and injured 14 (two seriously). The explosion destroyed the facility and damaged structures in the nearby community. The incident occurred at the Synthron, LLC facility in Morganton, North Carolina, on January 31, 2006. The CSB issues this Case Study to emphasize the importance of implementing comprehensive safety management practices to control reactive hazards." Key issues discussed include: reactive hazards and safeguards, corporate oversight, safe operating limits, and evacuation planning and drills.
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2007-07-31
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Case Study: Barton Solvents - Static Spark Ignites Explosion Inside Flammable Liquid Storage Tank, Valley Center, Kansas, July 17, 2007
"The CSB is publishing this Case Study to help companies understand the hazards
associated with static-accumulating flammable liquids that can form ignitable vapor-air mixtures inside storage tanks. In addition, the CSB wants to urge companies to take extra precautions to prevent explosions and fires like the one at Barton. This Case Study also examines industry Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) hazard communication practices and makes recommendations to ensure that MSDSs identify these hazards and outline appropriate precautions."
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2008-07
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Developing a National Counterinsurgency Capability for the War on Terror
John Hillen calls for the incorporation of all instruments of national power in a national COIN strategic framework to facilitate working together on an operational basis in national, regional, and local contexts. "There is growing awareness in the national security community that civilian capacity to plan and conduct interagency operations does not exist in the U.S. Government and must be created. This is easier said than done; it will require each agency to look beyond its own domain to a shared understanding of problems and then agree on shared approaches to solving them. The lack of a strategic COIN framework inhibits interagency coordination of responsibilities for COIN operations, undermines our ability to build partner capacities, and detracts from our ability to build international coalitions dedicated to defeating enemy insurgents. Until we create such a framework, we will have no basis for organizational or curricula design that would institutionalize lessons learned and support the development of the skill sets, tools, and policies that would make us successful COIN operators."
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
Hillen, John
2007-01
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Memorandum for [Deleted], Chairman Ad HocGroup Studying Security of the NRO, Regarding History of NRO Security Breaches
"This memo, from the chief of the CIA Special Security Center, summarizes the eight references to the NRO that had appeared in the press, starting with the January 22, 1971, mention in the New York Times. The redactions apparently include all commentary on the accuracy of the press discussions."
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1974-01-07
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Safety News- Orientation Markings for Single Packages with Vented Closures
This document published by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)-Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, highlights the "marking requirements for packagings containing liquid hazardous materials. […] Effective January 1, 2008, marking requirements for packagings containing liquid hazardous materials intended for transport include single packages that can be fitted with vents, and open cryogenic receptacles intended for the transport of refrigerated liquefied gases."
United States. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
2008-08-29
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J.W. Plummer, Director, National Reconnaissance Office, Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence Regarding Security Requirements for the NRO
This "memo is itself a cover letter explaining that its attachment is the final report of a working group that has been studying the security requirements of the NRO." For the report, see "Report on the Review of Security Requirements of the National Reconnaissance Program."
United States. National Reconnaissance Office
1974-06-19
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How to Fund Homeland Security Without Federal Dollars: State and Local Funding of Homeland Security Initiatives in Light of Decreased Support by the Federal Government
This CHDS thesis proposes methods to make up for Federal funding shortfalls with relation to state Homeland Security Departments. "States cannot depend upon the federal government to fund homeland security initiatives at the state and local level. This thesis, therefore, examined alternatives states and local units of government might use to fund homeland security initiatives, ranging from conventional alternatives such as, asset forfeiture, sales taxes, congestion fees and multi-year budgeting with the addition of a 'rainy day' fund, to less conventional options like public/private partnerships and innovative investment strategies, mirroring the Kansas Economic Growth Act for biosciences. The policy options analysis revealed that while most of these options have some merit or suitability for some jurisdictions, none appears to be conclusively appropriate. The final recommendation of this thesis is, therefore, that homeland security professionals and emergency management directors take the initiative and determine in their jurisdiction which programs are the most critical. They then should approach the state executive budget office and request budget consideration for those priorities. The options discussed in this thesis should provide legislators and homeland security and emergency management professionals with innovative ideas and methods to develop innovative solutions to sustainability funding for state and local homeland security initiatives."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Emler, Jay Scott
2008-09
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Investigation Report: Confined Vapor Cloud Explosion, Danvers, Massachusetts, November 22, 2006
"The CSB identified the following incident causes: CAI management did not conduct a process hazards analysis or similar systematic review to ensure that the flammable liquids processes were safely designed and operated; and CAI management did not use written procedures or checklists to ensure that flammable liquids manufacturing processes were operated safely. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) determined that the explosion was fueled by vapor released from a 2000-gallon tank of highly flammable liquid. An open steam valve on the tank heater most likely caused the flammable liquid to overheat and accumulate in the building production area to what is calculated to have been a near-ideal vapor-air concentration. An unknown ignition source ignited the flammable atmosphere, causing the explosion." Key issues include: safe handling of flammable liquids, fire code compliance and enforcement, and state and local government hazardous facility licensing.
