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Women in Congress: Statistics and Brief Overview [Updated July 7, 2022]
From the Summary: "As of July 6, 2022, 151 women are serving in the 117th Congress. There are 127 women serving in the House (including 3 Delegates and the Resident Commissioner), 92 Democrats and 35 Republicans. There are 24 women in the Senate, 16 Democrats and 8 Republicans. [...] This report includes historical information, including the number of women in Congress over time; means of entry to Congress; comparisons to international and state legislatures; records for tenure; firsts for women in Congress; women in leadership; tallies of African American, Asian Pacific American, Hispanic, and American Indian women in Congress; and a brief overview of research questions related to the role and impact of women in Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.
2022-07-07
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Information Access for Congressional Advisory Commissions [July 7, 2022]
From the Summary: "Advisory commissions assist Congress with the development of public policy. Congressional advisory commissions are formal groups, usually composed of policy experts, that provide independent advice, recommend potential changes in public policy, and study or investigate a particular problem or event. Congressional advisory commissions can also commemorate an individual, group, or event. An advisory commission often completes its work by delivering written findings and recommendations to Congress. Advisory commissions can help develop policy recommendations on a myriad of policy areas, especially those that cut across the jurisdictions of multiple congressional committees. To accomplish its mission, a congressional advisory commission must have access to information to help it evaluate the policy sphere, develop potential recommendations, and report to Congress. To aid advisory commissions' work, laws creating congressional advisory commissions have traditionally provided several tools to help commissions gain access to necessary information. This report examines the most commonly provided information-gathering tools. These tools fall into three categories. First, commissions are provided certain statutory authorities. These commonly include the ability to hold hearings, contracting authority, and the ability to obtain information from government agencies. Occasionally, commissions are provided subpoena authority. Second, commissions often include subject-matter experts as commissioners and are provided the authority to hire staff to help meet their statutory mandate. Third, commissions use publicly available documents and the cooperation of interested individuals and parties to help gather information."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straus, Jacob R.; Wolanin, Tyler L.
2022-07-07
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Geoengineering: Ocean Iron Fertilization [July 7, 2022]
From the Summary: "Congress has shown growing interest in and support for geoengineering techniques as a means to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. 'Geoengineering' is a field of study that involves large-scale technological interventions to manipulate the processes that affect Earth's climate, generally with the aim of countering climate change. Geoengineering techniques that stimulate or amplify natural processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere (e.g., afforestation, ocean fertilization) may be of particular interest to Congress, due to the relatively low cost of research, development, and deployment of these techniques compared with geoengineering techniques that rely on novel or industrial-scale technologies. For example, CO2 is transferred into the deep ocean via the physical process of overturning circulation and the biological process known as the 'biological pump.' Ocean iron fertilization (OIF), an ocean-based geoengineering technique, aims to increase the rate of atmospheric CO2 transfer to the deep ocean by stimulating the biological pump through the addition of iron (a key nutrient) to the surface of the ocean. Modeling studies indicate that OIF has the potential to remove CO2 from the atmosphere for hundreds to thousands of years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Keating-Bitonti, Caitlin
2022-07-07
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Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): In Brief [July 7, 2022]
From the Introduction: "Within the last year, multiple commercial airlines have announced sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) purchase agreements. Airlines report they are purchasing SAF, in part, to 'address the climate crisis' and to comply with international standards that would reduce the aviation sector's carbon footprint. SAF--in short, sustainable fuel (e.g., advanced biofuel) used for aircraft--production is limited. As such, airlines and others have requested federal assistance to spur SAF development and adoption. Both Congress and the Executive Branch have taken action to support SAF. Legislation pertaining to SAF (e.g., S. 4038, S. 2263, and S. 1608) has been introduced in the 117th Congress. In addition, the Build Back Better Act as passed by the House (BBBA; H.R. 5376) would establish a SAF tax credit, among other things. [...] This report discusses SAF--what it is, potential challenges and opportunities for adoption, production and cost, stakeholder positions, selected legislation that would support SAF including tax incentives, and other issues for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bracmort, Kelsi; Sherlock, Molly F.
2022-07-07
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Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act Funding
From the Highlights: "On March 27, 2020, the President of the United States signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, enacted as Public Law 116-136 (the 'CARES Act') in response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The CARES Act authorized up to $10 billion in funding for the U.S. Postal Service from the U.S. Treasury (Treasury), should the Postal Service determine that it would be unable to fund operating expenses due to the pandemic. In December 2020, Congress amended the CARES Act, stipulating that the Postal Service would not need to repay the funding. In January 2021, the Postal Service and Treasury signed an agreement regarding CARES Act funding allowing the Postal Service to request up to $10 billion from Treasury for pandemic-related operating expenses. The Postal Service submitted five advance requests to Treasury from March through July 2021, totaling $10 billion. [...] Our objective was to assess the Postal Service's justification for and use of funds received under the CARES Act, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, and associated disclosure requirements."
United States Postal Service. Office of Inspector General
2022-07-07
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Fingerprinting and Employment Eligibility Verification Delays Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic May Increase Taxpayer Data Exposure Risks
From the Document: "This audit was initiated because new IRS [Internal Revenue Service] employees hired during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have had their fingerprinting or employment eligibility verification delayed in accordance with newly established hiring policies. However, prolonged delays could increase the exposure of taxpayer data to potential bad actors. The overall objective of this review was to determine whether temporary personnel hiring practices during the COVID-19 pandemic presented potential security risks by assessing the effectiveness of fingerprinting and hiring activities, including inspection of employment eligibility documents."
United States. Office of the Inspector General for Tax Administration
2022-07-07
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 7900, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023
From the Bill Summary: "H.R.7900 would authorize appropriations totaling $840.2 billion for fiscal year 2023. Nearly all of that amount, $838.8 billion, would be specifically authorized for the military functions of the Department of Defense (DoD) and for the atomic energy defense activities of the Department of Energy. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that appropriation of the authorized amounts would result in outlays of $810.1 billion over the 2023-2027 period. In addition, CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 7900 would have insignificant effects on direct spending and revenues over the 2023-2032 period. One section affecting military lodging, effective 11 years after enactment, would increase direct spending by more than $5 billion in the 10-year period beginning in 2033."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-06
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5914, Empowering States to Protect Seniors from Bad Actors Act
From the Document: "H.R. 5914 would authorize the appropriation of $10 million for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2028 for the Securities and Exchange Commission to provide grants to states to identify, investigate, and prosecute cases involving financial fraud against senior citizens. Grant funds also could be used for technology and equipment purchases, education, and planning. Based on spending patterns for a similar grant program, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 5914 would cost $38 million over the 2023-2027 period and $22 million after 2027, assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-06
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Joint Cybersecurity Advisory: North Korean State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Use Maui Ransomware to Target the Healthcare and Public Health Sector
From the Summary: "The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), and the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) are releasing this joint Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA) to provide information on Maui ransomware, which has been used by North Korean state-sponsored cyber actors since at least May 2021 to target Healthcare and Public Health (HPH) Sector [hyperlink] organizations. This joint CSA provides information--including tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) and indicators of compromise (IOCs)--on Maui ransomware obtained from FBI incident response activities and industry analysis of a Maui sample. The FBI, CISA, and Treasury urge HPH Sector organizations as well as other critical infrastructure organizations to apply the recommendations in the Mitigations section of this CSA to reduce the likelihood of compromise from ransomware operations."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation; United States. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency; United States. Department of the Treasury
2022-07-06
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Office of Intelligence and Analysis Needs to Improve Its Open Source Intelligence Reporting
From the Highlights: "The Department of Homeland Security must be prepared to respond to potential threats to the United States. To identify and mitigate threats, I&A [The Office of Intelligence and Analysis] shares intelligence and analysis with decision makers. We conducted this audit to determine the extent to which I&A has an effective process for collecting, managing, and protecting OSINT [open source intelligence] for operational and intelligence purposes."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2022-07-06
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Estimated Number of COVID-19 Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Prevented Among Vaccinated Persons in the US, December 2020 to September 2021
From the Key Points: "How many SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] infections and COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]-associated hospitalizations and deaths have been prevented among vaccinated persons by the US COVID-19 vaccination program? [...] In this modeling study, COVID-19 vaccination was estimated to prevent 27 million SARS-CoV-2 infections, 1.6 million COVID-19- associated hospitalizations, and 235 000 COVID-19-associated deaths among vaccinated persons 18 years or older from December 1, 2020, to September 30, 2021. By September 30, 2021, vaccination prevented an estimated 52% of expected infections, 56% of expected hospitalizations, and 58% of expected deaths. [...] The US COVID-19 vaccination program was estimated to prevent substantial morbidity and mortality through direct protection of vaccinated individuals."
JAMA Network
Steele, Molly K.; Couture, Alexia; Reed, Carrie . . .