United States. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
2006-11-22
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Baseline Capabilities for State and Major Urban Area Fusion Centers: A Supplement to the Fusion Center Guidelines
"This document identifies the baseline capabilities for fusion centers and the operational standards necessary to achieve each of the capabilities. It is an addendum to the U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ) Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative's (Global) Fusion Center Guidelines, which provide guidance to ensure that fusion centers are established and operated consistently across the country. Using the Fusion Center Guidelines, as well as identified best practices, federal, state, and local officials identified the capabilities and standards necessary for a fusion center to be considered capable of performing basic functions. By achieving this baseline level of capability, a fusion center will have the necessary structures, processes, and tools in place to support the gathering, processing, analysis, and dissemination of terrorism, homeland security, and law enforcement information. This baseline level of capability will support specific operational capabilities, such as Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR); Alerts, Warnings, and Notifications; Risk Assessments; and Situational Awareness Reporting. The development of baseline operational standards is called for in the National Strategy for Information Sharing (Strategy) and is a key step to reaching one of the Strategy's goals: 'Establishing a National Integrated Network of State and Major Urban Area Fusion Centers.' Defining these operational standards allows federal, state, local, and tribal officials to identify and plan for the resources needed-to include financial, technical assistance, and human support-to achieve the Strategy's goal."
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Department of Homeland Security
2008-09
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EPA Chemical Accident Investigation Report, Pennzoil Product Company Refinery, Rouseville, Pennsylvania
This document is a report from the Environmental Protection Agency on the investigation of a refinery accident. "An explosion and fire occurred at the Pennzoil refinery in Rouseville, Pennsylvania, on October 16, 1995, resulting in deaths, injuries, public evacuation, and significant plant damage. EPA and OSHA undertook an investigation of this incident because of the seriousness of the consequences and the opportunity for lessons learned to prevent a similar accident from occurring in the chemical and petrochemical industry. The scope of the investigation and this report are solely focused on the conditions and circumstances related to the storage tanks where the explosion and fire occurred." The report identifies the causes and contributing factors of the accident and provides recommendations.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
1998-03
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Preventing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Terrorism in the Maritime Supply Chain: Remarks of Thomas Lehrman, September 20, 2006
From the remarks of Thomas Lehrman: "Five years after 9/11, who among us cannot remember where they were on that day? We harbor no illusions that those who attacked us five years ago cease to threaten us now. We have been assured by the same terrorists who planned the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon that they will use nuclear and biological weapons against us, should they find a way to acquire them. We also know that the enemy we face adapts to our defenses; while aircraft may have served as the preferred weapon of choice five years ago, tomorrow they may seek to slip a weapon of mass destruction into a container ship headed for one of our ports and then onto the streets of our cities. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) -- chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear -- in the hands of a terrorist pose the single gravest threat to international peace and security today. The United States government is determined to work with its foreign partners, both in government and in the private sector, to strengthen our national and collective defenses against this preeminent threat."
United States. Department of State
2006-09-20
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Countering WMD and Terrorism Through Security Cooperation: Remarks of Stephen G. Rademaker, April 6, 2006
From the remarks of Stephen G. Rademaker: "It is a pleasure to be here today to discuss how we are seeking to use security cooperation to reinforce our efforts to combat the risk of terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). WMD in the hands of terrorists would pose a grave security threat to the United States and our allies. We assess that it will be very difficult to deter terrorists from using WMD if they can lay their hands on such weapons. Therefore, if terrorists acquire weapons of mass destruction, we have to assume they will employ them, with potentially catastrophic effects. To help counter with this growing threat, President Bush released the 'National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction' in December 2002. This strategy rests on three pillars: Counterproliferation to Combat WMD Use; Strengthened Nonproliferation to Combat WMD Proliferation; and Consequence Management to Respond to WMD Use. The national strategy recognizes that prevention will not always succeed, and therefore it places great emphasis on protection and counterproliferation, to deter, detect, defend against, and defeat WMD in the hands of our enemies. The strategy also focuses on consequence management, to reduce as much as possible the potentially horrific consequences of WMD attacks at home or abroad."
United States. Department of State
2006-04-06
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49 CFR Parts 1540, 1544, and 1560: Secure Flight Program, Final Rule
"This final rule allows TSA to begin implementation of the Secure Flight program, under which TSA will receive passenger and certain non-traveler information, conduct watch list matching against the No Fly and Selectee portions of the Federal government's consolidated terrorist watch list, and transmit a boarding pass printing result back to aircraft operators. TSA will do so in a consistent and accurate manner while minimizing false matches and protecting personally identifiable information. [...] The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act 2004 (IRTPA) requires the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to assume from aircraft operators the function of conducting pre-flight comparisons of airline passenger information to Federal government watch lists for domestic flights and international flights to, from, and overflying the United States. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is issuing this final rule to implement that congressional mandate."
United States. Transportation Security Administration
2008
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S. Rept. 110-281: Veterans Mental Health Improvements Act of 2007, Report to Accompany S. 2162, April 8, 2008
"The Committee on Veterans' Affairs (hereinafter, 'the Committee'), to which was referred the bill (S. 2162), to improve the treatment and services provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs to veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment, and recommends that the bill (as amended) do pass."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs
2008-04-08
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Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty: Provided to the Second Session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2005 NPT Review Conference
This fact sheet from the Bureau of Nonproliferation in the U.S. State Department "addresses both ongoing actions and offers clarification on certain issues" relating to the U.S. commitment to Article VI of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Specific efforts addressed include the Moscow Treaty, dismantlement of nuclear weapons, fissile material measures, and the Cooperative Threat Reduction program. The fact sheet also offers views on concerns raised by others, including the 13 Steps to disarmament from the Final Document of the 2000 NPT Review Conference, the diminished role of nuclear weapons, and non-strategic nuclear weapons.
United States. Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
2003-05-01