2022-07-06
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Russia's 2022 Invasion of Ukraine: Overview of U.S. Sanctions and Other Responses [Updated July 6, 2022]
From the Document: "On February 24, 2022, Russia launched an undeclared war against Ukraine, a country Russia first invaded and partially occupied in 2014. The United States and many countries around the world have condemned Russia's 'unprecedented military aggression' as 'unprovoked and unjustified.' On March 2, 2022, the U.N. General Assembly voted 141-5 to demand Russia 'immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw' from Ukraine (47 countries, including China and India, abstained or did not vote). After Russia launched its 2022 war, the United States, the European Union (EU), and others substantially increased military, humanitarian, and economic assistance to Ukraine and imposed a series of increasingly severe sanctions on Russia. In addition, hundreds of U.S. and other companies have withdrawn, suspended, or curtailed operations in or with Russia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Welt, Cory
2022-07-06
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U.S. Immigration Courts: Access to Counsel in Removal Proceedings and Legal Access Programs [July 6, 2022]
From the Document: "Immigration courts are within the Department of Justice's Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR). During removal proceedings in immigration courts, immigration judges (IJs) determine whether noncitizens ('respondents') charged with an immigration violation by the Department of Homeland Security are removable and, if so, whether they qualify for relief from removal, such as asylum. Removal proceedings are conducted under Section 240 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). INA Section 240(b)(4) states that respondents 'shall have the privilege of being represented, at no expense to the Government, by counsel of the alien's choosing who is authorized to practice in such proceeding.' That is, respondents may obtain counsel at their own expense or pro bono; the federal government generally may not provide counsel."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straut-Eppsteiner, Holly
2022-07-06
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Carson v. Makin: Using Government Funds for Religious Activity [July 6, 2022]
From the Document: "When the government decides whether to give public funds to religious entities, that decision can raise constitutional questions [hyperlink] under both of the First Amendment's Religion Clauses. For many years, Supreme Court precedent [hyperlink] focused primarily on whether federal, state, or local governments violated the Establishment Clause by funding religious activity. Accordingly, governments sometimes barred public funds from being given to religious activities or religious groups. In recent years, however, the Supreme Court has made clear [hyperlink] that governments may violate the Free Exercise Clause by barring religious entities from receiving public benefits because of their faith. Under prevailing precedent, then, governments might sometimes be constitutionally or statutorily barred [hyperlink] from giving public funds to religious activities but also cannot [hyperlink] exclude religious entities from eligibility solely because of their religious character. In 'Carson v. Makin' [hyperlink], issued on June 21, 2022, the Supreme Court held that states could not exclude religious schools from an indirect aid program based on the schools' religious use of the funds. This Legal Sidebar explains that decision and discusses possible implications for federal funding, as well as further implications stemming from the Supreme Court's subsequent Establishment Clause ruling in 'Kennedy v. Bremerton School District' [hyperlink]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brannon, Valerie C.
2022-07-06
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Education Provisions in the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act [July 6, 2022]
From the Document: "On June 25, 2022, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA; P.L. [Public Law] 117-159) was signed into law. In addition to provisions addressing mental health services, firearms, and Medicare, the act requires the establishment of a Federal Clearinghouse on School Safety Evidence-based Practices, provides additional appropriations for several programs authorized by the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), and institutes a new ESEA prohibition related to dangerous weapons."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Skinner, Rebecca; Dragoo, Kyrie E.
2022-07-06
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3290, National MEP Supply Chain Database Act of 2022
From the Document: "S. 3290 would authorize the appropriation of $31 million for fiscal year 2023 and $26 million for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2027 for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop and maintain a central database that tracks information critical to securing the U.S. manufacturing supply chain. The bill would require the agency to collect basic company information; an overview of the capabilities, accreditations, and products of companies; and proprietary data; companies would submit that information on a voluntary basis. NIST would administer the central database through its Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program, connecting state-level databases managed by each MEP center to the central database. Assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts, and based on historical spending patterns for similar activities, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing S. 3290 would cost $129 million over the 2023-2027 period and $6 million after 2027[.]"
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-05
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DHS Could Do More to Address the Threats of Domestic Terrorism
From the Highlights: "The Department of Homeland Security could strengthen its efforts to prevent and reduce domestic terrorism in the United States. Although DHS continues to develop strategies for combating domestic terrorism, the Department has only made recent progress in achieving its mission to counter domestic terrorism. DHS has taken steps to help the United States counter terrorism, but those efforts have not always been consistent. In 2019, DHS established a strategic framework with goals for countering terrorism and an accompanying implementation plan with actions designed to achieve those goals. However, DHS' data showed more than 70 percent of the milestone actions in the implementation plan were not completed as planned. This occurred because the Department has not established a governance body with staff dedicated to long-term oversight and coordination of its efforts to combat domestic terrorism. DHS could also improve how it identifies domestic terrorism threats, tracks trends for future risk-based planning, and informs partners and the public about domestic terrorism. Specifically, the Department has limited access to the sources of information it needs to identify domestic terrorism threats. DHS could do more to compile, maintain, and track domestic terrorism information for future planning. Finally, the advisories DHS issues to inform partners and the public may not be timely to help them take steps to protect themselves from threats. Without a cohesive long-term approach to countering domestic terrorism, DHS may not be able to proactively prevent and protect the Nation from this evolving threat."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2022-07-05
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CBP Complied with Facial Recognition Policies to Identify International Travelers at Airports
From the Highlights: "U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers are responsible for verifying the identities of international travelers attempting to enter the United States. Since 2017, CBP has implemented its facial biometric entry program at 238 U.S. international airports. From May 2019 to September 2021, CBP used facial biometric technology deployed at airports to process 51.1 million travelers entering the United States. We analyzed 100 percent of the encounter data for the 51.1 million travelers and found CBP complied with its policies and procedures for resolving facial biometric discrepancies. Specifically, between May 2019 and September 2021, CBP officers referred approximately 23,000 travelers aged 14 years and older to secondary inspection for further verification, as required, when photographs taken of the travelers did not match the photos in their travel documentation. To further strengthen its facial biometric procedures, CBP recently implemented system controls to remove CBP officers' ability to override facial mismatches for travelers 14 years and older; enforce mandatory referrals to secondary inspection when the system flags travelers 14 years and older as having a facial mismatch; and alert CBP supervisors when a facial mismatch is flagged. Using facial biometrics, CBP identified 39 impostors attempting entry into the United States through airports between May 2019 and September 2021. Six of the imposters had prior criminal records, and three were accepted for criminal prosecution."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2022-07-05
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Uruguay: An Overview [Updated July 5, 2022]
From the Document: "Uruguay, a small nation of 3.6 million people, is located on the Atlantic coast of South America between Brazil and Argentina. The country stands out in Latin America for its strong democratic institutions; high per capita income; and low levels of corruption, poverty, and inequality. Due to its domestic success and commitment to international engagement, Uruguay plays a more influential role in global affairs than its size might suggest. Successive U.S. Administrations have sought to work with Uruguay to address political and security challenges in the Western Hemisphere and around the world."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Meyer, Peter J.
2022-07-05
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SBA Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program (SVOG) [Updated July 5, 2022]
From the Summary: "The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs to assist their recovery from natural disasters; loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance their access to capital; management and technical assistance training programs to assist business formation and expansion; and contracting programs to increase their opportunities in federal contracting. Congressional interest in the SBA's programs has always been high, but has become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's widespread adverse economic impact on the U.S. economy. During the 116th Congress, in an effort to assist small businesses adversely affected by COVID-19, Congress approved legislation that provided the SBA $1.088 trillion in appropriations, a 35,282% increase over the $3.075 billion the SBA received during the 115th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Levin, Adam G.
2022-07-05
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Federal Mandatory Minimum Sentences: The Safety Valve and Substantial Assistance Exceptions [Updated July 5, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The United States Code houses hundreds of offenses punishable by a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment. Although only a handful of these mandatory minimum offenses are prosecuted with any regularity, drug trafficking offenses accounted for over three-quarters of the total. Congress has created three procedures that make punishment for these offenses a little less mandatory. One, the so-called safety valve (18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)), permits a sentencing court to disregard a statutory minimum sentence for the benefit of a low-level, nonviolent, cooperative defendant with a minimal prior criminal record, convicted under several mandatory minimum controlled substance offenses. The other two, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) and Rule 35(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, afford a sentencing court comparable latitude but only on the motion of the prosecutor, based on the defendant's substantial assistance to the government, and without regard to the offense charged."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Doyle, Charles
2022-07-05
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Insurgency in Northern Mozambique: Nature and Responses [Updated July 5, 2022]
From the Document: "An armed Islamic State-linked insurgency in Mozambique's far north--launched in 2017 with an attack on several police posts in Cabo Delgado province--remains highly active and poses challenges to U.S. peace, security, and development goals in the country. The insurgency and state security responses to it have resulted in many serious human rights abuses and killings, widespread social trauma and property destruction, and massive population displacements, creating a complex humanitarian crisis. Insurgent attacks also prompted the French energy firm TotalEnergies (Total) to declare force majeure and suspend a $20 billion, partially U.S. government-financed natural gas processing project, one of several major projects designed to tap large gas fields discovered offshore in 2010."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cook, Nicolas
2022-07-05
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 1, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly (MMWR) is a government published scientific periodical series offering public health information. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths -- United States and 28 Other High-Income Countries, 2015 and 2019"; "Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guideline for Testing of Transplant Candidates Aged
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-07-01
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3512, Disaster Contract Improvement Act
From the Document: "S. 3512 would direct the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to establish an advisory working group, consisting of representatives from FEMA, the Army Corps of Engineers, the Department of Agriculture, state and local governments, and the debris services contractor industry. The working group would review current agency guidance on debris removal and implement revisions designed to streamline the contracting and debris removal process. Under the bill, FEMA also would disseminate the materials developed by the working group to state and local governments. The bill also would require the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to examine the use and adoption rate of advance contracts for debris removal and recommend ways to improve the contracting process. Using information from FEMA and GAO about the cost of similar activities, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing S. 3512 would cost $1 million over the 2022-2027 period, most of which would be incurred in 2023 and 2024. Any spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-01
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 4166, Technological Hazards Preparedness and Training Act of 2022
From the Document: "S. 4166 would require the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) to provide state, local, and tribal governments with technical assistance and training to prepare for technological hazards and related emerging threats. The bill defines technological hazards as materials created by humans that pose a threat to the public and the environment. S. 4166 would require FEMA to conduct risk assessments and mapping to identify communities with the highest risk and report annually to the Congress on assistance provided to state, local, and tribal governments. S. 4166 would authorize the appropriation of $20 million in each of fiscal years 2023 and 2024 for those purposes. Using historical spending patterns, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing the bill would cost $40 million over the 2022-2027 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-01
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H. Rept. 117-396: Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill, 2023, Report Together with Minority Views, to Accompany H.R. 8257, July 1, 2022
From the Document: "The Committee on Appropriations submits the following report in explanation of the accompanying bill making appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2023."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-01
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H. Rept. 117-397: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Report to Accompany H.R. 7900, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, July 1, 2022
From the Purpose of the Legislation: "The bill would: (1) authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2023 for procurement and for research, development, test, and evaluation; (2) authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2023 for operation and maintenance and for working capital funds; (3) authorize for fiscal year 2023 the personnel strength for each Active Duty Component of the military departments, and the personnel strength for the Selected Reserve for each Reserve Component of the Armed Forces; (4) modify various elements of compensation for military personnel and impose certain requirements and limitations on personnel actions in the defense establishment; (5) authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2023 for military construction and family housing; (6) authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2023 for the Department of Energy national security programs; and (7) authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2023 for the Maritime Administration."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-01
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Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief [Updated July 1, 2022]
From the Summary: "Israel has forged close bilateral cooperation with the United States in many areas. A 10-year bilateral military aid memorandum of understanding--signed in 2016--commits the United States to provide Israel $3.3 billion in Foreign Military Financing and to spend $500 million annually on joint missile defense programs from FY2019 to FY2028, subject to congressional appropriations. Some Members of Congress have increased their scrutiny over Israel's use of U.S. security assistance, contributing to debate on the subject."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2022-07-01
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SCOTUS Bolsters State Criminal Jurisdiction on Tribal Lands [July 1, 2022]
From the Document: "Rejecting the view that states lack criminal jurisdiction on tribal reservations unless Congress specifically grants such jurisdiction, on June 29, 2022, the Supreme Court announced [hyperlink] in 'Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta' that 'the default is that States have criminal jurisdiction in Indian country unless that jurisdiction is preempted.' In practice, this decision will allow Oklahoma--and likely other states that choose to follow Oklahoma's lead--to prosecute crimes involving non-Indian perpetrators within reservations and other Indian lands, even when the victims are members of federally recognized tribes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwartz, Mainon A.
2022-07-01
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Cryptocurrency in 401(k) Retirement Plans [July 1, 2022]
From the Document: "Digital assets, which include cryptocurrencies, crypto-assets, or digital tokens, among others, are digital representations of value and are issued and transferred using distributed ledger or blockchain technology. Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin are among the most well-known cryptocurrencies. A November 2021 Pew Research Center and a March 2022 NBC [National Broadcasting Company] News poll found that around one-fifth of Americans indicated that they had invested, traded, or otherwise used cryptocurrency. In recent months, policymakers have paid increasing attention to the prospect of defined contribution (DC) pension plan participants being able to invest in cryptocurrency. While some contend that cryptocurrency in retirement accounts could benefit participants, others have expressed concern about its appropriateness as an investment option."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Topoleski, John J.; Myers, Elizabeth A. (Analyst in income security)
2022-07-01
